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Body language is a term for communication using body movements or gestures instead of, or in addition to, sounds, verbal language or other communication. This includes the most subtle of movements that many people are not aware of, including winking and slight movement of the eyebrows. It also includes still postures, e.g. facial expressions and leg positions. Body language forms part of the category of paralanguage, which describes forms of human communication that are not verbal language, especially voice tone. The term nonverbal communication has a broader meaning and includes e.g. messages sent by the style of clothing.

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Contents 1 Understanding body language 2 How prevalent is non-verbal communication in humans? 3 Body language in groups 4 Dominance 5 Personal Space 6 Female Interest and Body Language 7 The Rule of Four 8 Unintentional Gestures Convey Useful Information 9 References 10 Further reading

[edit] Understanding body language

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Although they are generally not aware of it, many people send and receive non-verbal signals all the time. The technique of 'reading' people is used frequently. For example, the idea of mirroring body language to put people at ease is commonly used in interviews. It sets the person being interviewed at ease. Mirroring the body language of someone else indicates that they are understood.

Body language signals may have a goal other than communication. Both people would keep this in mind. Observers limit the weight they place on non-verbal cues. Signalers clarify their signals to indicate the biological origin of their actions.

• One of the most basic and powerful body-language signals is when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest. This can indicate that a person is putting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others. It can also indicate that the person's arms are cold which would be clarified by rubbing the arms or huddling. When the overall situation is amicable, it can mean that a person is thinking deeply about what is being discussed. But in a serious or confrontational situation, it can mean that a person is expressing opposition. This is especially so if the person is leaning away from the speaker. A harsh or blank facial expression often indicates outright hostility.

• Consistent eye contact can indicate that a person is thinking positively of what the speaker is saying. It can also mean that the other person doesn't trust the speaker enough to "take his eyes off" the speaker. Lack of eye contact can indicate negativity. On the other hand, individuals with anxiety disorders are often unable to make eye contact without discomfort. Eye contact is often a secondary and misleading gesture because we are taught from an early age to make eye contact when speaking. If a person is looking at you but is making the arms-across-chest signal, the eye contact could be indicative that something is bothering the person, and that he wants to talk about it. Or if while making direct eye contact a person is fiddling with something, even while directly looking at you, it could indicate the attention is elsewhere. Also there are three standard areas that a person will look which represent different states of being. If the person looks for one eye to the other than to the forehead it is a sign that they are taking an authoritative position. If they move from one eye to the other to the nose that signals that they are engaging in what they consider to be a "level conversation" with neither party holding superiority. The last case is from one eye to the other and then down to the lips this is a strong indication of romantic feelings.

• Disbelief is often indicated by averted gaze, or by touching the ear or scratching the chin. When a person is not being convinced by what someone is saying, the attention invariably wanders, and the eyes will stare away for an extended period.^[1]

• Boredom is indicated by the head tilting to one side, or by the eyes looking straight at the speaker but becoming slightly unfocused. A head tilt may also indicate a sore neck, and unfocused eyes may indicate ocular problems in the listener.

• Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye contact.

• Deceit or the act of withholding information can sometimes be indicated by touching the face during conversation. Excessive blinking is a well-known indicator of someone who is lying.

It should be noted that some people (e.g., people with certain disabilities, or those on the autistic spectrum) use and understand body language differently, or not at all. Interpreting their gestures and facial expressions (or lack thereof) in the context of normal body language usually leads to misunderstandings and misinterpretations (especially if body language is given priority over spoken language). It should also be stated that people from different cultures can interpret body language in different ways.

[edit] How prevalent is non-verbal communication in humans?

