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Murphy's law is an adage in Western culture that broadly states: "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong."

Contents 1 History 2 Association with Murphy 3 Other variations on Murphy's law 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External links

[edit] History

The perceived perversity of the universe has long been a subject of comment, and precursors to the modern version of Murphy's law are not hard to find. For example, an American newspaper in Norwalk, Ohio printed this verse in 1841:

I never had a slice of bread,
Particularly large and wide,
That did not fall upon the floor,
And always on the buttered side.^[1]

Recent research in this area has been carried on to a significant extent by members of the American Dialect Society. ADS member Stephen Goranson has found a version of the law, not yet generalized or bearing that name, in a report by Alfred Holt at an 1877 meeting of an engineering society:

It is found that anything that can go wrong at sea generally does go wrong sooner or later, so it is not to be wondered that owners prefer the safe to the scientific.... Sufficient stress can hardly be laid on the advantages of simplicity. The human factor cannot be safely neglected in planning machinery. If attention is to be obtained, the engine must be such that the engineer will be disposed to attend to it.^[2]

American Dialect Society member Bill Mullins has found a slightly broader version of the aphorism in reference to stage magic. The British stage magician Nevil Maskelyne wrote in 1908:

It is an experience common to all men to find that, on any special occasion, such as the production of a magical effect for the first time in public, everything that can go wrong will go wrong. Whether we must attribute this to the malignity of matter or to the total depravity of inanimate things, whether the exciting cause is hurry, worry, or what not, the fact remains.^[3]

Murphy's law emerged in its modern form no later than 1952, as an epigraph to a mountaineering book by Jack Sack, who described it as an "ancient mountaineering adage":

Anything that can possibly go wrong, does.^[4]

Yale Book of Quotations editor Fred R. Shapiro has shown that it was also in 1952 that the adage first was called "Murphy's law", in a book by Anne Roe, quoting an unnamed physicist:

There were a number of particularly delightful incidents. There is, for example, the physicist who introduced me to one of my favorite "laws", which he described as "Murphy's law or the fourth law of thermodynamics" (actually there were only three last I heard) which states: "If anything can go wrong, it will".^[5]

The name "Murphy's law" was not immediately secure. A story by Lee Correy in the February 1955 issue of Astounding Science Fiction referred to "Reilly's Law", which it said "states that in any scientific or engineering endeavor, anything that can go wrong will go wrong".^[6] Atomic Energy Commission Chairman Lewis Strauss was quoted in the Chicago Daily Tribune on February 12, 1955, saying "I hope it will be known as Strauss' law. It could be stated about like this: If anything bad can happen, it probably will".^[7]

[edit] Association with Murphy

According to the book A History of Murphy's Law by author Nick T. Spark, differing recollections years later by various participants make it impossible to pinpoint who first coined the saying Murphy's law. The law's name supposedly stems from an attempt to use new measurement devices developed by the eponymous Edward Murphy. The phrase was coined in adverse reaction to something Murphy said when his devices failed to perform and was eventually cast into its present form prior to a press conference some months later—the first ever (of many) conferences given by Colonel John Stapp, a physician, U.S. Air Force colonel and Flight Surgeon in the 1950s. These conflicts (a long running interpersonal feud) were unreported until Spark researched the matter. His book expands upon and documents an original four part article published in 2003 (Annals of Improbable Research (AIR)^[8]) on the controversy: Why Everything You Know About Murphy's Law is Wrong. From 1948 to 1949, a project known as MX981 took place on Muroc Field (later renamed Edwards Air Force Base) for the purpose of testing the human tolerance for g-forces during rapid deceleration. The tests used a rocket sled mounted on a railroad track with a series of hydraulic brakes at the end.

Initial tests used a humanoid crash test dummy strapped to a seat on the sled, but subsequent tests were performed by Dr. Stapp, at that time an Air Force captain. During the tests, questions were raised about the accuracy of the instrumentation used to measure the g-forces Captain Stapp was experiencing. Edward Murphy proposed using electronic strain gauges attached to the restraining clamps of Stapp's harness to measure the force exerted on them by his rapid deceleration. Murphy was engaged in supporting similar research using high speed centrifuges to generate g-forces. Murphy's assistant wired the harness, and a trial was run using a chimpanzee.

The sensors provided a zero reading; however, it became apparent that they had been installed incorrectly, with each sensor wired backwards. It was at this point that a disgusted Murphy made his pronouncement, despite being offered the time and chance to calibrate and test the sensor installation prior to the test proper, which he declined somewhat irritably, getting off on the wrong foot with the MX981 team. In an interview conducted by Nick Spark, George Nichols, another engineer who was present, stated that Murphy blamed the failure on his assistant after the failed test, saying, "If that guy has any way of making a mistake, he will." Nichols' account is that "Murphy's law" came about through conversation among the other members of the team; it was condensed to "If it can happen, it will happen," and named for Murphy in mockery of what Nichols perceived as arrogance on Murphy's part. Another account credits Stapp with espousing it shortly afterwards during a press conference. Others, including Edward Murphy's surviving son Robert Murphy, deny Nichols' account (which is supported by Hill, both interviewed by Spark), and claim that the phrase did originate with Edward Murphy. According to Robert Murphy's account, his father's statement was along the lines of "If there's more than one way to do a job, and one of those ways will result in disaster, then somebody will do it that way."

