Jean Charles de Menezes

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Jean Charles de Menezes

Jean Charles de Menezes
Born 7 January 1978(1978-01-07)
Gonzaga, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Died 22 July 2005 (aged 27)
Stockwell Underground Station, London, England

Jean Charles de Menezes (7 January 1978 – 22 July 2005) was a Brazilian national shot dead by police at Stockwell tube station in London, England. He was shot in the head at close range by Metropolitan Police ("The Met") who misidentified him as a suicide bomber about to explode a device on the London Underground. Within hours police discovered that he was not involved in any terrorist act, but was actually an innocent victim. Immediate and later accounts of what happened on the day of the shooting published in the press contradicted each other, specifically on the manner and clothing of de Menezes as he entered the station, and the presence of police warnings before firing. The shooting sparked public debate over an apparent change in police policy, in which a shoot to kill practice known as Operation Kratos had been introduced to deal with terrorist threats.

On the day of the shooting, the police were hunting the four suspects on the run after the failed bombing of the London Underground (The Tube) the previous day, the 21 July 2005 London bombings (not to be confused with the 7/7 London bombings two weeks earlier). Intelligence had linked the address of Jean Charles's home, a communal block of flats in the Tulse Hill area of south London, to the bombing, which the police put under surveillance. On the morning of the shooting, Jean Charles set out from the flats on his way to Stockwell tube station. Believing him to match the description of a suspect, police followed him from his flat, on to a bus, and then into the tube station. Armed officers were dispatched to the station, and shot him dead shortly after he boarded a tube train.

The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) launched two investigations into the shooting, termed Stockwell 1 and Stockwell 2. Stockwell 1, whose findings were initially kept secret, concluded that no officer involved in the shooting would face disciplinary charges, but made recommendations for changes to operational procedures to improve public safety in future anti-terrorist operations. Stockwell 2 strongly criticised the police command structure and communications to the public, bringing pressure on the Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Ian Blair to resign. In July 2006, based on the IPCC findings, the Crown Prosecution Service announced that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute any of the officers involved in the shooting, who remain unnamed, although a corporate criminal prosecution of the Metropolitan Police was brought under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. This alleged that the Metropolitan Police service had failed in its duty of care to De Menezes. After lodging a not guilty plea, on 1 November 2007 the service was found guilty and fined, although the jury added a rider that Cressida Dick, operational commander on the day, bore "no personal culpability".

On 22 September 2008 an inquest was opened into the shooting, having been adjourned until after the conclusion of the criminal prosecution. Prior to the judgement, the Coroner, Sir Michael Wright, instructed the jury that in his interpretation of the law they could not return a verdict of unlawful killing based on the inquiry evidence presented. On 12 December 2008 the jury returned an open verdict.[1]. In addition to the verdict, in answer to 12 additional questions over the incident, the jury concluded the claim that police had shouted a warning before firing was false and that although De Menezes stood up he did not advance on the armed police. They also identified six factors that contributed to the killing of de Menezes (see table in Inquest).

Contents

[edit] Biography

The son of a bricklayer, Menezes grew up on a farm in Gonzaga, Minas Gerais, Brazil. After discovering an early aptitude for electronics, he left the farm at age 14 to live with his uncle in São Paulo and further his education. At 19 he received a professional diploma from Escola Estadual (State School) São Sebastião. He had originally wanted to go to the United States of America but was refused a work visa.

The Home Office said he arrived in Britain on 13 March 2002, initially being granted a six-month visitor's visa. He then applied to stay on a student visa, receiving permission to remain until 30 June 2003. It said it had no record of any further correspondence. A spokeswoman added: "We have seen a copy of Mr Menezes' passport, containing a stamp apparently giving him indefinite leave to remain in the UK. On investigation, this stamp was not one that was in use by the Immigration and Nationality Directorate on the date given."

The family of Menezes however deny this, and then Foreign Secretary Jack Straw stated that he believed Menezes was living in the UK legally, but had no precise information to confirm this.[2] Immigration records in fact show that Menezes entered the Republic of Ireland from France on 23 April 2005. There are no records to show the exact date that he returned to the UK; however, under the Common Travel Area system, a foreign citizen entering the UK through the Republic of Ireland has an automatic right to remain for three months. Therefore, Menezes was lawfully in the UK on the day he was killed, irrespective of his previous immigration status.[3]

On Friday 22 July 2005 Menezes was shot dead by Metropolitan Police armed officers.

On Wednesday 27 July 2005, Menezes' body was flown to Brazil for burial. His funeral took place in Gonzaga on 29 July 2005.[4] A public memorial service for Menezes was presided over by Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor at Westminster Cathedral around the same time.

[edit] Background to the shooting

Almost all of the facts regarding the Menezes shooting were initially disputed by various parties. Contradictory witness accounts, "off the record" statements from police, and media speculation added to the confusion. An ITV report on 16 August 2005 claimed to contain leaked documents from an IPCC investigation which provided additional information. For a summary of the facts and events initially disputed, see Disputed facts and events. For a step-by-step BBC news animated guide to what actually happened, from the day the trial concluded see: "What happened: Death of Jean Charles de Menezes". http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/629/629/7073125.stm. 

21 July London Bombing Suspects

On 22 July 2005, London police were searching for four suspects in four attempted bombings carried out the previous day; three at Underground stations and one on a bus in Hackney. As the perpetrators had not died in the failed suicide bombing, a large police investigation began immediately, with the aim of tracking them down. A written address on a gym membership card had been identified from materials found inside the unexploded bags used by the bombers, located within a three-storey block of nine flats in Scotia Road, Tulse Hill.[5]

At around 9: 30 a.m., surveillance officers observing the address saw Menezes emerge from the communal entrance of the block. The officers were watching three men who they claimed were Somali, Eritrean, or Ethiopian in appearance.

Menezes, an electrician, lived in one of the flats with two of his cousins, and had just received a call to fix a broken fire alarm in Kilburn.

An officer on duty at Scotia Road, referred to as 'Tango Ten' in some reports on the incident, and as 'Frank' in Stockwell One,[clarification needed] compared Menezes to the CCTV photographs of the bombing suspects from the previous day, and felt "it would be worth someone else having a look", but "was in the process of relieving [him]self", and was thus unable to immediately turn on a video camera to transmit images to Gold Command, the Metropolitan Police ("Met") operational headquarters for major incidents. The BBC's Panorama programme of 8 March 2006, a special feature on the shooting by Peter Taylor, claimed that 'Tango Ten' was an undercover soldier.[6]

On the basis of Tango Ten's suspicion, Gold Command authorised officers to continue pursuit and surveillance, and that the suspect was to be prevented from entering the Tube system.