Some researchers put the level of nonverbal communication as high as 80 percent of all communication. More reasonably it could be at around 50-65 percent. That’s exactly what Mehrabian discovered in his communication study. He found that only 7 percent of communication comes from spoken words, 38 percent is from the tone of the voice, and 55 percent comes from body language. However, Mehrabian was only referring to cases of expressing feelings or attitudes, such as when a person says "I do not have a problem with you!" when people commonly focus on the tone of voice, and body language of the person, rather than the actual words said. It is a common misconception that these percentages apply to all communication.^[2]

[edit] Body language in groups

In groups there is typically one person speaking at a time but many more can be showing their responses via body language ^[3]. This may be an important reason behind groups tending to be more emotional and less rational than individuals.

[edit] Dominance

Powerful people may express their dominance by means of a power touch. For example, at the G20 summit in London, Barack Obama touched other world leaders in a way that displayed his confidence and strength, without them engaging in reciprocal touching.^[4]

[edit] Personal Space

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Generally, if you are closer than arm’s reach, then you are in someone’s personal space. To create more space in crowded areas such as elevators and bars, people often tense up and use their arms as protection. They will hold them close to their body – often crossed – and will also avoid eye contact. People guard their intimate space passionately, wherever it is, and do not appreciate others invading it. Respecting people’s intimate space involves not invading it with objects like bags or jackets, or with body parts, unless they are welcomed. Intimate space is closer than 50 centimeters (1½ feet), social is from 50 cm to 1.5 meters (1½ to 5 feet), and casual (for strangers) is from 1½ to 3 meters (5 to 10 feet). These distances differ from culture to culture; in China for example, they are smaller.

[edit] Female Interest and Body Language

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Women commonly display interest in men via sexual cues. These serve to entice men to approach them. Some of the cues to signal female interest include: the parade, echoing and mirroring, room encompassing glance, pointing, leg crossing, the pointing knee, neck touching, head tilt, shoulder shrugs, rotation of the pelvis, showing wrists, skirt hike, laughing and smiling, the tap, forehead bow, eye contact, touching, childlike playfulness and proximity to name many. Women also demonstrate clear physiological cues when sexually interested such as pupil dilation and chest flushing.

[edit] The Rule of Four

This section may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (January 2009)

The rule of four states that in order to be sure that another person is unequivocally displaying non-verbal sexual interest, four connection positive symbols must be present and they must have imminent direction. A person who is simply sexually aroused might display one or a great variety of cues, but they might be generally directed toward a room and not at anyone specifically.

[edit] Unintentional Gestures Convey Useful Information

Recently, there has been huge interest in studying human behavioral clues that could be useful for developing an interactive and adaptive human-machine system. Unintentional human gestures such as making an Eye Rub, a Chin Rest, a Lip Touch, a Nose Itch, a Head Scratch, an Ear Scratch, and a Finger Lock have been found conveying some useful information in specific context. Some researchers have tried to extract such gestures in a specific context of educational applications. For more details read ^[5]

[edit] References

1. ^ Body Language Basics - Development
2. ^ Three elements of communication - and the so called "7%-38%-55% Rule" - Ecademy
3. ^ Tarnow, E. (2005)
4. ^ Peter Collett (3 April 2009), The 'power touch' of Barack Obama at the G20 summit, The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/apr/03/obama-body-language-g20 
5. ^ Abbasi, A.R.(2007)

• Abbasi, A.R.(2007) Towards Knowledge-Based Affective Interaction-Situational Interpretation of Affect, Abdul Rehman Abbasi, Takeaki Uno, Matthew N.Dailey, Nitin V. Afzulpurkar, Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, Lisbon, Portugal 12-14 Sep, 2007, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 4738, pp.455–466, Springer-Verlag,2007.

[edit] Further reading

• Body language is of particular importance in large groups by Tarnow, E. published 1997
• Hess Pupil Dilation Findings: Sex or Novelty? Social Behavior and Personality , 1998 by Aboyoun, Darren C, Dabbs, James M Jr
• Power of Body Language by Tonya Reiman an AOL Wellness Coaches

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Body language

• Reading Her Body language by Mecia Goncalves, 2009
• All known body language gestures by Farouk Radwan 2009
• How to read her body language gestures Swan C. published 2007,
• Interpreting Men's Body Language Baker, B. Swan, C. published 2008