List of ethnic slurs

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The following is a list of ethnic slurs (ethnophaulisms) that are, or have been, used as insinuations or allegations about members of a given ethnicity or to refer to them in a derogatory (critical or disrespectful), pejorative (disapproving or contemptuous), or insulting manner in the English-speaking world. For the purposes of this list, an ethnic slur is a term or word[s] used to insult on the basis of race, ethnicity, or nationality. Each term is listed followed by its country or region of usage, a definition, and a reference to that term (unless a well-referenced Wikipedia article exists).

Ethnic slurs may also be produced by combining a general-purpose insult with the name of ethnicity, such as "dirty Arab", "dirty Jew", "Russian pig", etc. Other common insulting modifiers include "dog", "filthy", etc. Such terms are not included in this list.

Related are the immigration slurs: while not necessarily targeting a particular ethnicity or race, they point at a "non-native" descent of the person.


Contents
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Abbie / Abe / Abie 
(North America) a Jewish male. From the proper name Abraham. Originated before the 1950s.[1]
ABCD 
(Subcontinentals in U.S.) "American-Born Confused Desi", used to imply that an American-born South Asian (Usually Pakistani and Indian, but increasingly Bangladeshi) is confused about their cultural identity. ABCD is the most common version of the phrase, but there are variations of it that extend all the way to the letter 'z' in at least two different versions: "American Born Confused Desi, Emigrated From Gujarat, House in Jersey, Kids Learning Medicine, Now Owning Property, Quite Reasonable Salary, Two Uncles Visiting, White Xenophobia Yet Zestful" and "American Born Confused Desi, Emigrated From Gujarat, Housed In Jersey, Keeping Lotsa Motels, Named Omkarnath Patel, Quickly Reached Success Through Underhanded Vicious Ways, Xenophobic Yet Zestful"[2]
Abo / Abbo 
(AUS) Australian Aboriginal person. Originally, this was simply an informal term for "Aborigine", and was in fact used by Aboriginal people themselves until it started to be considered offensive in 1950s. In remoter areas, Aboriginal people still often refer to themselves (quite neutrally) as "Blackfellas" (and whites as "Whitefellas"). Although "Abo" is still considered quite offensive by many, the pejorative "boong" is now more commonly used when the intent is to deliberately offend, as that word's status as an insult is unequivocal.[3]
Albino 
(U.S.) A term for whites, also a derogatory term for light skinned blacks used by darker skinned blacks.[4] (see colorism)
Alligator bait 
(U.S.) also "Gator Bait." A black person, especially a black child. More commonly used in states where alligators are found — particularly Florida. First used in the early 1900s, although some hypothesize the term originated in the late 1800s.[5]
Alter kacker / alter kocker (Yiddish) / alter kucker / A.K. 
(North America) a disparaging term for elderly Jewish people. The term is of Yiddish origin (literally meaning old shitter). First used in the early 1900s.[6]
Anglo-pilferer
An Anglo-Celtic Australian, possibly of convict lineage. Based on the belief that all Anglo-Australians are descended from convicts. Particularly offensive.[7]
Ann 
(North America) A white woman to a black person — or a black woman who acts too much like a white one. While Miss Ann, also just plain Ann, is a derisive reference to the white woman, by extension it is applied to any black woman who puts on airs and tries to act like Miss Ann.[8]
Ape 
(U.S.) a black person.[9]
Apple 
(North America) An American Indian (Native American) who is "red on the outside, white on the inside." Used primarily by other American Indians to indicate someone who has lost touch with their cultural identity. First used in the 1980s.[10]
Argie 
(UK) a native of Argentina (also Argie-bargie : any argument, disagreement, or (typically) sporting event involving Argentina or Argentinians), used by the British press during the Falklands War. Coined by Britain's The Sun newspaper in 1982.[11]
Aunt Jemima / Aunt Jane / Aunt Mary / Aunt Sally / Aunt Thomasina 
(U.S.) a black woman who "kisses up" to whites, a "sellout", female counterpart of Uncle Tom.[12]

B

Beaner
(U.S.) term widely regarded as derogatory, that refers to people of Mexican descent or, more broadly, mestizos.[13][14][15] The term originates from the prevalence of frijoles pintos and other beans in Mexican food.[15][16]
Boche; bosche; bosch 
(France; U.S.; UK) a German [shortened from French alboche, a combination of French caboche (head) and allemand (German)].[17]
Bog Irish 
(AUS) a person of common or low class Irish ancestry.[18][19]
Bohunk 
(North America) a person of east-central European descent. Originally referred to those of Bohemian (now Czech Republic) descent. Was commonly used toward Ukrainian immigrants during the early 20th century.[20]
Boong / bong / bung
(Aus) Australian aboriginal.[21] Related to the Australian English slang word bung, meaning "dead", "infected", "dysfunctional". From bung, to go bung "Originally to die, then to break down, go bankrupt, cease to function [Ab. bong dead]".[22] Highly offensive. [First used in 1847 by JD Lang, Cooksland, 430][23]
Boonga / boong / bunga / boonie 
(New Zealand) a Pacific Islander [alteration of boong].[24]
Bounty Bar 
A Bounty chocolate bar, being composed of coconut coated with chocolate, is white on the inside and brown on the outside. As with wigger, this is a both a subcultural and ethnic slur. The immediate target is denigrated for having the cultural values of a different ethnic group, with the implication that that ethnic group is bad or inferior. Coconut and Oreo are used in the same way.[25]
Brownie 
(U.S.) a. a person of mixed white and black ancestry; a mulatto. b. (U.S.) a young, brown-skinned person 1940s-1950s[26]
Buffie 
a. black person.[27]
b. (U.S.) a young, brown-skinned person 1940s-1950s[26]