Documents from the independent agency investigation of the shooting later concluded that mistakes in police surveillance procedure led to a failure to properly identify Menezes early on, leading to rushed assumptions and actions later at Stockwell Tube station.[7]

[edit] CO19/SO19

Specialist Firearms Command or CO19, is the Metropolitan Police Service's Firearms unit. Prior to 2005 the unit was a branch of Specialist Operations, giving it a designation of SO19. When Specialist Operations were phased out, Specialist Firearms Command became a branch of Central Operations, giving it the designation of CO19. During the inquiries and the inquest, and in some official documents concerning the affair, the names SO19 and CO19 are used interchangeably.

[edit] Pursuit and shooting

Stockwell tube station entrance

The officers followed Menezes for 5 minutes as he walked to a bus-stop on Tulse Hill for the Number 2 bus routes. As he boarded a bus, several plainclothes police officers boarded, continuing the pursuit.

At Brixton Station de Menezes briefly got off the bus. Seeing a notice that the station was closed due to a security alert he phoned a colleague, Gesio de Avila, saying he would be late due to the disruption of public transport caused by the previous day's attempted bombings. He then reboarded the bus to continue to Stockwell. Unaware that the station had been closed, this behaviour contributed to the surveillance officers thinking that they may be following one of the previous day's failed bomb suspects. They later stated that they were satisfied that they had the correct man, noting that he "had Mongolian eyes".[8] Finally the bus arrived at Stockwell Tube station, 3.3 km (2 miles) away.

At some point during this journey, the pursuing officers contacted Gold Command, and reported that Menezes potentially matched the description of two of the previous day's suspects, including Osman Hussain.[9] Based on this information, Gold Command authorised "code red" tactics, and ordered the surveillance officers to prevent Menezes from boarding a train. According to a "senior police source at Scotland Yard", Police Commander Cressida Dick told the surveillance team that the man was to be "detained as soon as possible", before entering the station.[10] Gold Command then transferred control of the operation to CO19, which dispatched firearms officers to Stockwell Tube Station.

At some point Menezes entered the Tube station at about 10: 00 a.m., stopping to pick up a free Metro newspaper. He used his Oyster card to pay the fare, walked through the barriers, and descended the escalator slowly. He then ran across the platform to board the newly arrived train. Menezes boarded the train and found one of the first available seats.

Menezes' body shown lying on the floor of a carriage, wearing a denim jacket.

Three surveillance officers, codenamed Hotel 1, Hotel 3 and Hotel 9, followed Menezes on to the train. According to Hotel 3, Menezes sat down with a glass panel to his right about two seats in. Hotel 3 then took a seat on the left with about two or three passengers between Menezes and himself. When the firearms officers arrived on the platform, Hotel 3 moved to the door, blocked it from closing with his left foot, and shouted 'He's here!' to identify the suspect's location.

The firearms officers boarded the train and it was initially claimed they challenged the suspect, though later report indicates he was not challenged.[11] According to Hotel 3, Menezes then stood up and advanced towards the officers and Hotel 3, at which point Hotel 3 grabbed him, pinned his arms against his torso, and pushed him back into the seat. Although Menezes was being restrained, his body was straight and not in a natural sitting position. Hotel 3 heard a shot close to his ear, and was dragged away on to the floor of the carriage. He shouted 'Police!' and with hands raised was dragged out of the carriage by one of the armed officers who had boarded the train. Hotel 3 then heard several gunshots while being dragged out.[12] Two officers fired a total of eleven shots according to the number of empty shell casings found on the floor of the train afterwards. Menezes was shot seven times in the head and once in the shoulder at close range, and died at the scene. An eyewitness later said that the eleven shots were fired over a thirty second period, at three second intervals.[13] A separate witness reported hearing five shots, followed at an interval by several more shots.[14] It later emerged that hollow point bullets had been employed and a senior police source said that Menezes' body had been "unrecognisable." The bullets are illegal in warfare, but are widely used in law enforcement where it may often be necessary to quickly stop an armed assailant while minimizing the risk of collateral damage posed by the use full metal jacket ammunition, which is more likely to exit the target while retaining its lethal force. A Home Office spokesman said, "Chief officers can use whatever ammunition they consider appropriate for the operational circumstances."[15] Immediately after the shooting, the Metropolitan Police stated that the shooting was "directly linked" to the investigation of the attempted bombings the previous day. It was revealed that police policy toward suspected suicide bombers had been revised, and that officers had been ordered to fire directly toward suspects' heads, the theory according to British authorities being that shooting at the chest could conceivably detonate a concealed bomb.[16]

The SO19 firearms officers involved in the shooting were debriefed and drugs and alcohol tests were taken as a standard procedure. The officers were taken off duty pending an investigation into the shooting.

Later, a security agency source said: “This take-out is the signature of a special forces operation. It is not the way the police usually do things. We know members of SO19 have been receiving training from the SAS, but even so, this has special forces written all over it.”[17]

[edit] Aftermath of the shooting

The day after the shooting, the Metropolitan Police identified the victim as Jean Charles de Menezes, and said that he had not been carrying explosives, nor was he connected in any way to the attempted bombings. They issued an apology describing the incident as "a tragedy, and one that the Metropolitan Police Service regrets."

The Menezes family condemned the shooting and rejected the apology. His grandmother said there was "no reason to think he was a terrorist." It was reported that the dead man's family were offered almost £585,000 compensation.[18]

His cousin, Alex Alves Pereira, said, "I believe my cousin's death was result of police incompetence." Pereira said that police claims regarding the incident had been conflicting, and took issue with their pursuit of Menezes for an extended period and their allowing the "suspected suicide bomber" to board a bus. "Why did they let him get on a bus if they are afraid of suicide bombers?… He could have been running, but not from the police… When the Underground stops, everybody runs to get on the train. That he jumped over the barriers is a lie."[19]

The Brazilian government released a statement expressing its shock at the killing, saying that it looked forward "to receiving the necessary explanation from the British authorities on the circumstances which led to this tragedy." Foreign Minister Celso Amorim, who had already arranged to visit London, said he would seek a meeting with the UK's Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw. He later met ministers and had a telephone conversation with Straw.

The Muslim Council of Britain expressed immediate concern about the apparent existence of a "shoot-to-kill" policy and called on police to make clear their reasons for shooting the man dead.

