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Many countries' public telephone networks have a single emergency telephone number, sometimes known as the universal emergency telephone number or occasionally the emergency services number, that allows a caller to contact local emergency services for assistance. The emergency telephone number may differ from country to country. It is typically a three-digit number so that it can be easily remembered and dialed quickly. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services; these often differ only by the last digit.

Contents 1 Emergency numbers and mobile telephones 2 Configuration and operation 3 History of emergency services numbers 4 Emergency numbers 4.1 Africa 4.2 Asia 4.3 Europe 4.4 Oceania 4.5 North America 4.6 Central America and the Caribbean 4.7 South America 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links

[edit] Emergency numbers and mobile telephones

Mobile phones can be used in countries with different emergency numbers. A traveller visiting a foreign country does not have to know the local emergency numbers, however. The mobile phone and the SIM card have a preprogrammed list of emergency numbers. When the user tries to set up a call using an emergency number known by a GSM phone, the special emergency call setup takes place. The actual number is not even transmitted into network, but the network redirects the emergency call to the local emergency desk. Most GSM mobile phones can dial emergency calls even when the phone keyboard is locked, the phone is without a SIM card, or an emergency number is entered instead of the PIN.

Most GSM mobile phones have 112 and 911 as pre-programmed emergency numbers that are always available.^[1] The SIM card issued by the operator can contain additional country-specific emergency numbers that can be used even when roaming abroad. The GSM network can also update the list of well-known emergency numbers when the phone registers to it.

Using an emergency number recognized by a GSM phone like 112 instead of another emergency number may be advantageous, since GSM phones and networks give special priority to emergency calls. A phone dialing an emergency service number not recognized by it may refuse to roam onto another network, leading to trouble if there is no access to the home network. Dialing a known emergency number like 112 forces the phone to make the call possible on any network.

On some networks a GSM phone without a SIM card may be used to make emergency calls and most GSM phones accept a larger list of emergency numbers without SIM card, such as 112, 911 118, 119, 000, 110, 08, and 999. However, some GSM networks will not accept emergency calls from phones without a SIM card, or even require a SIM card that has credit. For example, Latin American GSM networks and those in the United Kingdom typically do not allow emergency calls without a SIM. Also, GSM phones sold in some countries like Singapore do not accept 112 as an emergency number if they have a SIM card inserted.

In the United States, the FCC requires networks to route every mobile-phone and payphone 911 call to an emergency service call center, including phones that have never had service, or whose service has lapsed.^[2][3] As a result, there are programs that provide donated used mobile phones to victims of domestic violence and others especially likely to need emergency services.

Mobile phones generate additional problems for emergency operators, as many phones will allow emergency numbers to be dialed even while the keypad is locked. Since mobile phones are typically carried in pockets and small bags, the keys can easily be depressed accidentally, leading to unintended calls. A system has been developed in the UK which connects calls where the caller is silent to an automated system, leaving more operators free to handle genuine emergency calls.^[4]

[edit] Configuration and operation

The emergency telephone number is a special case in the country's telephone number plan. In the past, calls to the emergency telephone number were often routed over special dedicated circuits. Though with the advent of electronic exchanges these calls are now often mixed with ordinary telephone traffic, they still may be able to access circuits that other traffic cannot. Often the system is set up so that once a call is made to an emergency telephone number, it must be answered. Should the caller abandon the call, the line may still be held until the emergency service answers and releases the call.

An emergency telephone number call may be answered by either a telephone operator or an emergency service dispatcher. The nature of the emergency (police, fire, medical) is then determined. If the call has been answered by a telephone operator, they then connect the call to the appropriate emergency service, who then dispatches the appropriate help. In the case of multiple services being needed on a call, the most urgent need must be determined, with other services being called in as needed.

Emergency dispatchers are trained to control the call in order to provide help in an appropriate manner. The emergency dispatcher may find it necessary to give urgent advice in life-threatening situations. Some dispatchers have special training in telling people how to perform first aid or CPR.

In many parts of the world, an emergency service can identify the telephone number that a call has been placed from. This is normally done using the system that the telephone company uses to bill calls, making the number visible even for users who have unlisted numbers or who block caller ID. For an individual fixed landline telephone, the caller's number can often be associated with the caller's address and therefore their location. However, with mobile phones and business telephones, the address may be a mailing address rather than the caller's location. The latest "enhanced" systems, such as Enhanced 911, are able to provide the physical location of mobile telephones. This is often specifically mandated in a country's legislation.