C

CBCD 
(Subcontinentals in Canada) - Canadian-Born Confused Desi - Similar to ABCD, but used for Canadian-born South Asians who are confused about their cultural identity.[28]
Celestial 
a race-specific term used to describe Chinese immigrants in the United States, Canada and Australia during the 19th century. The term was widely used in the popular mass media of the day. The term is derived from their status as subjects of the Son of Heaven, the Chinese Emperor.
Charlie 
(North America) a mildly derogatory term used by African Americans, mainly in the 1960s and 1970s, to refer to a white person (from James Baldwin's novel, Blues For Mr. Charlie). The same word was also a generally non-pejorative slang term used by American troops during the Vietnam War as a short-hand term for North Vietnamese guerrillas: it was shortened from "Victor Charlie", the NATO phonetic alphabet for Viet Cong, or VC.[29]
Chee-chee 
a Eurasian half-caste [probably from Hindi chi-chi fie!, literally, dirt][30]
Chinaman 
(Worldwide English) Chinese person, used in old American west when discrimination against Chinese was common.[31] The term generates controversy when still used in geographic places associated or resembling Chinese. Though it is still heard in the lyrics to the 70s song "Kung Fu Fighting" and Fast and furious movie song "Tokyo Drift" by teriyaki boys, it tends to generate objections in modern times, especially in the US where Asian-American is the preferred nomenclature. (Note that in cricket, the term "chinaman" is used in a non-ethnic sense to refer to a left-handed bowler who uses a wrist spin action.)
Cheese-eating surrender monkey 
(UK, US, Canada) A Frenchman, from the perceived proclivity of the French to surrender in military confrontations and the huge variety of French cheeses available[32].
Ching Chong 
(U.S. and Canada) Mocking the language of or a person of perceived Chinese or East Asian descent. An offensive term which has raised considerable controversy when used by celebrities such as Rosie O'Donnell.[33]
Chink 
(U.S., UK, and India) used to refer to people of perceived Chinese descent, and by extension for other East Asians. Considered extremely derogatory, although at least one US school proudly used the term as a sports mascot until the 1980s.[34]
Cholo 
(Latin American Spanish, USA) used to refer to people of perceived Amerindian descent. It may be derogatory depending on circumstances. Peruvian president Alejandro Toledo was nicknamed "el Cholo".[35]
Chonky 
refers to a person of Chinese heritage with white attributes whether being a personality aspect or physical aspect. [36][37]
Christ killer 
a Jew, an allusion to Jewish deicide
Chug 
(Canada) refers to an individual of aboriginal descent. [38]
Coconut 
(New Zealand) A Pacific Islander. Named after the coconut, the nut from the coconut palm.[39]
(UK) A black person who is trying to be ‘white’; (US) a Hispanic person trying to be 'white'. [40]
(South Africa) A black person who acts white[41]
Coolie 
(North America) unskilled Asian labor, usually Chinese (originally used in 19th-century for Chinese railroad labor). Possibly from Hindi/Telugu kuli, day laborer.[42] Also racial epithet for Indo-Caribbean people, especially in Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and South African Indians, where it is considered on par with "nigger".
Coon 
(U.S. and U.K) a black person. Possibly from Portuguese barraco, a building constructed to hold slaves for sale (1837).[43][44] Popularized by the song "Zip Coon", played at Minstrel shows in the 1830s.
Coonass, or Coon-ass
(U.S.) a person of Cajun ethnicity.[45]
Cracker 
(U.S.) poor Appalachian or poor Southerner, a white person, first used in the 19th century.[46]
Crow 
a black person,[47] spec. a black woman.
Cunt-eyed 
(U.S.) adjective: a person with slanted eyes (first used in the 1910s)[48]
Curry-muncher/Curry-slurper 
(Australia, Africa, New Zealand) a person of East Indian origin.[49]

D

Dago
(U.S.) an Italian or person of Italian descent. In the UK used to refer to Spaniards or Portuguese, possibly derived from the Spanish name "Diego".[50]
Darky / darkey / darkie
noun. Used as a term for a black person, which may cause offence.[51] Randall Kennedy's Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word notes that some judges have considered "darky" a "term of endearment." See also Minstrel show.
Dhoti
In Nepal the word Dhoti is often used as an ethnic slur against the Madhesi community of Nepal and Indians by the majority population of Nepal. This may be because of the popularity of dhotis in the terai region and the bordering Indian states.[52]
Dink
an Asian, esp. a Vietnamese. Also used as a disparaging term for a North Vietnamese soldier or guerrilla in the Vietnam War. Origin: 1965–70, Americanism; cf. Australian slang dink Chinese person; perh. back formation from dinky, reinforced by rhyme with Chink[53]
Dogan, dogun 
(CAN) Irish Catholic [19th century on; origin uncertain: perhaps from Dugan, an Irish surname].[54]
Dune coon 
(US) Derogatory term used for Arabs and other peoples of the Middle East.[55]. Popularised in David O. Russell's movie about Gulf War I Three Kings (1999).
Dutchman 
noun. (1) [19th century on, Dutch being corrupted from the Pennsylvania German self-descriptive word Deitsch. Anyone of Germanic heritage (as with Anglo-Celtic Pennsylvanians) a Pennsylvania German; (2) (mid-1800s to 1920s) a foreigner, especially one who does not speak English well; (3) a bar keeper;[56] (4) anglophone South African whites, used for Afrikaner[57]

E

Eight ball 
A Negro; slang, usually used disparagingly[58]
Eskimo 
A native North American from the northernmost inhabitable areas. Its status as a pejorative term varies by location:
  • In Canada and Greenland, "Eskimo" is considered offensive, partly because of the now-discredited perception that the word meant "eater of raw meat" in the Cree native language; see origin of the name Eskimo. In Canada, "Inuinnaq" is the preferred term in the central Arctic and "Inuit" in the eastern Arctic, though "Inuit" is acceptable throughout Arctic Canada. In Greenland, the preferred terms are "Kallaalit" in their own language and "Greenlanders" in English. Similar to Nigger the term was likely not originally racist, however it is now considered unacceptable in those regions.[59]
  • In Alaska, "Eskimo" is not considered offensive, and is widely used even among the state's Arctic peoples. Although the term "Inuit" describes all the indigenous Arctic peoples of Canada and Greenland, this is not the case in Alaska or Siberia. The Arctic peoples of Alaska are divided linguistically and ethnically into Inuit and Yupik. The term "Inuit" is not generally accepted by either group in Alaska, even the state's Inuit themselves (who prefer "Inupiat"), and "Eskimo" is the accepted collective term when referring to both Inuit and Yupik.
Eyetie 
(British) an Italian person; slang, usually used disparagingly. Originated through the mispronunciation of "Italian" as "Eye-talian." [60]