[edit] Public reaction

The reaction of the British public to the shooting was mixed. While some sympathised with the need for the police officer in question to make a split-second decision, and saw it as a case of collateral damage, others condemned the killings as an example of police brutality.[20]

The reaction of the Brazilian public was overwhelmingly negative. Protests and demonstrations were held in Brazil,[21] and some Brazilian commentators noted that incidents such as Menezes' killing are more typical of a developing country such as Brazil than a developed nation like the UK.[22] The level of Brazilian protest raised criticism with some British commentators who noted that extrajudicial executions by the police in Brazil are far from rare. Others questioned whether the United Kingdom should use this standard to justify its own failing in this instance.[citation needed]

A vigil at Stockwell Station was held with some of the relatives on the Sunday immediately following the shooting and police apology. Another, called by the Stop the War Coalition, was held on the 25 July. They state that a thousand people attended and then several hundred people, led by a group of Brazilians (some of whom had been friends with Jean Charles), began an impromptu demonstration. When they approached Westminster they were stopped and turned back by police at Vauxhall Bridge, the location of the MI6 building.[23]

On 23 August 2005 Dania Gorodi, whose sister Michelle Otto was killed in the 7 July 2005 London bombings, asked for an end to the criticism of Sir Ian Blair over the Menezes shooting, which she felt had moved the media focus away from the bombings. "People have lost sight of the bigger picture," she said. "We need to support the police right now, not crucify one man. This is unprecedented in British history. He [Sir Ian] is doing the best he can."[24]

When on 12 September 2006 the Metropolitan Police Authority promoted Commander Cressida Dick to the role of Deputy Assistant Commissioner, the family said they were "absolutely disgusted".[25]

On 29 September 2008, performance artist Mark McGowan 're-enacted' the assassination at Stockwell station, to protest at the current lack of response. He was quoted as saying that "People are distracted by things like The X Factor and Christmas, so I'm doing this as a reaction".[26][27]

[edit] Independent Police Complaints Commission inquiry

Several days after the discovery of the mistaken shooting, it was announced that the incident would be subject to an internal investigation by officers from Scotland Yard's Directorate of Professional Standards and would be referred to the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC), as is the case with all fatal police shootings.

In the hours immediately after the shooting, Commissioner Sir Ian Blair telephoned the Chairman of the IPCC and wrote a letter to the Home Office stating that "the shooting that has just occurred at Stockwell is not to be referred to the IPCC and that they will be given no access to the scene at the present time." The Commissioner's intent, according to the letter later released by the Met under the Freedom of Information Act, was to protect the tactics and sources of information used in a counter-terrorism operation from public disclosure.[28]

[edit] Controversy between the Met and IPCC

On 18 August, lawyers representing the Menezes family met with the IPCC and urged them to conduct a "fast" investigation. After the meeting the lawyers, Harriet Wistrich and Gareth Peirce, held a press conference where Ms. Peirce stated: "This has been a chaotic mess. What we have asked the IPCC to find out is how much is incompetence, negligence or gross negligence and how much of it is something sinister."[29]

On 18 August, the IPCC issued a statement in which they alleged that the "Metropolitan Police Service initially resisted us taking on the investigation".[30] They also announced that the inquiry was expected to last between three and six months. Initial press reports indicated that the inquiry was not handed over until 27 July,[31] though the IPCC itself announced it took over the inquiry on 25 July.[32]

In May 2006, the Metropolitan Police Federation released a 12-page statement which was highly critical of the IPCC in general, and specifically criticized the handling of the "Stockwell inquiry".[33]

[edit] Leak of inquiry

On 16 August 2005 British broadcast network ITV released a report said to be based on leaked documents from the IPCC investigation. The report conflicted with previous statements by police chief Sir Ian Blair.[34] The Met and the IPCC refused comment on the allegations while the IPCC investigation was ongoing, though an anonymous 'senior police source' claimed that the leak was accurate. Lana Vandenberghe, the IPCC secretary thought to be responsible for the leak, was suspended.[35]

The IPCC launched an investigation into the leaking of the documents. On 21 September Leicestershire Constabulary Serious Crime Unit initiated dawn raids on behalf of the IPCC on one Scottish and two London residential premises, at which time Vandenberghe was arrested. On 5 October two more dawn raids took place, during which ITN journalist Neil Garrett and his girlfriend were arrested.[36]

On 4 May 2006 the Leicestershire Police and the Crown Prosecution Service announced that no charges would be filed against Vandenberghe, Garrett or his partner.[37]

[edit] Stockwell 1

According to a press release made on 9 December by the IPCC's chairman Nick Hardwick and John Tate, its Director of Legal Services, the inquiry's report will list some of the criminal offences that the commission thought may have been committed by police. Though without having reached any conclusions, they also admitted the commission's judgement would be a "lower threshold" than the standard prosecutors would apply in making any final decision to prosecute.[38]

On 14 March 2006, the IPCC announced that the first part of the inquiry, known as "Stockwell 1" had been completed and recommendations were passed on to the Metropolitan Police Authority and Crown Prosecution Service, but the report "[could not] be made public until all legal processes have concluded."[39]

The report was published on 8 November 2007.[40]

[edit] Stockwell 2

"Stockwell 2", the second part of the inquiry, focuses on the conduct of Sir Ian Blair and Andrew Hayman following the discovery of Menezes' identity, was released on 2 August 2007.[41] The allegations are that MPS officers "made or concurred with inaccurate public statements concerning the circumstances of the death. The alleged inaccurate information included statements that Mr de Menezes had been wearing clothing and behaving in a manner which aroused suspicions." (ibid.)

[edit] Brian Paddick

On 17 March 2006, the Met was threatened with legal action by Deputy Assistant Commissioner, Brian Paddick. In evidence to the IPCC, Paddick had stated that a member of Sir Ian's private office team believed the wrong man had been targeted just six hours after the shooting, contrary to the official line taken at the time.[42] When this information became public, Scotland Yard issued a statement that the officer making the claim (Paddick) "has categorically denied this in his interview with, and statement to, the IPCC investigators". The statement continued that they "were satisfied that whatever the reasons for this suggestion being made, it is simply not true." Paddick's interpretation of this statement was that it accused him of lying.[43]

After a statement was released on 28 March by the Met that it "did not intend to imply" a senior officer had misled the probe into the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes, Mr. Paddick accepted the "clarification" and considered the matter closed.[44]

In a substantial campaigning Daily Telegraph interview (17 November 2007 - "I know how to make Londoners feel safe") which Paddick gave to support his suitability to become Mayor he addressed a matter that he would probably not have had in mind but for the death of Menezes. "Policing is a dangerous job, we should trust the professional judgement of officers on the front line. We shouldn't prosecute them or their bosses if they decide to put their lives on the line for the public".

