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A multi-paradigm programming language is a programming language that supports more than one programming paradigm. As Lead designer Tim Budd holds it: The idea of a multiparadigm language is to provide a framework in which programmers can work in a variety of styles, freely intermixing constructs from different paradigms. The design goal of such languages is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.

An example is Oz, which has subsets that are a logic language (Oz descends from logic programming), a functional language, an object-oriented language, a dataflow concurrent language, and more. Oz was designed over a ten-year period to combine in a harmonious way concepts that are traditionally associated with different programming paradigms.

Contents 1 Multiparadigm languages 1.1 Paradigm summaries 1.2 Two paradigms 1.3 Three paradigms 1.4 Four paradigms 1.5 Five paradigms 1.6 Eight paradigms 2 See also 3 References

[edit] Multiparadigm languages

Languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.

[edit] Paradigm summaries

A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.

• Dataflow - forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. Spreadsheets)
• Visual programming language - manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually (e.g. Simulink)
• Declarative programming - describes actions (e.g. HTML describe a page but not how to actually display it)
• Imperative programming - explicit statements that change a program state
• Functional programming - uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data
• Object-Oriented programming - uses classes and instances, inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism
• Prototype-based programming - object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via the cloning of instances
• Parallel computing - simultaneous execution with the necessary communication and synchronization between processes/threads
• Actor model - concurrent computation with "actors" that makes local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behavior)
• Pipeline programming - no nested function calls, but a simple flow structures with easy to visualize/understand data flow through the program
• Constraint programming - relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or simplex algorithm)
• Rule-based programming - a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems and problem deduction & resolution
• Logic programming - uses logical facts to create a model that can prove consistency, deduce further truths or answer questions about the model (e.g. Dogs are animals! Dogs are red! Are some animals red?)
• Reflective programming - special case of metaprogramming (modification of programs as data by another program or ability to do part of the work in runtime instead of compile time) in which the program modifies or extends itself

[edit] Two paradigms

• dataflow, visual
  • LabVIEW
• functional, imperative
  • APL
• functional, logic
  • ALF
• functional, object-oriented (class-based)
  • Dylan^{[citation needed]}
  • Sather^{[citation needed]}
  • Claire
• functional, visual
  • Spreadsheets
• imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
  • AmigaE^{[citation needed]}
  • PHP^[1][2]
  • Simula^{[citation needed]}
• object-oriented (class-based), (prototype-based)
  • Metaobject protocols
• object-oriented (class-based), visual
  • Lava

[edit] Three paradigms

• imperative,visual,object-oriented
  • PointDragon
• concurrent, dataflow, functional
  • SISAL
• concurrent, functional, distributed
  • Erlang
• concurrent, functional, logic
  • Curry
• concurrent, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
  • ChucK^{[citation needed]}
• dataflow, object-oriented (class-based), visual
  • Prograph
• functional, imperative, logic
  • Poplog
• functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
  • BETA^{[citation needed]}
  • F#^{[citation needed]}
  • J^{[citation needed]}
  • Perl^{[citation needed]}
  • Pliant^{[citation needed]}
  • Python ^[3]
  • Ruby
  • Tcl with itcl or XOTcl extensions^{[citation needed]}
• functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based)
  • ECMAScript ^[4][5]
    • ActionScript
    • DMDScript
    • E4X
    • JavaScript
    • JScript
  • Lua^{[citation needed]}
  • Tcl with Snit extension^{[citation needed]}
• generic (template metaprogramming), imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
  • C++
  • D

[edit] Four paradigms

• imperative, generic, reflective, object-oriented (class-based)
  • Java
• functional, imperative, generic (template metaprogramming), object-oriented (class-based)
  • Objective Caml
• functional, imperative, concurrent (Actor model), object-oriented (class-based)
  • Scala^[6]
• functional, imperative, concurrent (Actor model), object-oriented (prototype-based)
  • Io
• functional, imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based)
  • Leda
• functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), dialected
  • REBOL
• imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based), rule-based
  • ROOP
• functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), reflective
  • Common Lisp^{[citation needed]} (although there are other paradigms implemented as libraries)

[edit] Five paradigms

• functional (only lambda support), imperative, generic, reflective, object-oriented (class-based)
  • C#
  • Visual Basic .NET
• functional, imperative, generic, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming
  • Nemerle
• functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming, reflective
  • Falcon programming language
• concurrent (rendezvous and monitor-like based), distributed, generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based)
  • Ada^{[7][8][9][10][11]}
• functional, imperative, pipeline, object-oriented (class-based), reflective
  • Windows PowerShell
• functional, generic (template metaprogramming), imperative, object-oriented (class-based), reflective
  • Curl

[edit] Eight paradigms

• concurrent, constraint, dataflow, distributed, functional (evaluation: eager, lazy), imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based)
  • Oz^{[citation needed]}
    • Mozart Programming System (a multiplatform Oz)

[edit] See also

• Programming paradigm
• Categorical list of programming languages
• Domain-specific programming language
• Domain-specific multimodeling

[edit] References

1. ^ PHP Manual, Chapter 17. Functions
2. ^ PHP Manual, Chapter 19. Classes and Objects (PHP 5)
3. ^ Charming Python: Functional programming in Python, Part 1
4. ^ The Little JavaScripter demonstrates fundamental commonality with Scheme, a functional language.
5. ^ Object Oriented Programming in JavaScript gives an overview of object-oriented programming techniques in JavaScript.
6. ^ Martin Odersky et al, An Overview of the Scala Programming Language, 2nd Edition
7. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization
8. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3 Annex E: Distributed Systems
9. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 12: Generic Units
10. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 6: Subprograms
11. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, 3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions

• Multiparadigm Design for C++, by Jim Coplien, 1998.
• Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming, by Peter Van Roy and Seif Haridi, 2004.

v • d • e Types of programming languages Array · Aspect-oriented · Assembly · Class-based · Compiled · Concurrent · Curly bracket · Data-oriented · Data-structured · Dataflow · Declarative · Domain-specific · Dynamic · Esoteric · Event-driven · Extensible · Functional · High-level · Imperative · Interpreted · Logic · Low-level · Machine · Macro · Metaprogramming · Multi-paradigm · Non-English-based · Object-oriented · Off-side rule · Pipeline · Procedural · Prototype-based · Reflective · Rule-based · Scripting · Synchronous · Visual