F

Farang 
the generic Thai word for a foreigner of European ancestry. While generally farang is a neutral word, it can be used in a mocking manner, or even as an insult depending on the context.
Farangi
Similar to the above mentioned Farang, it is used in Pakistan and India, in the same manner.
Fenian 
(Northern Ireland and west of Scotland Protestants) originally the name of a political movement, the Fenian Brotherhood, but now a derogatory term aimed at Catholics, especially those thought to sympathise with the IRA.[61]
Flip 
(Western World) A derogatory term for Filipinos.[62]
Free Stater 
(Northern Ireland) a citizen of the Republic of Ireland, especially to Ulster Protestants. Also used by Irish Republicans to refer to Irish people who they believe are less than patriotic.[63]
Fritz 
(UK, France, Hungary ("fricc"), Poland [Fryc], Russia [фриц] ) a German [from Friedrich (Frederick)].[64]
Frog 
(Canada UK US) A French person. Prior to 1800's, referred to the Dutch (as they were stereotyped as being marsh-dwellers). When France became Britain's main enemy, replacing the Dutch, the epithet transferred to them,[65][66] due to the French recipe for eating frogs' legs (see comparable French term Rosbif). Also used in Canada to refer to both the French and French Canadians, and occasionally incorrectly as more broadly to people from Quebec who are not, in fact, necessarily French or French speaking.[67]
Fuzzy-Wuzzy 
(UK) Colonialist term used to refer to the Hadendoa warriors in the 19th Century.

G

Gable 
a black person.[27]
Gin 
(AUS) an Aboriginal woman.[68]
Gin jockey 
(AUS) a white person having casual sex with an Aboriginal woman. Pejorative. See also gin burglar[69]
Ginzo 
(U.S.) an Italian-American.[70]
Golliwog 
An outdated and predominately UK expression which originally was a chidren's literature character and type of black doll but which eventually became to be used as a jibe against people with dark skins, most commonly Afro-Caribbeans.[71]
Gook 
a derogatory term for Asians, used especially for enemy soldiers.[72] Its use as an ethnic slur has been traced to U.S. Marines serving in the Philippines in the early 20th century.[72][73] The earliest recorded example is dated 1920.[74] It gained widespread notice as a result of the Korean and Vietnam wars.[72]
Goyisher kopf 
(Jews) This exclamation is said by Jews when they say or do something stupid (literally, "gentile-head").[75]
Groid
(US) A black person. Offensive. Derived from "negroid".[76]
Greaseball, Greaser
(US) a person of Italian descent. Or rarely, a person of Hispanic descent.[77]
Gringo
(Hispanic Americans, Brazil) a white person or foreigner. The term lends itself to derogatory or paternalistic connotations, but depending on the context it may not be meant pejoratively. Gringo may be derived from several origins. One is the Spanish word for "Greek" (griego), applied to foreigner. Another is "Green, go home," from the color of US money in Latin America. Yet another derives from the singing by US troops of the song of celtic origin, "Green Grow the Rushes". In Brazil, "gringo" is applied to any foreigners (including Mexicans or Argentines) and has no negative connotations by itself.[78]
Gub, Gubba 
(AUS) Aboriginal pejorative term for white people[79]
Gweilo, gwailo, or kwai lo (鬼佬) 
(used in South of Mainland China and Hong Kong) A White man. Loosely translated as "foreign devil;" more literally, might be "ghost dude/bloke/guy/etc." Gwei means "ghost." The color white is associated with ghosts in China. A lo is a regular guy (i.e. a fellow, a chap, or a bloke).[80] Once a mark of xenophobia, the word is now in general, informal use[81] but still considered derogatory. This term was used extensively in the 2007 film Balls of Fury.
Gypsy, Gyppo, gippo, gypo, gyppie, gyppy, gipp 
a. A Roma person . b. (UK and Australia) Egyptians,[82] sometimes used affectionately, but "bloody Gyppo" was a term of abuse.

H

Hajji, Haji 
(US) Used by U.S. military to describe Iraqis or Arabs.[83][84]
Half Caste 
(UK) Derogatory term against people who are born of mixed race. [85]
Haole 
(US, Hawaiian) A non-native, used by Hawaiians mainly to refer to whites (less commonly to refer to non-Hawaiians.[86]. In contemporary Hawaii, the term Haole can be used descriptively to mean Caucasians in terms of race, or can be used negatively or as a racial epithet, though some people take it to always be insulting, it has various meanings depending upon use context.
Hapa 
(US, Hawaiian) Of mixed Asian race. Like with the slur "nigger" Asians of mixed ancestry are using this word to destigmatize the term.[87] It still can be regarded as a racial slur, as being called colored. In modern Hawaii, the term is common and merely descriptive of people of mixed race, namely part Hawaiian and part non-Hawaiian. There is also a popular band named Hapa which has two musicians, one caucasian and one mixed race Hawaiian, which performs modern and traditional Hawaiian music. It is used in some US regions in a strictly non-pejorative sense and is utilized in the names of some ethnic organizations [88]
Heeb, Hebe
(U.S.) offensive term for a Jewish person, derived from the word "Hebrew".[89][90]
Hindoo 
(AUS) 19th century, Hindu. Often not offensive.[91]
Honky also spelled "honkey" or "honkie" 
(1) (U.S.) An offensive term for a white person. Derived from an African-American pronunciation of "hunky", the disparaging term for a Hungarian laborer. The first record of its use as an insulting term for a white person dates from the 1950s.[92]
Husky 
an Eskimo of Labrador and northeastern Canada or his language — sometimes taken to be offensive [probably by shortening and alteration from Eskimo] Sometimes used in conjunction with Skimo.[93]
Hun 
(U.S. and U.K.) A derogatory term for Germans, especially German soldiers; popular during World War I.[94] Also an offensive term for a Protestant[95][96].
Hymie 
(U.S.) offensive term for a Jewish person, derived from the personal name Hyman (from the Hebrew name Chayyim). Jesse Jackson provoked controversy by referring to New York City as "Hymietown" in 1984.