[edit] Investigation into suppression of evidence

On 13 October 2008, at an inquest into the death, a police surveillance officer admitted that he had deleted a computer record of Cressida Dick's instruction that they could allow de Menezes to "run on to Tube as [he was] not carrying anything." At the inquest he told the court that "On reflection, I looked at that and thought I cannot actually say that." The IPCC announced that it would investigate the matter "[at its] highest level of investigation".[45]

[edit] Result of CPS investigation

In July 2006, the Crown Prosecution Service, which like the IPCC operates independently of the Met, announced that it would not carry forward any charges against any individual involved in the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes. The Met did, however, face criminal charges under sections 3(1) and 33(1)(a) of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 for "failing to provide for the health, safety and welfare of Jean Charles de Menezes".[46] The decision not to prosecute individuals was made on the grounds of insufficient evidence.[47] The family of Menezes are appealing against that decision in the High Court.[48]

The Metropolitan Police Service entered a not guilty plea to the charges, "after the most careful consideration".[49] The trial started on 1 October 2007.[50]

On 1 November 2007 The Metropolitan Police were found guilty of the above offences, and were fined £175,000, with £385,000 legal costs.[51] The Met published a terse release about this decision.[52] and Len Duvall, Chair of the Metropolitan Police Authority, asked that the full report on the investigation be published.[53]

[edit] Controversy over police procedure

Much discussion following the shooting centred on the rules of engagement followed by armed police when dealing with suspected suicide bombers. Roy Ramm, a former commander of specialist operations for the Metropolitan Police, said that the rules had been changed to permit officers to "shoot to kill" potential suicide bombers, because a head shot is the only way to disable the bomber without risking detonating their explosives.[54]

The possibility of a police confrontation with a suicide bomber in the United Kingdom had reportedly been discussed following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 in the United States. Based on this possibility, new guidelines were developed for identifying, confronting, and dealing forcefully with terrorist suspects. These guidelines were given the code name "Operation Kratos".[55]

Based in part on advice from the security forces of Israel and Sri Lanka — two countries with experience of suicide bombings — Operation Kratos guidelines allegedly state that the head or lower limbs should be aimed at when a suspected suicide bomber appears to have no intention of surrendering. This is contrary to the usual practice of aiming at the torso, which presents the biggest target. A successful hit to the torso may detonate an explosive belt.[56]

Sir Ian Blair appeared on television on 24 July 2005 to accept responsibility for the error on the part of the Metropolitan Police, and to acknowledge and defend the "shoot to kill" policy, saying:

"There is no point in shooting at someone's chest because that is where the bomb is likely to be. There is no point in shooting anywhere else if they fall down and detonate it."[57]

The Met's commissioner Sir Ian Blair, and his predecessor Lord Stevens, had expressed concern about the legal position of police officers who might kill suspected suicide bombers. There is no explicit legal requirement for armed officers to warn a suspect before firing, although guidelines published by the Association of Chief Police Officers say that this "should be considered". A potential suicide bomber is thought to represent a circumstance where warning the suspect may put the public at greater risk because the bomber may detonate his explosives after being warned.[58]

Lord Stevens defended the policy he introduced, despite the error that had been made. Azzam Tamimi of the Muslim Association of Britain was critical, saying: "I just cannot imagine how someone pinned to the ground can be a source of danger." Other leaders of the UK's Muslim community took a similar view.[59] Ken Livingstone, the then Mayor of London, defended the police as having acted in the way they thought appropriate at the time, and with the aim of protecting the public.[60]

[edit] The Jean Charles de Menezes Family Campaign

Shrine to Jean Charles de Menezes outside Stockwell Underground Station

On 16 August 2005, the Jean Charles de Menezes Family Campaign, also known as "Justice4Jean", began calling for a public inquiry into the shooting. In 2005, the Justice4Jean campaign stated its aims as being to:

  • find out the truth about Jean’s unlawful killing
  • bring those responsible for his death to justice
  • end the ‘Shoot to Kill’ policy and so prevent a similar tragedy happening again[61]

A fourth objective, "to campaign against the rising tide of racism and the attack on civil liberties in the UK", was removed from the site in a subsequent site redesign, but was present at the site's inception and in early press releases.[62]

As there has been no legal process to assess the lawfulness or otherwise of the killing, critics argue that the inclusion of 'unlawful' in the Campaign's first aim reflects a prejudging of the issue. Critics such as Conservative Party London Assemblyman Brian Coleman have suggested that the involvement of Asad Rehman, a former leader of the Stop the War Coalition and former adviser to MP George Galloway, in the Justice4Jean campaign shows that the family's campaign had been "hijacked" and the death of Menezes was being used to "advance a political aim."[63]

Galloway's secretary said that Rehman had been acting in "a personal capacity, … not in his role as political adviser". Menezes family members Alessandro Pereira and Vivien Figueiredo stated that "the campaign is not using or manipulating us."[64]

The family campaign has organised three events in 2005:

  • On 29 July 2005, a vigil in Parliament Square and a multifaith memorial service at Westminster Cathedral were held at the same time as Jean's funeral in Brazil.
  • On 22 August 2005, a petition asking for a public inquiry was delivered to Downing Street by Menezes family member Alessandro Pereira and members of Justice4Jean. The protestors made their way from Downing Street to Scotland Yard, together with the relatives of Paul Coker and Azelle Rodney, individuals who also died in London police incidents in 2005.[65]
  • On 10 October 2005, the campaign was publicly launched at the London School of Economics with Menezes' parents, the family lawyer Gareth Peirce, Bianca Jagger, Matthew Taylor MP and Irene Khan from Amnesty International.

The family and their campaign continue to be actively supported in their struggle for justice by Newham Monitoring Project and on 22 July 2007 held a minute of silence outside Stockwell Tube station to commemorate the second anniversary of Jean's death. Two days earlier the campaign projected a massive image, 20 m x 30 m, of Jean's face with the slogan "Two Years, No Justice" on the walls of the Houses of Parliament.[66]

The campaign has set up a blog for the duration of the inquest starting on 22 September 2008 and released a pre-inquest briefing.

