ADHD predominantly inattentive

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

ADHD predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I) is one of the three subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

While ADHD-I is sometimes still called attention deficit disorder or ADD by the general public, these older terms were formally changed in 1994 in the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV).

Contents

[edit] Differences from other ADHD subtypes

ADHD-I is different from the other subtypes of ADHD in that it is characterized primarily by inattention, easy distractibility, disorganization, procrastination, forgetfulness, and lethargy (fatigue), but with less or none of the symptoms of hyperactivity or impulsiveness typical of the other ADHD subtypes. Children with ADHD-I are usually not diagnosed nearly as early as children with other ADHD subtypes, possibly because their lack of hyperactivity symptoms may make their condition less obvious to observers.[1] These children are at greater risk of academic failures and early withdrawal from school.[2] Teachers and parents may make incorrect assumptions about the behaviors and attitudes of a child with undiagnosed ADHD-I, and may provide them with frequent and erroneous negative feedback (e.g. "you're irresponsible", "you're lazy", "you don't care/show any effort", "you just aren't trying", etc.).[3] The more inattentive children may realize on some level that they are somehow different internally from their peers; however, they are unfortunately also likely to accept and internalize the continuous negative feedback, creating a negative self-image that becomes self-reinforcing. If these children progress into adulthood undiagnosed and untreated, their inattentiveness, ongoing frustrations, and poor self-image frequently create numerous and severe problems maintaining healthy relationships, succeeding in postsecondary schooling, or succeeding in the workplace. These problems can compound frustrations and low self-esteem, and will often lead to the development of secondary pathologies including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance abuse.[2]

It has been suggested[who?] that some of the symptoms of ADHD present in childhood appear to be less overt in adulthood. This is likely due to an adult's ability to make cognitive adjustments and develop coping skills minimizing the frequency of inattentive or hyperactive behaviors. However, the core problems of ADHD do not disappear with age.[2] Some researchers have suggested that individuals with reduced or less overt hyperactivity symptoms should receive the ADHD-combined diagnosis. Hallowell and Ratey (2005) suggest[4] that the manifestation of hyperactivity simply changes with adolescence and adulthood, becoming a more generalized restlessness or tendency to fidget.

In the DSM-III, sluggishness, drowsiness, and daydreaming were listed as characteristics of ADHD. The symptoms were removed from the ADHD criteria in DSM-IV because, although those with ADHD-I were found to have these symptoms, this only occurred with the absence of hyperactive symptoms. These distinct symptoms were erroneously described as sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT).

Some experts, such as Dr. Russell Barkley,[5] argue that ADHD-I is so different from the other ADHD subtypes that it should be regarded as a distinct disorder. Barkley cites different symptoms among those with ADHD-I -- particularly the almost complete lack of conduct disorders and high-risk, thrill-seeking behavior -- and markedly different responses to stimulant medication.

[edit] Symptoms

[edit] DSM-IV criteria

The DSM-IV allows for diagnosis of the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD (under code 314.00) if the individual presents six or more of the following symptoms of inattention for at least six months to a point that is disruptive and inappropriate for developmental level:

  1. Often does not give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities.
  2. Often has trouble keeping attention on tasks or play activities.
  3. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
  4. Often does not follow instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions).
  5. Often has trouble organizing activities.
  6. Often avoids, dislikes, or doesn't want to do things that take a lot of mental effort for a long period of time (such as schoolwork or homework).
  7. Often loses things needed for tasks and activities (e.g. toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools).
  8. Is often easily distracted.
  9. Is often forgetful in daily activities.

A requirement for an ADHD-I diagnosis is that of the symptoms that cause impairment must be present in two or more settings (e.g., at school or work and at home). There must also be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. Lastly, the symptoms must not occur exclusively during the course of a pervasive developmental disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychotic disorder, and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., mood disorder, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, personality disorder.)

[edit] Examples of observed symptoms

Children [6]

  • Failing to pay close attention to details or making careless mistakes when doing schoolwork or other activities
  • Trouble keeping attention focused during play or tasks
  • Appearing not to listen when spoken to (often being accused of "daydreaming")
  • Failing to follow instructions or finish tasks
  • Avoiding tasks that require a high amount of mental effort and organization, such as school projects
  • Frequently losing items required to facilitate tasks or activities, such as school supplies
  • Excessive distractibility
  • Forgetfulness
  • Procrastination, inability to begin an activity
  • Difficulties completing household chores

Adults [7]

  • Often making careless mistakes when having to work on uninteresting or difficult projects
  • Often having difficulty keeping attention during work, or holding down a job for a significant amount of time
  • Often having difficulty concentrating on conversations
  • Having trouble finishing projects that have already been started
  • Often having difficulty organizing for the completion of tasks
  • Avoiding or delaying in starting projects that require a lot of thought
  • Often misplacing or having difficulty finding things at home or at work
  • Disorganized personal items (sometimes old and useless to the individual) causing excessive "clutter" (in the home, car, etc)
  • Often distracted by activity or noise
  • Often having problems remembering appointments or obligations, or inconveniently changing plans on a regular basis

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Quinn, Patricia (1994). ADD and the College Student: A Guide for High School and College Students with Attention Deficit Disorder. New York, NY: Magination Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 1-55798-663-0. http://www.maginationpress.com/4416630.html. 
  2. ^ a b c Triolo, Santo (1998). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: A Practitioner's Handbook. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner-Routledge. pp. 65–69. ISBN 0-87630-890-6. http://www.ilab.org/db/detail.php?booknr=338314075. 
  3. ^ Kelly, Kate; Peggy Ramundo (2006). You Mean I'm Not Lazy, Stupid or Crazy?! The Classic Self-Help Book For Adults with Attention Deficit Disorder. New York, NY: Scribner. pp. 11–12. ISBN 0-7432-6448-7. http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?tab=1&pid=506364. 
  4. ^ Hallowell, Edward M. and John J. Ratey (2005). Delivered from Distraction : Getting the Most out of Life with Attention Deficit Disorder. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 253–5. ISBN 0-345-44231-8
  5. ^ "Russell Barkley on AD/HD" (2000)
  6. ^ What we know National Resource Center on AD/HD
  7. ^ WHO adult AD/HD inattentive symptoms [1] National Resource Center on ADHD

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADHD_predominantly_inattentive"
Personal tools