British Airways Flight 9
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 A screenshot from ACI
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| Incident summary | |
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| Date | 24 June 1982 |
| Type | Flameout of all engines due to blockage by volcanic ash |
| Site | Mount Galunggung, West Java, Indonesia |
| Passengers | 248 |
| Crew | 15 |
| Injuries | 0 |
| Fatalities | 0 |
| Survivors | 263 (all) |
| Aircraft type | Boeing 747-236B |
| Aircraft name | City of Edinburgh |
| Operator | British Airways |
| Tail number | G-BDXH |
| Flight origin | London Heathrow Airport, London, England, United Kingdom |
| 1st stopover | Santacruz International Airport, Bombay, India |
| 2nd stopover | Meenambakkam Airport, Madras, India |
| 3rd stopover | Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| 4th stopover | Perth Airport, Perth, Australia |
| Last stopover | Melbourne Airport, Melbourne, Australia |
| Destination | Auckland Airport, Auckland, New Zealand |
British Airways Flight 9, sometimes referred to as the Jakarta incident,[1] was a scheduled British Airways flight from London Heathrow to Auckland, with stops in Bombay, Madras, Kuala Lumpur, Perth, and Melbourne.
On 24 June 1982, the route was flown by City of Edinburgh, a 747-236B registered G-BDXH. The aircraft flew into a cloud of volcanic ash thrown up by the eruption of Mount Galunggung, resulting in the failure of all four engines, although the reason for the failure was not then apparent to the crew or ground control. The aircraft was diverted to Jakarta in the hope that enough engines could be restarted to allow it to land there. The aircraft was able to glide far enough to exit the ash cloud, and all engines were restarted (although one failed again soon after), allowing the aircraft to land safely.
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[edit] Incident
The first sign of anything amiss occurred shortly after 13:40 UTC (20:40 Jakarta time) above the Indian Ocean, south of Java, when Senior First Officer Roger Greaves and Senior Engineer Officer Barry Townley-Freeman noticed an effect on the windscreen similar to St. Elmo's fire, as if it were being hit by tracer bullets.[1] The phenomenon persisted after Captain Eric Moody, who had left the cockpit to use the lavatory, returned. Despite seeing nothing on the weather radar, they switched on engine anti-ice and the passenger seat belt signs as a precaution.
In the passenger cabin, smoke started gathering in the air. At first it was assumed to be cigarette smoke, but as it grew thicker, alarm spread. Those looking out windows also noticed that the engines were unusually bright, as if they each had a headlight in them, shining forward through the fan blades and producing a stroboscopic effect.[2]
At approximately 13:42 UTC (20:42 Jakarta time), engine four surged and then flamed out. The first officer and flight engineer immediately performed the engine shutdown drill, shutting off fuel and arming fire extinguishers as the Captain added some rudder to counter the uneven thrust. The passengers also spotted long yellow glows coming out of the remaining engines. Less than a minute after the first engine failed, engine two surged and flamed out. Before the flight crew could begin the engine failure drills, engines one and three shut down almost simultaneously. The flight engineer exclaimed, "I don't believe it – all four engines have failed!"[2]
The 747 had now become a glider. Since a 747 has a glide ratio of about 15, Captain Moody calculated that, from its flight level of 37,000 feet (11,000 m), Flight 9 would be able to glide for 23 minutes and cover 91 nautical miles (169 km).[2] At 13:44 UTC (20:44 Jakarta time), Moody told First Officer Greaves to declare an emergency to the local air traffic control authority, stating that all four engines had shut down, but Jakarta Area Control misunderstood the message, believing that only engine number four had shut down. It was only after a Garuda Indonesia flight relayed the message that it got through.