[edit] Inquest

Sir Michael Wright, Assistant Deputy Coroner for the purposes of hearing the inquest into the death of Jean Charles de Menezes, arriving at The Oval, 5th November 2008

The inquest opened on 22 September 2008 at John Major conference room at The Oval, Kennington, London. The coroner, Sir Michael Wright, a former High Court judge and assistant deputy coroner for Inner South London, and the jury were to hear from almost 70 witnesses, including over 40 police officers.[67]

On the first day, the inquest heard that the police officers who shot de Menezes dead were "convinced" at the time that he was a suicide bomber. In his comments, Sir Michael Wright said that the two officers thought de Menezes was about to detonate a "device" on the Tube. He took the inquest jury through the events leading up to de Menezes' death, listing a number of occasions where officers were unclear whether or not they thought they were pursuing a bomber. The jury was told of differences between what was being relayed on radio and logged in the Scotland Yard control room and how the officers in the field were interpreting the information.[68]

He said that as de Menezes entered the Stockwell Tube station, no member of the surveillance team had positively identified him as Hussain Osman. Regarding the decision of the two marksmen to shoot de Menezes, Sir Michael said that they had fired nine rounds between them, seven of which had struck de Menezes' head at point blank range. He added that the two officers concerned were convinced that de Menezes was a suicide bomber about to detonate a device, and that the only option open was an instant killing.[68]

On 13 October the IPCC launched an investigation after a Metropolitan police surveillance officer named only as "Owen" admitted that he had altered evidence submitted to the inquest. The officer had deleted one of his own computer notes which quoted deputy assistant commissioner Cressida Dick as concluding that de Menezes was not a security threat. The note said "CD - can run on to tube as not carrying anything".[69]

On 24 October the inquest heard that de Menezes was initially not considered as a suspect, and that the police wanted unarmed officers to halt and question him in case he had information about the failed terrorist attack of 21 July 2005. Detective Sergeant Piers Dingemans and a four-man squad were tasked with stopping de Menezes for intelligence purposes as he travelled to Stockwell station on a bus. Dingeamans told the inquest that his car was behind the bus when he was stood down at 09: 55, and said he thought this was because de Menezes was then considered a suspect.[70]

On 2 December Sir Michael ordered the jury, shortly before it retired to consider its verdict, that they may not return one of "unlawful killing," leaving their options as "lawful killing," or an open verdict. Sir Michael said that the verdict could not be inconsistent with the earlier criminal trial. As well as the short form verdict of "lawful killing" or "open", Sir Michael also asked them to respond to three questions of fact, and nine possible contributory factors with simple "yes," "no," or "cannot decide" answers[71][72]. The De Menezes family lodged an immediate application for a judicial review of the decision.[73]

On 4 December, during Sir Michael's summing up, members of the De Menezes family got up and undid their jackets exposing printed slogans on their t-shirts, with the wording "Your legal right to decide – unlawful killing verdict," and left the court room after pausing for 30 seconds in front of the jury. The following day, Sir Michael asked the jury to ignore the protest.[74] In his summing up, Sir Michael stated that to return a verdict of lawful killing, the jury should be, "satisfied of two matters on the balance of probabilities:

(a) that at the time they fired, Charlie 2 and Charlie 12 honestly believed that Mr de Menezes represented an imminent mortal danger to them and/or others around them; and
(b) that they used no more force than was reasonably necessary in the circumstances as they honestly believed them to be."[75]

If the jury was not satisfied on both of these, they were to return an open verdict.

On 9 December, the jury asked the coroner whether they were required to find unanimity on the short form verdict and all of the additional questions. Sir Michael instructed them that they should strive for unanimity, but he would accept a 10–1 or 9–2 verdict.[76] Later that day one of the jury was permanently dismissed owing to travel plans, reducing the jury to 10, and the following day Sir Michael said he would now accept a 9-1 or 8-2 verdict.[77]

On Friday, 12 December 2008 the inquest into Jean Charles' death returned an open verdict.[78] Their answers to the specific questions and contributory facts were as follows[79]

Questions of fact
Did firearms officer C12 shout armed police? No
Did Mr de Menezes stand up from his seat before he was grabbed in a bear hug by officer Ivor? Yes
Did Mr de Menezes move towards C12 before he was grabbed in a bear hug by Ivor? No
Possible contributory factors
The pressure on police after the suicide attacks in July 2005. Cannot decide
A failure to obtain and provide better photographic images of failed bomber Hussain Osman to surveillance officers. Yes
The general difficulty in providing identification of the man under surveillance in the time available. No
The fact that the views of the surveillance officers regarding identification were not accurately communicated to the command team and firearms officers. Yes
A failure by police to ensure that Mr de Menezes was stopped before he reached public transport. Yes
The innocent behaviour of Mr de Menezes increasing suspicion. No
The fact that the position of the cars containing the firearms officers was not accurately known by the command team as firearms teams were approaching Stockwell Tube. Yes
Shortcomings in the communications system between various police teams on the ground. Yes
Failure to conclude at the time that surveillance officers could have been used to carry out the stop on Mr de Menezes at Stockwell. Yes

NOTE: The officer identified as "Ivor" was a member of a SO12 Special Branch covert surveillance team who had followed De Menezes on the bus and attempted to identify him. He has also been designated as "Hotel 3". The officer identified as "C12" or "Charlie 12" was a member of a CO19 firearms unit who first opened fire and killed De Menezes.

[edit] Disputed facts and events

Many of the "disputed" facts in this section were very quickly resolved. Some were later demonstrated as being patently false and to be fabrications of various "eyewitnesses" and journalists, with the media drawing connections between the incident and similar incidents investigated by the Devlin committee.[80]

[edit] Clothing

With regards to his dress on the day of the shooting The Observer reported that he was dressed in "baseball cap, blue fleece and baggy trousers." Mark Whitby, a witness to the shooting, told Reuters that he observed Menezes wearing a large winter coat, which "looked out of place".[81] Vivien Figueiredo, a cousin of Menezes, was later told by police that Menezes was wearing a denim jacket on the day of the shooting.[82] Anthony Larkin, another eyewitness, told the BBC that Menezes appeared to be wearing a "bomb belt with wires coming out."

Based on these eyewitness reports, press speculation at the time said that wearing such heavy clothing on a warm day raised suspicions that Menezes was hiding explosives underneath, and was therefore a potential suicide bomber. At the time of the shooting, the temperature in London (at a Heathrow Airport weather station) was about 17 °C (62 °F).[83]

No device resembling a bomb belt was reported as found. Menezes was also not carrying a tool bag, since he had left it with his work colleague the previous evening. According to the report on leaked IPCC documents, Menezes was wearing a pair of jeans and a light denim jacket. This was confirmed by a photo of his body on the floor of the carriage after the shooting.[84]

[edit] Police challenge

Police initially stated that they challenged Menezes and ordered him to stop outside Stockwell station. Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Ian Blair said in a later press conference that a warning was issued prior to the shooting. Lee Ruston, an eyewitness who was waiting on the platform, said the police did not identify themselves. The Times reported "senior police sources" as saying that police policy would not require a warning to be given to a suspected suicide bomber before lethal action was taken.[85]

The leaked IPCC documents indicated that Menezes was seated on the train carriage when the SO19 armed unit arrived. A shout of 'police' may have been made, but the suspect never really had an opportunity to respond before he was shot. The leaked documents indicated that he was restrained by an undercover officer before being shot.