I

Ikey / ike / iky 
a Jew [from Isaac][97]
Ikey-mo / ikeymo 
a Jew [from Isaac and Moses][98]
Injun 
an offensive term for a Native American.[99]

J

Jap 
(US, especially during World War II) a Japanese soldier or national, or anyone of or perceived to be of Japanese descent.
Jerry 
(Commonwealth, especially during World War II) a. a German national. b. a German soldier [Probably an alteration of German].[100] Origin of Jerry can.
Jigaboo, jiggabo, jigarooni, jijjiboo, zigabo, jig, jigg, jigga, jigger 
(U.S. and UK) a black person (JB) with stereotypical Black features (e.g. dark skin, wide nose, and big lips).[101]
Jock, jocky, jockie 
(UK) A Scottish person, dialect form of personal name John. Occasionally used by the English as an insult.[102]but also in respectful reference to elite Scottish, particularly Highland troops, e.g. the 9th (Scottish) Division. Same vein as the English insult for the French, as Frogs.
Jungle bunny 
(U.S. and UK) a Black person (although it is used humorously in the musical Hair).[103]

K

Kaffir, kaffer, kaffir, kafir, kaffre, kuffar 
(South Africa) a. a black person. Very offensive. Usage: Kaffir Boy was a famous autobiographical book by Mark Mathabane about his childhood in South Africa. (The South African Consul General in Lethal Weapon 2 calls Danny Glover a kaffir and Mel Gibson a 'kaffir lover'.) b. also caffer or caffre: a non-Muslim. c. a member of a people inhabiting the Hindu Kush mountains of north-east Afghanistan. Origin is from the Arab word kafir meaning 'infidel' used in the early Arab trading posts in Africa. The term is still used as a pejorative by Islamists in such a context. The term passed into modern usage through the British, who used the term to refer to the mixed groupings of people displaced by Shaka when he organized the Zulu nation. These groups (consisting of Mzilikaze, Matiwani, Mantatisi, Flingoe, Hottentot, and Xhosa peoples inhabited the region from the Cape of Good Hope to the Limpopo river) fought the British in the Kaffir Wars 1846–1848, 1850–1852, and 1877–1878.)[104][105] See also Kaffir (Historical usage in southern Africa)
Katsap 
(Ukraine) Derogatory term for Russians; usage similar to moskal.
Kike or kyke 
(U.S.) a Jew. From kikel, Yiddish for "circle". Immigrant Jews signed legal documents with an "O" (similar to an "X").[106]
Kraut (from Sauerkraut) 
(North America and Commonwealth) Derogatory U.S. and British term for a German,[107] most specifically during World War II.

L

Limey 
(US) A British person. Comes from the historical British naval practice of giving sailors limes to stave off scurvy.[108]

M

Macaca (from macaque)
Epithet used to describe a Negro (originally) or a person of North-African origin (more recently). Came to public attention in 2006 when U.S. Senator George Allen infamously used it to describe a person of Indian descent.[109]
Mack, Mick, Mickey, Mickey Finn 
a. (Britain, Commonwealth and U.S.) an Irish person or a person of Irish descent. Mick is considered more offensive in the U.K. and U.S.. From the prefix "Mc"/"Mac" meaning "son of" that is commonly found in Irish surnames. b. (Australia) a Roman Catholic [19th century on, from Michael].[110]
Mock / moch 
(U.S.) a Jew [first used in the 1960s as an abbreviated form of mocky (qv)][111]
Mocky / moky / moxy / mockey / mockie / mocky 
(U.S.) a Jew [first used in the 1930s][112]
Monkey 
(UK) a black person.[113] Also used by white people in Southeast Asia to describe local people.
Moon Cricket 
(US) derogatory term for a black person.[114]
Moskal 
"Muscovite", derogatory name for Russians in Ukraine and Poland.[115]
Munt 
(among whites in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Zambia) a black person. Derives from muntu, the singular of Bantu[116]
Muzzie / Mussie 
(Europe and US) A mildly offensive slang term for a Muslim. [117]

N

Nigel 
(AUS) Used during Vietnam War as derogatory slang for any Vietnamese. Also nigel nog[118] See nig nog below.
Niglet 
A term used to describe a young black person.[119]
Nig-nog 
(UK) a black person.[120] - note alternative original mildly derogatory meaning in the UK: "a novice; a foolish or naive person"[121]
Nigger / Niger / nig / nigor / nigra / nigre (Caribbean) / nigar / niggor / niggur / nigga / niggah / niggar / nigguh / niggress 
(International) An American-English slur originally used to refer to black-skinned people, but developed a dual meaning in the late 20th century.
Nip 
(U.S.) A derogatory term for someone of Japanese descent (shortened version of Nipponese, from Japanese name for Japan, Nippon)[122]
Nitchie, neche, neechee, neejee, nichi, nichiwa, nidge, nitchee, nitchy 
(CAN) a North American Indian [From the Algonquian word for "friend"].[123]

O

Ocker 
(AUS and NZ) Uncultivated Australian.[124] Also considered authentic and unaffected.
Oreo 
(US) A racial slur for being black on the outside and white on the inside, hinted by the appearance of an Oreo cookie.[125]