The loss of power was immediately obvious to the passengers, and they reacted to it in many different ways. Some became resigned, while others wrote notes to their loved ones, such as Charles Capewell's "Ma. In trouble. Plane going down. Will do best for boys. We love you. Sorry. Pa XXX" scrawled on the cover of his ticket wallet.[3] Some passengers cried out that they were going to die, and still others attempted to calm down the more panicky ones.[2]
On the flight deck the crew attempted to contact Jakarta for radar assistance, but could not be seen by Jakarta, despite their transponder being set to 7700, the international "general emergency" code. Due to the high Indonesian mountains, an altitude of at least 3,500 m (11,500 ft) was required to cross the coast safely. Captain Moody decided that, if the aircraft was unable to maintain altitude by the time they reached 3,650 m (12,000 ft), he would turn back out to sea and attempt to ditch. The crew began the engine restart drills, despite being well above the recommended maximum engine in-flight start envelope altitude of 8,500 m (28,000 ft), but they were unsuccessful.
Despite the lack of time, Captain Moody made an announcement that has been described as "a masterpiece of understatement":[2]
| “ | Ladies and Gentlemen, this is your Captain speaking. We have a small problem. All four engines have stopped. We are doing our damnedest to get it under control. I trust you are not in too much distress. | ” |
As pressure within the cabin fell, oxygen masks dropped from the ceiling - an automatic emergency measure to make up for the lack of air. But some did not work. Moody took drastic action: to prevent his passengers dying of oxygen starvation, he went into a nosedive, dropping 1,800 m in one minute, to an altitude where there was enough oxygen in the outside atmosphere to fill the cabin once more.
At 4,100 m (13,500 ft), the flight crew attempted one last engine restart procedure before turning for the ocean and the risky prospect of a ditching. Although there were guidelines, no one had ever tried it in a 747 – nor have they since. Number four engine started, and at 13:56 UTC (20:56 Jakarta time), Captain Moody used its power to reduce the rate of descent. Shortly thereafter, engine three restarted, followed shortly by engines one and two. The engines were able to restart because one generator and the batteries were still operative; generator or battery power is required for ignition of the engines.[4] The crew were amazed at their change of fortune, and requested an increase in altitude to 4,500 m (15,000 feet) to clear the high mountains.[5]
As the aircraft approached its target altitude, the tracer effect on the windscreen returned. Captain Moody throttled back, but it was too late: number two engine surged again, and had to be shut down. The crew immediately descended to 3,600 m (12,000 ft).
At last Flight 9 approached Jakarta. Despite reports of good visibility, the crew found it difficult to see anything through the windscreen, and had to make the approach almost entirely on instruments, despite the glideslope of the ILS being inoperative. It was, in the words of Captain Moody, "a bit like negotiating one's way up a badger's arse".[1] Although the runway lights could be made out through a small strip of the windscreen, the landing lights seemed to be inoperable. After landing, the flight crew then found it impossible to taxi, as glare from apron floodlights made the windscreen opaque, and City of Edinburgh had to wait for a tug to tow her in.
[edit] Aftermath
It was found that City of Edinburgh's problems had been caused by flying through a cloud of volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Galunggung. Because the ash cloud was dry, it did not show up on the weather radar, which is designed to pick up the drops of moisture that form clouds. The cloud sandblasted the windscreen and landing light covers, as well as clogging the engines. Engines one, two and three were replaced at Jakarta, as well as the windscreen, and the fuel tanks were cleared of the ash that had entered them through the pressurisation ducts, contaminating the fuel and requiring that it be disposed of. After being ferried back to London, engine number four was replaced and major work was undertaken to return the aircraft to service, where some crews nicknamed it "the flying ashtray".[citation needed] G-BDXH also entered the Guinness Book of Records as the longest glide in a non-purpose-built aircraft, until it was replaced by the Air Transat Flight 236 incident.