During the 2008 inquest into de Menezes' death, passengers who were travelling in the same carriage also contradicted police accounts, saying that they heard no warnings and that de Menezes gave no significant reaction to arrival of the policemen. One passenger said that de Menezes appeared calm even as a gun was held to his head and was clear that the police officers did not shout any warnings before shooting him.[86]

In its open verdict on Friday, 12 December 2008 the jury decided 8 to 2 that no shouted warning had been given.[87]

[edit] Ticket barrier

Witnesses stated that up to twenty police officers in plain clothes pursued Menezes into Stockwell station, that he jumped over the ticket barrier, ran down an escalator and tried to jump on to a train.[88] The Menezes' family were briefed by the police that their son did not jump over the ticket barrier and may have used a Travelcard to pass through; this was subsequently confirmed by CCTV recordings shown at the Metropolitan Police trial.[82]

The pathologist's post mortem report, which was written five days after the shooting, recorded that Jean “vaulted over the ticket barriers” and that he “ran down the stairs of the tube station”. Dr Kenneth Shorrock later told the inquest that he had been given this information by police during a "walk-through" with officers at Stockwell Tube Station but he could not remember who had given him this incorrect information, which had also featured in earliest eye-witness reports. [89]

It had been suggested that the man reported by eyewitnesses as jumping over the barrier may have been one of the police officers in pursuit.[90]

CCTV footage made available to the press following the criminal prosecution of the police show him passing through the barrier normally using his pre-paid Oyster card.

[edit] Missing CCTV footage

Initial UK media reports suggested that no CCTV footage was available from the Stockwell station, as recording media had not been replaced after being removed for examination after the previous day's attempted bombings. Other reports stated that faulty cameras on the platform were the reason for the lack of video evidence. An anonymous source confirmed that CCTV footage was available for the ticket area, but that there was a problem with the platform coverage. The source suggested that there was no useful CCTV footage from the platform or the train carriage.[91]

Extracts from a later police report stated that examination of the platform cameras had produced no footage. It said: "It has been established that there has been a technical problem with the CCTV equipment on the relevant platform and no footage exists." It also reported there was no footage from CCTV in the carriage where Menezes was shot, saying "Although there was on-board CCTV in the train, due to previous incidents, the hard drive had been removed and not replaced."

The platform CCTV system is maintained by the Tube Lines consortium in charge of maintaining the Northern Line; unofficial sources from inside the company insisted that the cameras were in working order. It was also reported that London Underground sources insisted that at least three of the four cameras trained on the Stockwell Tube platform were in full working order, and rejected suggestions that the cameras had not been fitted with new tapes after police took away footage from the previous day, 21 July, when suspects in the failed bombings caught trains there.[92]

[edit] Motivations

Several reasons were initially posited by media sources and family members for why Menezes may have run from police, as indicated by initial reports. A few weeks prior, he had been attacked by a gang and may have perceived that he was in a similar situation upon seeing plainclothes officers chasing him. Several sources have speculated that irregularities about his immigration status may have given him reason to be wary of the police,[93] however, evidence that emerged during the course of the criminal trial into the Health and Safety charge showed that Mr Menezes was lawfully in the country on 22 July 2005. This is mentioned in the Stockwell One report, at footnote 4 on page 21.[40] The Sydney Morning Herald reported that a work colleague believed that Menezes ran simply because he was late for his job.[94] It was later indicated by the leaked IPCC documents that Menezes may have run across the platform to get a seat on the train, and did not know at the time that he was being watched or pursued.

[edit] Gunshots

It was initially stated by police that Menezes was shot five times in the head. Mark Whitby, a passenger on the train Menezes had run on to, said: "one of [the police officers] was carrying a black handgun—it looked like an automatic—He half tripped… they pushed him to the floor, bundled on top of him and unloaded five shots into him." Another passenger, Dan Copeland, said: "an officer jumped on the door to my left and screamed, 'Everybody out!' People just froze in their seats cowering for a few seconds and then leapt up. As I turned out the door on to the platform, I heard four dull bangs."[95] Menezes' cousin Alex Pereira, who lived with him, asserted that Menezes had been shot from behind: "I pushed my way into the morgue. They wouldn't let me see him. His mouth was twisted by the wounds and it looked like he had been shot from the back of the neck." Later reports confirmed that Jean Charles de Menezes was shot a total of eight times: seven times in the head and once in the shoulder.[96]

The leaked IPCC documents also indicated that an additional three shots had missed Menezes. One witness claimed that the shots were evenly distributed over a timespan of thirty seconds. However this has not been substantiated by other witness reports or the leaked IPCC documents.[97]

[edit] Involvement of special forces

Several commentators suggested that special forces may have been involved in the shooting. Professor Michael Clarke, Professor of Defence Studies at King's College London, went as far as to say that unless there had been a major change in policy it was likely that it was not the police who had carried out the shooting, but special forces:

"To have bullets pumped into him like this suggests quite a lot about him and what the authorities, whoever they are, assumed about him. The fact that he was shot in this way strongly suggests that it was someone the authorities knew and suspected he was carrying explosives on him. […] You don't shoot somebody five times if you think you might have made a mistake and may be able to arrest him. […] Even Special Branch and SO19 are not trained to do this sort of thing. It's plausible that they were special forces or elements of special forces."[54]

Later, on 4 August 2005, The Guardian reported that the newly created Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR), a special forces unit specialising in covert surveillance, were involved in the operation that led to the shooting. The anonymous Whitehall sources who provided the story stressed that the SRR were involved only in intelligence-gathering, and that Menezes was shot by armed police not by members of the SRR or other soldiers. Defence sources would not comment on speculation that SRR soldiers were among the plainclothes officers who followed Menezes on to the No. 2 bus.[98] On 21 August, the Sunday Herald reported that SRR men are believed to have been in the tube train when the shooting occurred.[17]

Stockwell One states, of the SO12 surveillance teams: (p.28)

'During July 2005 each surveillance team had a member of the military attached to them. Those soldiers were unarmed.'[40]

[edit] False rape allegations

In February 2006, a woman claimed to police that a man who resembled Menezes attacked her in a hotel room on New Year's Eve 2002 in West London. Scotland Yard spent several weeks investigating the claim.[99] After the claim was made public in March 2006, the Menezes family denied the allegation and claimed that the Metropolitan Police were trying to smear Menezes.[100] Although the family initially denied the request, a blood sample was eventually taken with their permission from de Menezes' autopsy. On 25 April 2006 Scotland Yard announced that forensic tests on the sample had cleared Menezes.[101]

[edit] Similar incidents

Main article: Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom

Comparisons have been made between the death of Menezes and other innocent or unarmed people shot by British police officers in disputed circumstances,[102][103] including Stephen Waldorf, James Ashley, Harry Stanley, and the 2 June 2006 Forest Gate raid.