P

Paddy
(Primarily UK) an Irishman.[126]
Paki / Pakki
(Primarily UK and Canada, sometimes New Zealand and India) a Pakistani or South Asian. Within the UK, the term originated in Northern England, where a large number of South Asians arrived in the 1950s and 1960s. It is usually considered offensive when used by a non-Asian in the UK.[127][128]
Pancake Face, Pancake 
An Asian person[129]
Pepper
(Canada) a French Canadian or French-speaking Québécois[130]
Pickaninny 
a term – generally considered derogatory – that in English usage refers to black children, or a caricature of them which is widely considered racist.
Pikey / piky / piker 
(Britain) a. Irish Traveller, b. Gypsy, c. a lower-class person. Sometimes used to refer to an Irish person [19th century on].[131]
Pocho / pocha 
(Southwest U.S., Mexico) adjective: term for a person of Mexican heritage who is partially or fully assimilated into American culture (literally, "over-ripe").[132] (See also "Chicano")
Polack 
a Pole or a person of Polish origin,[133] from the Polish endonym, Polak (see Name of Poland). Unlike in English, in Swedish and Norwegian polack is the polite term for a person from Poland.[134]
Pom, Pohm, Pommy, Pommie 
(AUS/NZ/SA) a British (usually English) immigrant. Some claim it derives from "Prisoner of Mother England", but it probably derives from pomegranate, rhyming slang for "immigrant,[135] jimmygrant, pommygrant". It is often used irreverently and is usually considered offensive. Many such migrants to Australia call themselves "ten pound poms", because they paid ten pounds for their passage to Australia between 1945 and 1972 under an assisted migration scheme. Often combined with an adjective, particularly whingeing pom, a reference to migrants who complained about their adopted country. Often used in a sporting (especially cricket and rugby) context, with liberal use of 'pom' and 'Aussie' being used by the media; the term is often seen as unoffensive in this context, and instead as light-hearted banter by those who use it, but still possibly as offensive by those whom it is directed at[citation needed].
Porch monkey 
a black person,[136] though it may refer more harmlessly to people (especially children) of any color playing or relaxing on a porch.[citation needed]
Powder burn 
(US) a black person.[27]

Q

Quashie 
a black person.[27] From the West African name Kwazi, often given to a child born on a Sunday[137]

R

Raghead 
an ethnic slur used against Arabs, Indian Sikhs and some other peoples, denigrating them for wearing traditional headdress such as turbans or keffiyehs.[138] Sometimes used generically for all Islamic nations. See Towel head.
Redneck 
a disapproving and insulting term used to refer to uneducated or poorly educated White persons in the U.S. who are of lower socio-economic status, or live in a rural area
Redskin 
an offensive racial descriptor for Native Americans, controversially used as the name for a professional sports team.[139] Some Native Americans use the shortened form 'skin in self-reference, much in the same way that nigga is used by some African-Americans.[citation needed]
Roundeye 
(English-speaking Asians) a white or non-Asian person.[140]
Russki, Russkie 
disparaging when used by foreigners for "Russian"[141] (actually, these are transliterations of the Russian "Русский" (in Russian pronounced: Rooskiy) for "Russian" and the spelling Russkiy is almost always in a literary context. "Russki" in Russian simply means someone who is an ethnic Russian as opposed to a minority nationality within the Russian Federation.)

S

Saes 
(Wales) An often derogatory word used by the Welsh to refer to the English. Derives from the Welsh word Saeson, i.e. Saxon. (See Sassenach for Scottish derivative)[142]
Sambo 
(U.S.) a derogatory term for an African American, Black, or sometimes a South Asian person[143].
Sand nigger 
An ethnic slur against Arabs.[144]
Sasquatch 
often used by American as a pejorative word for Canadians.
Sassenach 
(Scotland) - An English person, Scots for "Saxon", or a Lowland Scot when used by a Highlander. [145]
Sawney 
(England, archaic) - A Scottish person, local variant of Sandy, short for "Alexander".[146]
Seppo, Septic 
(Australian/British) An American. (Cockney rhyming slang: Septic tank — Yank)[147]
Shiksa 
a pejorative term, mostly in North America, for a non-Jewish woman.
Slanteyed 
pejorative term for being of Far Eastern origin, a Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese etc. Derived from the term for those who have epicanthic folds[148]
Skip /Skippy
(Aus) a person of Anglo-Australian decent, retaliatory slur by ethic minorities in Melbourne and Sydney[149]
Slope, slopehead, slopy, slopey 
(U.S. and Aus) a person of Asian (in Australia, especially Vietnamese; in America, especially Chinese) descent.[150]
Smoked Irish / smoked Irishman 
(U.S.) 19th century term for Blacks (intended to insult both Blacks and Irish).[27]
Sooty 
A black person [originated in the U.S. in the 1950s][151]
Spade 
A black person.[152] recorded since 1928 (OED), from the playing cards suit.
Spic, spick, spik, spig, or spigotty 
(U.S, U.K) a. a person of Hispanic descent, or a person of actual or presumed Puerto Rican origin whether or not of Hispanic descent. Use of the word is often perceived as extremely offensive if used by a person not of Latino descent in any context. Origin uncertain. First recorded use in 1915. Theories include from "no spik English" (and spiggoty from the Chicano no speak-o t'e English), but common belief is that it is an abbreviation of "Hispanic" b. the Spanish language.[153] In the UK this term is more commonly used towards people of Italian/Mediterranean descent rather than Hispanics.
Spook 
(UK) Word used to label a black or brown person.
Squaw 
(U.S. and CAN) Often offensive term for female Native American. [154] Derived from lower East Coast Algonquian (Massachuset: ussqua)[155], which originally meant "young woman", but which took on strong negative connotations in the late twentieth century (see article). (The equivalent derisive for a male is "buck", and for a child, "papoose".)

T

Taffy or Taff 
(UK) a Welsh person. First used ca. 17th century. From the River Taff or the Welsh pronunciation of the name David (in Welsh, Dafydd).[156] Children's rhyme: "Taffy was a Welshman, Taffy was a thief". Generally considered offensive[citation needed] when used by an English person, although it has appeared in such family-friendly series as Dad's Army, where it was used as a lighthearted nickname.
Taig (also Teague, Teg and Teig)
a vitriolic slur used by loyalists in Northern Ireland for members of the nationalist/Catholic/Gaelic community. The term translates as "average Joe" or "man on the street".[157][158][159]
Tar baby 
(UK; U.S.; and N.Z.) a black child.[160]
Teapot 
(British) A black person. [1800s][161]
Thicklips 
(UK) a black person.[27]
Timber nigger 
An ethnic slur against Native Americans.[144]
Tinker / tynekere / tinkere / tynkere, -are / tynker / tenker / tinkar / tyncar / tinkard / tynkard / tincker
a. (Britain and Ireland) an inconsequential person (typically lower class); (note that in Britain, the term "Irish Tinker" may be used, giving it the same meaning as example b.)
b. (Scotland and Ireland) a Gypsy [origin unknown - possibly relating to one of the 'traditional' occupations of Gypsies as travelling 'tinkerers' or repairers of common household objects][162]
c. (Scotland) a member of the native community previously itinerant (but mainly now settled) who were reputed for their production of domestic implements from basic materials and for repair of the same items, being also known in the past as "travelling tinsmiths". The slur is possibly derived from a reputation for rowdy and alcoholic recreation. Often wrongly confused with Gypsy/Romany people.
Touch of the tar brush 
(British) outdated derogatory descriptive phrase for a person of predominantly Caucasian ancestry with real or suspected African or Asian distant ancestry.[163]
Towel head, also towelhead
"A native of any race that wears a cloth covering on the head."[164] Typically applied to any person of Middle-Eastern or South Asian descent without any regard for distinction between groups that wear cloth head coverings and those that do not. See rag head.