Although the airspace around Mount Galunggung was closed temporarily after the accident, it was re-opened days later. It was only after a Singapore Airlines 747 was forced to shut down three of its engines while flying through the same area nineteen days later, that Indonesian authorities closed the airspace permanently and re-routed airways to avoid the area, and a watch was set up to monitor clouds of ash.[2]
The crew received various awards, including Her Majesty The Queen's Commendations for Valuable Service in the Air and medals from the British Air Line Pilots Association. Following the incident, the crew and passengers formed the Galunggung Gliding Club as a means to keep in contact.[6]
One of the passengers, Betty Tootell, wrote a book about the incident, All Four Engines Have Failed. She managed to trace some 200 of the 247 passengers on the flight, and went on to marry a fellow survivor, James Ferguson, who had been seated in the row in front of her. She notes: "The 28th December 2006 marks the start of our 14th year of honeymoon, and on the 24th June 2007 many passengers and crew will no doubt gather to celebrate the 25th anniversary of our mid-air adventure."[7]
Today, British Airways operates Flight 9 from London Heathrow to Bangkok and Sydney. City of Edinburgh, later renamed City of Elgin, continued to fly for British Airways, before being sold to European Aviation Air Charter. The last known location of the plane (by this time partially dismantled) was at Bournemouth International Airport in early 2007.[8]
The incident featured in an episode of the Mayday documentary TV series Air Crash Investigation titled "All Engines Failed".
In January 2009, following the ditching of US Airways Flight 1549 on the Hudson River, Moody described his feelings during and after the event, in a piece for the The Scotsman[9].
[edit] Similar incidents
A nearly identical incident occurred on 15 December 1989 when KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Flight 867, a B747-400 flight from Amsterdam to Anchorage, Alaska, flew into the plume of the erupting Mount Redoubt, causing all four engines to fail due to compressor stall. Once the flight cleared the ash cloud, the crew was able to restart each engine and then make a safe landing at Anchorage. However, unlike City of Edinburgh, the aircraft was substantially damaged.
[edit] Other gliding airliners
- US Airways Flight 1549 - 15 January 2009, made an emergency landing in the Hudson River after losing power in both engines, believed to be caused by a bird strike.
- Air Transat Flight 236 - 24 August 2001, made an emergency landing in the Azores without fuel.
- Hapag-Lloyd Flight 3378 - 7 July 2000, landed in a powerless glide 500 meters short of the runway in Vienna, Austria, with all aboard surviving.
- KLM Flight 867 - 15 December 1989, made an emergency landing in Anchorage, Alaska after a nearly-identical situation to British Airways Flight 9.
- TACA Flight 110 - 24 May 1988, made an emergency landing after losing all power because of water ingestion to the engines.
- The Gimli Glider (Air Canada Flight 143) - 23 July 1983, ran out of fuel between Montreal, Quebec and Edmonton, Alberta, landing in Manitoba.
- Southern Airways Flight 242 - 4 April 1977, made an emergency landing on a highway after losing all power because of water and hail ingestion to the engines.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b c Faith, Nicholas (1996, 1998). Black Box. Boxtree. p. 156. ISBN 0752221183.
- ^ a b c d e f Job, Macarthur (1994). Air Disaster Volume 2. Aerospace Publications. pp. 96–107. ISBN 1875671196.
- ^ Episode "Falling from the Sky" from the TV series Air Crash Investigation
- ^ Stewart, Stanley (2002). Emergency: Crisis on the Flight Deck. The Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1840373936.
- ^ Tootell, Betty (1985). All Four Engines Have Failed. Andre Deutsch. ISBN 0-330-29492-X.
- ^ Brennan, Zoe (27 January 2007). "The story of flight 009 and the words every passenger dreads...". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=431802&in_page_id=1770. Retrieved on 2007-01-28.
- ^ Betty Tootell talking about her life. Retrieved on 8 September 2007.
- ^ "GINFO Search Results". http://www.caa.co.uk/application.aspx?categoryid=60&pagetype=65&applicationid=1&mode=detailnosummary&fullregmark=G-BDXH. Retrieved on 2007-02-18.
- ^ Moody, Eric (2009-01-16). "Keeping calm is vital, says man who flew into volcano". The Scotsman. http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/-The-world-needed-a.4886638.jp. Retrieved on 2009-01-18.
[edit] Further reading
- Betty Tootell (1985). All Four Engines Have Failed (British edition). Andre Deutsch. ISBN 0-233-97758-9.
- Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2007-01-31.
[edit] External links
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