Use of deadly force in anti-terrorism policies played a role in a similar event in the USA, resulting in Rigoberto Alpizar's death.

In another incident, West Yorkshire police tasered a man in hypoglycemic shock, believing that he was a potential security threat.[104]

[edit] Police comments

Senior Scotland Yard officer Deputy Assistant Commissioner Alan Given, who had operational responsibilities in relation to the officers who had actually killed Menezes, said, "... when it came to the Stockwell shooting, there was a sense that it was no different from an incident such as police shooting a bank robber".[105]

On the day of Menezes death, at his mid afternoon press conference, Sir Ian Blair, stated: "I need to make clear that any death is deeply regrettable". [106]

[edit] Media

The shooting was the subject of an hour long "factual drama"[Media 1] titled Stockwell, first broadcast on the UK terrestrial channel ITV 1 on 21 January 2009 at 9pm.

  1. ^ The opening credits read: This is a true story based on the testimony of Police Officers and eyewitnesses. Some events have been simplified and dialogue created for the purposes of dramatisation. Most names are codenames given by the court to protect individual officers' identities

Charles de Menezes is eulogised in the song "Loaded Gun", written and recorded by popular Australian rock band The Living End.

[edit] See also

Rigoberto Alpizar

[edit] Notes

Wikinews
Wikinews has articles covering the shooting:
  1. ^ "Open verdict at Menezes inquest". BBC (BBC). Friday, 12 December 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7764882.stm. Retrieved on 12 December 2008. 
  2. ^ "Police shot Brazilian eight times". BBC News. 25 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4713753.stm. 
  3. ^ "Menezes picture 'was manipulated'". BBC News. 17 October 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7048756.stm. 
  4. ^ "Home town buries shot Brazilian". BBC News. 29 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4726613.stm. 
  5. ^ "Tragic trail of police blunders over shooting". Daily Mail. 17 August 2005. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=359494&in_page_id=1770. 
  6. ^ "BBC Panorama (video)". BBC. 8 March 2006. http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/player/nol/newsid_4780000/newsid_4787500?redirect=4787520.stm&news=1&bbwm=1&nbwm=1&nbram=1&bbram=1&asb=1. 
  7. ^ "New claims emerge over Menezes death". The Guardian. 17 August 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/attackonlondon/story/0,16132,1550565,00.html. 
  8. ^ "Doubt over shoot-to-kill policy". The Independent. 21 August 2005. http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article307307.ece. 
  9. ^ BBC NEWS | UK | 21 July bombs were 'just hoaxes'
  10. ^ "Brazilian "was to be taken alive"". News. 18 August 2005. http://www.rte.ie/news/2005/0818/demenezes.html. 
  11. ^ "Menezes could not have saved his life". Telegraph. 3 August 2007. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/03/nmenezes303.xml. 
  12. ^ "Executed: Anatomy of a police killing". Daily Dispatch. 23 August 2005. http://www.dispatch.co.za/2005/08/23/Foreign/amendez.html. 
  13. ^ "De Menezes 'shot 11 times during 30 seconds'". Daily Telegraph. 26 August 2005. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/08/26/umenezes.xml&sSheet=/portal/2005/08/26/ixportaltop.html. 
  14. ^ "De Menezes 'Two bursts of gunfire at Tube death, say witnesses'". Daily Telegraph. 27 August 2005. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/08/27/nmenez27.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/08/27/ixhome.html. 
  15. ^ "Police used dum-dum bullets on Brazilian shot at tube station". The Guardian. 16 November 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/menezes/story/0,,1691528,00.html. 
  16. ^ See press commentary, e.g. "British Police: Sorry But Policy Is Shots To Head". themoderatevoice.com. http://www.themoderatevoice.com/posts/1122223370.shtml. Retrieved on 29 July 2005. 
  17. ^ a b Cusick, James (21 August 2005). "A COVER-UP? AND IF SO ... WHY?". Sunday Herald. http://web.archive.org/web/20051204000850/http://www.sundayherald.com/51372. 
  18. ^ "London police chief defends handling of shooting". New Zealand Herald. 22 August 2005. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/index.cfm?c_id=2&ObjectID=10341786. 
  19. ^ "Cousin of innocent shooting victim speaks". Life Style Extra. 24 July 2005. http://www.lse.co.uk/ShowStory.asp?story=DB2415712W&news_headline=cousin_of_innocent_shooting_victim_speaks. 
  20. ^ "Is police anti-terror policy justified?". BBC News. 26 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/4711189.stm. 
  21. ^ "Protest in Brazil after shooting". BBC News. 26 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4714691.stm. 
  22. ^ Kingstone, Steve (25 July 2005). "Brazilian's death was 'third-world error'". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4716141.stm. 
  23. ^ "Shoot to kill is state murder". Socialist Worker. 30 July 2005. http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php4?article_id=7015. 
  24. ^ "'Crucifying the police will achieve nothing'". The Daily Telegraph. 23 August 2005. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/08/23/nfam23.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/08/23/ixhome.html. 
  25. ^ Police chief promotion attacked, The Guardian, 12 September 2006.
  26. ^ "Jean Charles de Menezes shooting show outside Stockwell Tube station". Thisislocallondon. 28 November 2008. http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/topstories/3933427.Jean_Charles_de_Menezes_shooting_show_outside_Tube_station/. 
  27. ^ Jarvis, Alice-Azania (28 November 2008). "Pandora: Artistic response to de Menezes death". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/pandora/pandora-artistic-response-to-de-menezes-death-1038861.html. 
  28. ^ "Commissioner's letter to The Home Office". Metropolitan Police Service - Homepage. http://cms.met.police.uk/news/policy_organisational_news_and_general_information/commissioner/commissioner_s_letter_to_the_home_office. Retrieved on 4 October 2005. 
  29. ^ "De Menezes lawyers meet IPCC". ITV News. 18 August 2005. http://www.itn.co.uk/news/1900255.html. 
  30. ^ "Full text: IPCC statement". The Guardian. 18 August 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/attackonlondon/story/0,16132,1551931,00.html. 
  31. ^ "Met 'resisted Tube death probe'". BBC News. 18 August 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4163568.stm. 
  32. ^ IPCC take over investigation into Stockwell shooting IPCC Press Release (25 July 2005) Accessed on 18 August 2005
  33. ^ "Police criticise 'perverse' IPCC". BBC News. 9 May 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/4755333.stm. 
  34. ^ "Mistakes led to tube shooting". ITV. 16 August 2005. http://www.itv.com/news/index_1677571.html. 
  35. ^ "Whistleblower suspended". Metro. 21 August 2005. http://www.metro.co.uk/metro/standard/article.html?in_article_id=29034&in_page_id=1. 
  36. ^ "ITN journalist arrested over leak from Stockwell shooting inquiry". The Guardian. 25 January 2006. http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1694222,00.html. 