U

Ugly American
An Epithet common internationally as an insult directed at a citizen of The United States, common usage is against tourists and travellers along with US corporate buisnesses in the particular area.
Uncle Tom
A pejorative for an American black person who is perceived as behaving in a subservient manner to white authority figures.

W

West Briton / Westbrit 
(Ireland) is for an Irish person who has sympathies toward Britain, or who imitates the British.[165]
White Nigger / Wigger / Whigger / Wigga
(US) Used in 19th-century United States to describe the Irish. Used today to demean any White person as being White trash, or an ignorant and uncouth redneck.[166] Also (international) used to describe white youth that imitate urban black youth by means of clothing style, mannerisms, and slang speech. The 'w' at the start of wigger refers to the white person and the 'igger' refers to nigger, which is already a racial slur for black people. Also used by radical Québécois in self-reference, as in the seminal 1968 book White Niggers of America.
Whitey 
A term for a white person, commonly used in a derogatory manner.[167]
Wog 
In Australia, the term "wog" is usually used to refer to Mediterranean, Southern/Eastern European and Middle Eastern people, such as Italians, Greeks, Macedonians, Serbians, Croatians, or Albanians. However, it can also refer to any swarthy people. In Britain, it usually refers to dark skinned people from Asia or Africa. Possibly derived from "golliwogg"[168]
Wop 
(North America and UK) A racial term for anyone of Italian descent, derived from the Italian dialectism "guappo", close to "dude" and other informal appellations. [169]


Y

Yank/Yankee 
(UK/Australian) A term for an American, commonly used in a derogatory manner, although some Americans from northern states refer to themselves this way when addressing foreign audiences,[170] but is not actually an offensive slur.
Yellow 
designating or pertaining to an Asian person, in reference to those who have a yellowish skin color.[171]
Yid 
Disparaging term for a Jew [172]

Z

See also

Immigration slurs

  • Fresh off the boat, a derogatory term for people of foreign nationality, who have arrived in a host nation as tourists, immigrants, students, or most commonly, as work permit applicants.
  • Wetback, an illegal immigrant to the United States, usually a Mexican
  • Anchor baby, a slur for a child born in the United States to immigrants or other non-citizens, regardless of the immigration status of the parents.[4] The term refers to the supposed role of the child, as a U.S. citizen, in facilitating immigration through family reunification under the provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.

Literature

  • John A. Simpson, Oxford Dictionary Of Modern Slang ISBN 0-19-861052-1
  • John A. Simpson, Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series ISBN 0-19-861299-0
  • Eric Partridge, A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, (2002)
  • Richard A. Spears, Slang and Euphemism, (2001)
  • Jonathon Green, The Cassell Dictionary of Slang (1998)
  • Bruce Moore (editor), The Australian Oxford Dictionary, (2004)
  • The New Oxford American Dictionary, second edition. Ed. Erin McKean. (Oxford University Press: 2005.
  • The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Ed. Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. (Oxford University Press: 2004)
  • G.A. Wilkes, A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms (Sydney: Fontana/Collins, 1978) ISBN 0 00 635719 9