The phrase first received public attention during a press conference in which Stapp was asked how it was that nobody had been severely injured during the rocket sled tests. Stapp replied that it was because they always took Murphy's Law under consideration; he then summarized the law and said that in general, it meant that it was important to consider all the possibilities (possible things that could go wrong) before doing a test and act to counteract them. Thus Stapp's usage and Murphy's alleged usage are very different in outlook and attitude. One is sour, the other an affirmation of the predictable being able to be surmounted, usually by sufficient planning and redundancy. Hill and Nichols believe Murphy was unwilling to take the responsibility for the device's initial failure (by itself a blip of no large significance) and is to be doubly-damned for not allowing the MX981 team time to validate the sensor's operability and for trying to blame an underling when doing so in the embarrassing aftermath.

The association with the 1948 incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as Murphy's law has been found before 1952 (see above). The next citations are not found until 1955, when the May - June issue of Aviation Mechanics Bulletin included the line "Murphy's Law: If an aircraft part can be installed incorrectly, someone will install it that way,"^[9] and Lloyd Mallan's book, Men, Rockets and Space Rats, referred to: "Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's Law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go wrong will go wrong'." The Mercury astronauts in 1962 attributed Murphy's law to U.S. Navy training films.^[9]

[edit] Other variations on Murphy's law

From its initial public announcement, Murphy's Law quickly spread to various technical cultures connected to aerospace engineering^[10]. Before long, variants had passed into the popular imagination, changing as they went. Generally, the spirit of Murphy's Law captures the common tendency to emphasize the negative things that occur in everyday life; in this sense, the law is typically formulated as some variant of "If anything can go wrong, it will".

Although often equated with Sod's law (chiefly British), Murphy's law can be seen as a special case of this more general tenet, which holds that the most inconvenient turn of events is the most likely^[11].

Murphy's law is sometimes strengthened, as Finagle's law. Or more so, as: "Whatever can go wrong will go wrong, and at the worst possible time, in the worst possible way."

Author Arthur Bloch has compiled a number of books full of corollaries to Murphy's law and variations thereof. These include the original Murphy's Law and other reasons why things go wrong^[12] and Murphy's Law Book Two^[13] , which are very general, and the more specific volumes Murphy's Law: Doctors: Malpractice Makes Perfect^[14] and Murphy's Law: Lawyers: Wronging the Rights in the Legal Profession!^[15] . Later, a collection of three volumes was also published. This led to a corollary Stores selling Volume I have not heard of Volume II; stores selling Volume II have run out of Volume I ^[16].

A lesser-known addendum to Murphy's Law is Flanagan's Precept, which categorically states that both Murphy and Finagle were incurable optimists.^[17] Sometimes stated as "nothing is that predictable", meaning that one cannot use the inevitability of Murphy's law to avoid its consequences. These perversions of Murphy's Law can be summed up in Silverman's Paradox^{[citation needed]}: "If Murphy's Law can go wrong, it will."

Somewhat related to "Finagle's law" or "Sod's law" are demonstration-related aphorisms, wherein its acknowledged that a demo will fail in front of the intended audience, and that anything untested should not be demonstrated because it will fail. Other corollaries:

• Murphy's Extended Law: If a series of events can go wrong, they will do so in the worst possible sequence.^{[citation needed]}
• O'Toole's Commentary on Murphy's Law: Murphy was an optimist.^{[citation needed]}

There have been persistent references to Murphy's law associating it with the laws of thermodynamics right from the very beginning (see the quotation from Anne Roe's book above).^[5] In particular, Murphy's law is often cited as a form of the second law of thermodynamics (the law of entropy) because both are predicting a tendency to a more disorganised state.^[18]

[edit] See also

• Hindsight bias
• Finagle's law
• Godwin's law
• Hanlon's razor
• List of eponymous laws
• Muphry's law
• Parkinson's law
• Segal's law
• SNAFU
• Unintended consequence

[edit] Further reading

• Nick T. Spark (2006-05-21). A History of Murphy's Law. Periscope Film. ISBN 0-9786388-9-1. 
• Paul Dickson (1981-05-18). "Murphy's Law". The Official Rules. Arrow Books. pp. 128–137. ISBN 0-09-926490-0. 
• Klipstein, D. L. (August 1967). "The Contributions of Edsel Murphy to the Understanding of the Behaviour of Inanimate Objects". EEE Magazine 15. 
• Matthews, R A J (1995). "Tumbling toast, Murphy’s Law and the Fundamental Constants". European Journal of Physics 16: 172–176. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/16/4/005. http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/rajm/toast.htm.  — Why toasted bread lands buttered-side-down.
  • Matthews received the Ig Nobel Prize for physics in 1996 for this work (see list).

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Murphy's law

• A collection of humorous Murphy's Laws
• 1952 proverb citation
• 1955 term citation of phrase "Murphy's Law"
• Examples of the mathematical formula for Murphy's Law
• Murphy's Law entry in the Jargon File
• Murphy's Law of Combat
• Murphy's Laws Origin
• Reference to 1941 citation of the proverb
• The Annals of Improbable Research tracks down the origins of Murphy's law