Eternity II puzzle
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The Eternity II puzzle, aka E2 or E II is a puzzle competition which was released on 28 July 2007.[1] It was invented by Christopher Monckton, and is marketed and copyrighted by TOMY UK Ltd.
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[edit] Puzzle mechanics
The Eternity II puzzle is an edge-matching puzzle which involves placing 256 square puzzle pieces into a 16 by 16 grid, constrained by the requirement to match adjacent edges. It has been designed to be difficult to solve by brute-force computer search.
Each puzzle piece has its edges on one side marked with different shape/colour combinations (collectively called "colours" here), each of which must match precisely with its neighbouring side on each adjacent piece when the puzzle is complete. The other side of each piece is blank apart from an identifying number, and is not used in the puzzle. Thus, each piece can be used in only 4 orientations. There are 22 colours, not including the gray edges. This puzzle differs from the first Eternity puzzle in that there is a starter piece which must be placed near the center of the board. (See PDF rulebook on official website.[2])
Two Clue Puzzles were available with the launch of the product, which, if solved, each give a piece position on the main 256-piece puzzle. Clue Puzzle 1 is 6 by 6, with 36 pieces and Clue Puzzle 2 is 12 by 6, with 72 pieces. Two further puzzles were made available in 2008. Clue Puzzle 3 is 6 by 6, with 36 pieces, and Clue Puzzle 4 is 12 by 6, with 72 pieces.
The number of possible configurations for the Eternity II puzzle, assuming all the pieces are distinct, and ignoring the fixed pieces with pre-determined positions, is 256! × 4256, roughly 1.15 × 10661. A tighter upper bound to the possible number of configurations can be achieved by taking into account the fixed piece in the center and the restrictions set on the pieces on the edge: 1 × 4! × 56! × 195! × 4195, roughly 1.115 × 10557.
[edit] Solution submissions
After the first scrutiny date on 31 December 2008 it was announced that no complete solution had been found. A prize of $10,000 was awarded to Anna Karlsson from Lund in Sweden for a partial solution with 467 matching edges out of 480.[3] The full prize money is still available to whoever matches all the edges first.
The next scrutiny date is noon GMT on 31 December 2009 and no more solutions will be opened until that time. It is as yet unknown whether the puzzle has been solved as any solution submissions since the last scrutiny date, including submissions of partial solutions, are being held with independent adjudicators under lock and key.
[edit] History and puzzle construction
The original Eternity puzzle was a tiling puzzle with a million-pound prize, created by Christopher Monckton. Launched in June 1999, it was solved by an ingenious computer search algorithm designed by Alex Selby and Oliver Riordan, which exploited combinatorial weaknesses of the original puzzle design.[4] The prize money was paid out in full to Selby and Riordan.
The Eternity II puzzle was designed by Monckton in 2005, this time in collaboration with Selby and Riordan, who designed a computer program that generated the final Eternity II design. [5] According to the mathematical game enthusiast Brendan Owen, the Eternity II puzzle appears to have been designed to avoid the combinatorial flaws of the previous puzzle, with design parameters which appear to have been chosen to make the puzzle as difficult as possible to solve. In particular, unlike the original Eternity puzzle, there are likely only to be a very small number of possible solutions to the problem. [6] Owen estimates that a brute-force backtracking search might take around 2 × 1047 steps to complete. [7]
Monckton was quoted by The Times in 2005 as saying:
- "Our calculations are that if you used the world’s most powerful computer and let it run from now until the projected end of the universe, it might not stumble across one of the solutions."[5]
Although it has been demonstrated that the class of edge-matching puzzles, of which Eternity II is a special case, is in general NP-complete, [8] the same can be said of the general class of polygon packing problems, of which the original Eternity puzzle was a special case, so it is unclear as to whether this has any relevance to the difficulty level of Eternity II.
Like the original Eternity puzzle, it is easy to find large numbers of ways to place substantial numbers of pieces on the board whose edges all match, making it seem that the puzzle is easy. However, given the low expected number of possible solutions, it is presumably astronomically unlikely that any given partial solution will lead to a complete solution.
[edit] References
- ^ "Description of Eternity II release". PR. 2007-02-16. http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=188486. Retrieved on 2007-02-16.
- ^ Download PDF rule book from official site.
- ^ http://sydsvenskan.se/lund/article407252/Lundafamilj-bast-i-varlden-pa-svarknackt-pussel.html Link in Swedish
- ^ "Description of Selby and Riordan's Eternity I solver method". Alex Selby (and Oliver Riordan). 2007-06-16. http://www.archduke.org/eternity/method/desc.html. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ a b "£1m says this really is the hardest jigsaw". Times Online. 2005-12-04. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article745506.ece. Retrieved on 2007-11-09.
- ^ ""Design" page on Brendan Owen's Eternity II website". http://eternityii.mrowen.net/design.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-09.
- ^ ""Solving" page on Brendan Owen's Eternity II website". http://eternityii.mrowen.net/solving.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-09.
- ^ Erik D. Demaine, Martin L. Demaine. "Jigsaw Puzzles, Edge Matching, and Polyomino Packing: Connections and Complexity" (PDF). http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~edemaine/papers/Jigsaw_GC/paper.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-08-12.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
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