References

  1. ^ Spears, loc. cit. p. 1.
  2. ^ ABCDlady Magazine - for the American Born Confident Desi
  3. ^ Bruce Moore (editor), The Australian Oxford Dictionary, (2004) p. 3.
  4. ^ Ethnic_resources
  5. ^ Speers, loc. cit. pg. 6.
  6. ^ Green, loc. cit. p. 19.
  7. ^ Macquarie Dictionary (3rd ed)
  8. ^ Hugh Rawson, Wicked Words, (1989) p. 19.
  9. ^ Spears, loc. cit. p. 10.; also, Zoo Ape or Jungle Ape
  10. ^ Green, 2005, ISBN 0304366366, p. 29.
  11. ^ Guardian Report: A new Britain, a new kind of newspaper February 25 2002
  12. ^ Green, loc. cit. p. 36.
  13. ^ The Mouth of Mencia, from The Washington Post, September 28, 2005
  14. ^ San Diego's top Latino cop retires, from The San Diego Union-Tribune, September 1, 2005
  15. ^ a b Pedro deflects the barbs; Racist comments don't faze Sox ace, from The Boston Herald, September 14, 2000
  16. ^ You are what you eat ... arguably: John Sutherland On national nicknames from The Guardian (UK), July 31, 2000
  17. ^ Duden Deutsches Universalwörterbuch.
  18. ^ "Costello Slammed for 'Bog Irish' Slurs", Irish Voice, October 13, 1998
  19. ^ Benson, Marius, "A life more ordinary", Expatica
  20. ^ bohunk. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000
  21. ^ Moore, op. cit. [Accessed 6 May 2006].
  22. ^ Wilkes, G.A. A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms (Sydney: Fontana/Collins, 1978, p. 62)
  23. ^ Wilkes, ibid., p. 62
  24. ^ "boonga" The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary. Tony Deverson. (Oxford University Press: 2004) Oxford Reference Online.[Accessed 6 May 2006].
  25. ^ Younge, Gary (2002-03-30). "Don't blame Uncle Tom". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/saturday_review/story/0,3605,675996,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-10-23. 
  26. ^ a b Green, op. cit. p.154.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Spears, op. cit. p. 118.
  28. ^ [1][2]
  29. ^ "The Language of War", on the American Experience/Vietnam Online website; retrieved August 31, 2007
  30. ^ "chee-chee." Webster's [Accessed 12 Mar. 2006].
  31. ^ [3]Peak of Controversy "a resident of Calgary, wrote to the Minister of Community Development strongly objecting to the name Chinaman's Peak"
  32. ^ Wimps, weasels and monkeys - the US media view of 'perfidious France' The Guardian. Retrieved on December 27, 2006
  33. ^ [4] Asian American advocates decry parody by TV's O'Donnell Vanessa Hua, San Francisco Chronicle, December 14, 2006
  34. ^ Simpson, "Chinky"
  35. ^ Vigil, James Diego (1988). Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292711190. 
  36. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=e0lfyT2EJwAC&pg=PA222&dq=Chonky&lr=&client=firefox-a
  37. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=YY0BpjV4vDYC&pg=PA149&dq=Chonky&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPA149,M1
  38. ^ Warman v. Beaumont, CHRT (Canadian Human Rights Commission 2007). “I haven't seen the new $50 bills, but the $20's and $100's I have seen. I have talked with a few people about them (who aren't WN) but they don't like the fact that there is native stuff on the bills. I mean, who wants to pay for something and be reminded of a chug? Not me!”
  39. ^ Orsman, H. W. (1999). The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Auckland: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-558347-7. 
  40. ^ Coconuts and Oreos [5]
  41. ^ "The Coconuts (TV sitcom)". M-Net. 2007-12-13. http://www.mnet.co.za/Mnet/shows/displayShow.asp?id=611&Type=art&ArticleId=1942. Retrieved on 2008-10-26. 
  42. ^ Etymology of Selected Words of Indian Language Origin
  43. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary: coon
  44. ^ Slavery In America
  45. ^ "coonass" at the Encyclopedia of Cajun Culture
  46. ^ Cash W.J. The Mind of the South (Knopf, 1941).
  47. ^ "crow." Webster's [Accessed 12 Mar. 2006].
  48. ^ Green, op. cit.
  49. ^ Fuller A. Scribbling the Cat: travels with an African soldier (Penguin Books, 2004).
  50. ^ Oxford Advanced Leaner's English-Chinese Dictionary (published in 1987), p. 292.
  51. ^ AskOxford: Search Results
  52. ^ Views The Telegraph - Weekly (Nepal)
  53. ^ dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dink
  54. ^ "dogan", Barber, op. cit. [Accessed 7 May 2006].
  55. ^ Ashley W. Doane and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (Eds) White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism (New York: Routledge,2003), p. 124
  56. ^ Green, Cassell, p. 383.
  57. ^ "Dutch", Webster's [Accessed February 15, 2006].
  58. ^ Bruce Kellner, ed. The Harlem Renaissance: A Historical Dictionary for the Era: Appendixes. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984. The African American Experience. Greenwood Publishing Group. (Access by subscription.) [Accessed August 13, 2008].
  59. ^ Native Languages.com [6]
  60. ^ http://au.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861814296/eyetie.html
  61. ^ Share, op. cit. p. 105.
  62. ^ "What's in a name?" [7]
  63. ^ Simpson, "free stater", op. cit.
  64. ^ Grand Dictionnaire (Larousse: 1993) p. 397; "fritz", Webster's; Polish Language Dictionary: http://sjp.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=2558630 .
  65. ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PAL/is_498_158/ai_106652581
  66. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2913151.stm
  67. ^ Dictionary.com [8]
  68. ^ "gin", Moore, op. cit. [Accessed 7 May 2006].
  69. ^ Wilkes, op cit., 155-6
  70. ^ "ginzo" The New Oxford American Dictionary, second edition. Ed. Erin McKean. (Oxford University Press: 2005.) <http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html? subview=Main&entry=t183.e31685> [Accessed 6 May 2006]
  71. ^ Thatcher axed by BBC's One Show 4 February 2009
  72. ^ a b c Dictionary.com gook.
  73. ^ Pearson, Kim, "Gook".
  74. ^ Seligman, Herbert J., "The Conquest of Haiti", The Nation, July 10, 1920.
  75. ^ Yiddishkeit (page two)
  76. ^ An Accused Cop Killer's Politics
  77. ^ greaseball - Definitions from Dictionary.com
  78. ^ Brazil - Brazzil Magazine - In Brazil, Not All Gringos Are Created Equal
  79. ^ "Mr Gub ... the white man. The word is the diminutive of garbage." Wilkes, op cit., 167
  80. ^ http://www.bigwhiteguy.com/bio.php
  81. ^ Gweilo
  82. ^ Simpson, "gyppo", op. cit.
  83. ^ "hajji" citation from Double-Tongued Dictionary
  84. ^ "haji" definition from Double-Tongued Dictionary
  85. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Caste_(poem)
  86. ^ "?". http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/haole. Retrieved on 2007-01-14. 
  87. ^ Watanabe, Teresa (2006-07-16). ""Hapas" find a voice in emerging culture". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003130151_hapaculture16.html. Retrieved on 2006-12-22. 
  88. ^ Mixed Roots Film and Literary Festival