  37. ^ "No charges follow Menezes 'leak'". BBC News. 5 May 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4976450.stm. 
  38. ^ "Charges Eyed in British Mistaken Shooting". The Guardian. 10 December 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-5469984,00.html. 
  39. ^ "IPCC Completes Recommendation Report Following Stockwell Investigation". IPCC. 14 March 2006. http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/pr140306_stockwell.htm. Retrieved on 2006-05-10. 
  40. ^ a b c "IPCC: Stockwell One" (PDF). IPCC. 8 November 2007. http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/stockwell_one.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-08-11. 
  41. ^ "Stockwell 2" (PDF). The IPCC. 2 August 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/02_08_07_ipcc_stockwell.pdf. 
  42. ^ Dodd, Vikram (18 April 2006). "Officer who challenged Met chief may lose job". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/menezes/story/0,,1755806,00.html. Retrieved on 2006-07-17. 
  43. ^ "Menezes claim sparks libel talks". BBC News. 17 March 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4816934.stm. 
  44. ^ "Met Police 'regret' Menezes claim". BBC News. 28 March 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4855004.stm. 
  45. ^ "De Menezes officer investigated over admitting deleting evidence" Times online (13 October 2008)
  46. ^ "Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974". Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1991. http://www.healthandsafety.co.uk/haswa.htm. Retrieved on 2006-07-18. 
  47. ^ "No charges for Menezes officers". 17 July 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/5186050.stm. 
  48. ^ "Menezes case goes to High Court". 5 December 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6208836.stm. 
  49. ^ "Met not guilty plea over Menezes". 19 September 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5359500.stm. 
  50. ^ "Timeline: the Stockwell shooting". 1 October 2007. http://www.guardian.co.uk/menezes/story/0,,2181230,00.html. 
  51. ^ BBC News. Police guilty over Menezes case. Last updated 1 November 2007. Accessed 22 January 2008.
  52. ^ Metropolitan Police. Health and Safety trial result 1 November 2007. Accessed 22 January 2008.
  53. ^ Metropolitan Police. MPA and ACPO on Health and Safety verdict. 1 November 2007. Accessed 22 January 2008.
  54. ^ a b "Will police now shoot to kill?". BBC News. 22 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4707781.stm. 
  55. ^ "MPA: Committees: Reports: 27 Oct 05 (13) "Suicide terrorism"". Metropolitan Police Authority. 27 October 2005. http://www.mpa.gov.uk/committees/mpa/2005/051027/13.htm. Retrieved on 2006-08-26. 
  56. ^ "Muslims back 'shoot to kill' despite an innocent man's death". The Daily Telegraph. 24 July 2005. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/07/24/nshot124.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/07/24/ixnewstop.html. 
  57. ^ "'Someone else could be shot,' British police chief warns". CBC News. 24 July 2005. http://www.cbc.ca/story/world/national/2005/07/24/londonattacks-070524.html. 
  58. ^ Jon Silverman (23 July 2005). "Shooting watershed for UK security". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4708373.stm. 
  59. ^ "Debate rages over 'shoot-to-kill'". BBC News. 24 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4711769.stm. 
  60. ^ "Shot man not connected to bombing". BBC News. 23 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4711021.stm. 
  61. ^ "The Jean Charles de Menezes Family Campaign". Justice4jean.com. http://justice4jean.com/?p=2. Retrieved on 25 August 2005. 
  62. ^ "de Menezes Family Campaign Launch And Rally". The Londonist. 7 October 2005. http://www.londonist.com/archives/2005/10/de_menezes_fami.php. Retrieved on 17 July 2006. 
  63. ^ Philip Johnston (24 August 2005). "'Marxists have hijacked family's quest for justice'". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/08/24/nmenez124.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/08/24/ixhome.html. 
  64. ^ "Galloway adviser is helping Brazilian campaign". The Times. 24 August 2005. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,22989-1748177,00.html. 
  65. ^ "Brazilian officials in UK for answers on killing". The Guardian. 23 August 2005. http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,11026,1554608,00.html. 
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  68. ^ a b "Police 'thought Menezes had bomb'". BBC News. 22 September 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7629961.stm. 
  69. ^ "Met officer tells inquest he tampered with De Menezes evidence". The Guardian. 13 October 2008. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/oct/13/jean-charles-menezes-inquest-ipcc. 
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  72. ^ Key questions, The Guardian, 3 December 2008
  73. ^ http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23595932-details/Menezes%3A+ban+on+unlawful+killing+verdict/article.do
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  75. ^ http://www.stockwellinquest.org.uk/hearing_transcripts/dec_04.pdf
  76. ^ De Menezes coroner invites majority verdict, 9 December 2008, The Guardian
  77. ^ Majority ruling for de Menezes jury, Press Association, 10 December 2008
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  97. ^ "De Menezes - shot for 30 seconds". The Guardian. 26 August 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/attackonlondon/story/0,16132,1556856,00.html. 
  98. ^ Norton-Taylor, Richard (4 August 2005). "New special forces unit tailed Brazilian". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/attackonlondon/story/0,16132,1542186,00.html. 
  99. ^ "DE MENEZES RAPED ME". The Sunday Mirror. 12 March 2006. http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/sunday/2006/03/12/de-menezes-raped-me-98487-16803852/. 
  100. ^ "Menezes family deny rape claim". The Scotsman. 13 March 2006. http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=375182006. 
  101. ^ "De Menezes cleared of rape - police". The Guardian. 28 March 2006. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uklatest/story/0,,-5779346,00.html. 
  102. ^ Chris Summers. "The police marksman's dilemma". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4711619.stm. Retrieved on 2007-11-27. 
  103. ^ "Another in a long line of unnecessary deaths". Socialist Worker. http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=7014. Retrieved on 2007-11-27. 
  104. ^ Terror police 'shot' man in coma, BBC News, 15 November 2007
  105. ^ The Observer, "Top police 'clear' Met chief over Menezes" (19 March 2006), by David Rose
  106. ^ Financial Times "Law of the Gun raises Fresh Doubts", 23 July 2005

[edit] External links

Persondata
NAME Menezes, Jean Charles de
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Brazilian victim of police shooting
DATE OF BIRTH 7 January 1978
PLACE OF BIRTH Gonzaga, Minas Gerais, Brazil
DATE OF DEATH 22 July 2005
PLACE OF DEATH London, England
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charles_de_Menezes"
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