  89. ^ Madresh, Marjorie (2004-05-28). "Founder of 'Hip to be Heeb' magazine speaks to students". The Triangle Online. http://media.www.thetriangle.org/media/storage/paper689/news/2004/05/28/News/Founder.Of.hip.To.Be.Heeb.Magazine.Speaks.To.Students-683529.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. 
  90. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online definition of hebe". http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=Hebe. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. 
  91. ^ Simpson, "Hindu", op. cit.
  92. ^ Fuller A. Scribbling the Cat: travels with an African soldier (Penguin books, 2004).
  93. ^ "husky", Ibid. [Accessed 12 Mar. 2006].
  94. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
  95. ^ Nil By Mouth: History of Sectarianism
  96. ^ Daily Telegraph: Young people are raising their eyes
  97. ^ Simpson. "ikey", loc. cit.
  98. ^ Loc cit. "ikeymo"
  99. ^ injun - Definitions from Dictionary.com
  100. ^ "Jerry," Simpson, op. cit.
  101. ^ Simpson, "jigaboo", op. cit.
  102. ^ Blake, Aled (2005-08-26). "'If boyo is racist so is Jock". Western Mail and Echo Limited. http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/printable_version.cfm?objectid=15897870&siteid=50082. Retrieved on 2006-12-22. 
  103. ^ Simpson, "jungle"
  104. ^ "Kaffir", Webster's.
  105. ^ Featherstone, Donald (1993). Victorian Colonial Warfare: Africa. UK: Blandford. pp. 85–102. ISBN 0-7137-2256-8. 
  106. ^ Wolarsky, Eric, "Kike", Interactive Dictionary of Racial Language, 2001.
  107. ^ AskOxford: Kraut
  108. ^ Dictionary.com [9]
  109. ^ Allen Quip Provokes Outrage, Apology
  110. ^ "Mick" The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Ed. Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. (Oxford University Press: 2004) [Accessed 6 May 2006].
  111. ^ Simpson. "mock", loc. cit.
  112. ^ Ibid. "mocky".
  113. ^ The Times Online http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2239023,00.html
  114. ^ http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=moon+cricket Urban Dictionary. "Moon Cricket," (retrieved on March 20th, 2009).
  115. ^ Edyta M. Bojanowska (2007) "Nikolai Gogol: Between Ukrainian And Russian Nationalism" ISBN 0674022912, p. 55: "In the 'low', folksy world of the provincial narrators, a Russian is a moskal ("Muscovite")", a foreigner and an intruder, at best a carpetbagger, at worst a thief in cahoots with the devil."
  116. ^ Simpson. "munt". loc. cit.
  117. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_slur
  118. ^ Michael Frazer, Nasho (Melbourne: Aries Imprint, 1984)
  119. ^ http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=niglet Urban Dictionary. "Niglet," (retrieved on March 20th, 2009).
  120. ^ "nig-nog" Webster's
  121. ^ "nig-nog" Oxford English Dictionary
  122. ^ "nip", Webster's, Accessed 11 Mar. 2006.
  123. ^ "nitchie", Simpson, op. cit.
  124. ^ Moore, "ocker" op. cit. [Accessed 6 May 2006].
  125. ^ "Was Lt. Gov. Steele Pelted With Oreos?", WTOP Radio
  126. ^ AskOxford: Paddy
  127. ^ "pak", Webster's, Accessed 4 April 2006; Simpson. "Paki", loc. cit.
  128. ^ "After the N-word, the P-word", BBC News, June 11, 2007
  129. ^ Racial and Ethnic Identity Formation of Midwestern Asian-American children, Susan Matoba Adler, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign http://www.wwwords.co.uk/pdf/validate.asp?j=ciec&vol=2&issue=3&year=2001&article=Adler_CIEC_2_3
  130. ^ David Williams, Review of Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages by Mark Abley, The Oxonian Review of Books, Volume 4, Issue 2 (Hilary 2005).
  131. ^ Simpson, "pikey" op. cit.
  132. ^ Ibid. p. 773.
  133. ^ Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture, Longman Group UK Limited, 1992, ISBN 0 582 23720 3
  134. ^ Svenska Akademiens ordlista över svenska språket (The Swedish Academy's dictionary of the Swedish language), 10th edition (Stockholm: Norstedt, 1984), ISBN 91-1-730242-0, p. 377.
  135. ^ Moore, "pommy", op. cit. [Accessed 6 May 2006].
  136. ^ Who Are The Bush People? by Sean Gonsalves
  137. ^ Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
  138. ^ "What do we all have in common?", The Sun Online, January 30, 2007
  139. ^ Suzan Shown Harjo (2005-06-17). "Dirty Word Games". Indian Country Today. http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096411092. 
  140. ^ Spears, p. 295.
  141. ^ Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
  142. ^ [[cy:Saeson|]] (Welsh)
  143. ^ Boskin, Joseph (1986) Sambo, New York: Oxford University Press
  144. ^ a b Kennedy, Randall L. (Winter, 1999-2000), "Who Can Say "Nigger"? And Other Considerations", The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (26): 86-96 [87] 
  145. ^ WordNet Search - 3.0
  146. ^ Simpson, "sawney", op. cit.
  147. ^ Dictionary of Australian Slang
  148. ^ Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/search?r=2&q=slanteyed
  149. ^ Lambert, James. "Additions to the Australian Lexicographical Record". Australian National Dictionary Centre. Australian National University. http://www.anu.edu.au/ANDC/res/aus_words/lambert/lambert_and.php. Retrieved on 2008-10-31. 
  150. ^ Moore. "slope", op. cit. [Accessed 6 May 2006]; Simpson, "slope"; "slopy", op. cit.
  151. ^ Simpson, "sooty." loc. cit.
  152. ^ American Heritage Dictionary
  153. ^ Rawson, loc. cit. p. 370.
  154. ^ squaw - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
  155. ^ Random House Unabridged Dictionary
  156. ^ Simpson, "taffy", op. cit.
  157. ^ "In Belfast, Joblessness And a Poisonous Mood" by Bernard Wienraub
    New York Times, 2 June 1971
  158. ^ "On Belfast’s Walls, Hatred Rules" by Paul Majendie
    Sydney Morning Herald, 29 November 1986
  159. ^ Double Tongued Dictionary
  160. ^ Simpson, "tar", op. cit.
  161. ^ Green, loc. cit. p. 1185.
  162. ^ Simpson, "tinker", op. cit.
  163. ^ John Akomfrah 1991 A Touch of the Tarbrush (TV Documentary) 1991
  164. ^ Eric Partridge, Dalzell Victor (Eds), The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (London: Taylor and Francis, 2005), p. 1581
  165. ^ Share, op. cit. p. 349.
  166. ^ Miller, Joel (2001-03-06). "White niggards and the lingo nazis". WorldNetDaily.com. http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=21950. Retrieved on 2006-12-23. 
  167. ^ Princeton WordNet listing for Whitey
  168. ^ wog. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wog (accessed: November 01, 2007).
  169. ^ wop. Dictionary.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wop (accessed: November 01, 2007)
  170. ^ yank - Definitions from Dictionary.com
  171. ^ Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/yellow
  172. ^ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/yid

This article incorporates text from the public domain 1907 edition of The Nuttall Encyclopædia.

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