[edit] History of emergency services numbers

When an emergency happened in the pre-dial (or "manual") telephone era, the user simply picked up the telephone receiver and waited for the operator to answer "number, please?" The user responded with "get me the police," "get me the fire service," or "I need an ambulance/doctor." Even in a large city it was seldom necessary to ask for these services by number.

In small towns, operators frequently went the extra mile by knowing where to reach doctors, vets, and law enforcement personnel at all times. Frequently, the operator was also responsible for activating the town's fire alarm.

When manual switching systems began to be replaced by automatic, or "dial" systems, there was frequently concern among users that the very personalized emergency service provided by manual operators would be lost.

This problem was at least partially solved in the USA, Canada, and the UK by dialing "0" for the local assistance operator in case of emergency, although faster service could be obtained if the user dialed the full number for the Police or Fire Department. This system remained essentially unchanged throughout most of North America until the 1970s.

The first emergency number system to be deployed was in London on June 30, 1937. When 999 was dialed, a buzzer sounded and a red light flashed in the exchange to attract an operator's attention. It was gradually extended to cover the entire country, but it was not until the late 1970s that the facility was available from every telephone.

In the days of loop disconnect dialing, attention was devoted to making the numbers difficult to dial accidentally by making them involve long sequences of pulses, such as with the UK 999 emergency number. This contrasts to modern times, where repeated sequences of numbers are easily dialed on mobile phones, particularly as mobile phones will dial an emergency number while the keypad is locked or even without a SIM card. Some people in the UK have reported accidentally dialing 112 by loop-disconnect while working on extension telephone wiring, and point to this as a disadvantage of that number.^{[citation needed]}

The first North American emergency number was the 911 system deployed in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in 1959 at the urging of Stephen Juba, mayor of Winnipeg at the time. The first US 911 emergency phone system came nine years later and was set up in Alabama in 1968, but it was not in use everywhere until the 1980s to standardize the number across most of the NANP.

The implementation of 911 service in the USA was a gradual and haphazard process. The chief obstacle was the fact that telephone service boundaries seldom, if ever, coincided exactly with governmental and other jurisdictional boundaries. In other words, a user might dial 911, only to discover that he had been connected to the wrong dispatch center because he had telephone service from one location, but lived within the boundaries of another jurisdiction.

Furthermore, a great deal of electromechanical switching equipment was still in use, and much of it was difficult if not impossible to adapt to recognize 911, especially in small towns and rural areas where the call might have to be switched over a considerable distance. For this reason, it is still not unusual for a County Sheriff's Department to have an "800" (long distance, toll-free) number.

Gradually, various problems were overcome; "smart" or "enhanced" 911 systems were developed that not only displayed the caller's number and address at the dispatch center, but also could be configured so that 911 calls were automatically routed to the correct dispatch center, regardless of which central office the caller was served from.

The rapid replacement of electromechanical switching systems in the 1980s with electronic or digital systems eliminated the problem of older switches that would not recognize 911. At this point, 911 service is available in most of North America, but there is still the occasional small, remote town that does not have it.

In France, in 1928, telephone operators had to connect the calls for emergency reasons even when the phone service was closed. In 1929, an automatic connection system was set up, initially for fewer than 10,000 people in Paris, allowing them to dial 18 to reach the fire brigade. The service was not widespread until the 1970s.

The CEPT recommended the use of 112 in 1972. The European Union subsequently adopted the 112 number as a standard on 29 July, 1991. It is now a valid emergency number throughout EU countries and in many other CEPT countries. It works in parallel with other local emergency numbers in about 2/3 of EU states.

In January 2008, the Internet Engineering Task Force released a set of RFC documents pertaining to emergency calls in IP networks.^[5]

[edit] Emergency numbers

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[edit] Africa

Country	Police	Medical	Fire	Notes
Chad	17		18
Djibouti	17		18
Egypt	122	123	180	Tourist Police - 126; Traffic Police - 128; Electricity Emergency - 121; Natural Gas Supply Emergency - 129.
Ghana	191	193	192	999 for any of the 3 services.
Mali	17	15	18
Morocco	City 19 Country 177	15	15
Nigeria	199	199	199	199 for any of the 3 services.
South Africa	10111	10177	10111	112 from mobile phones (soon also from fixed line phones).
Tunisia	197	190	198	National guard - 193.
Rwanda	112
Uganda	999
Sudan	999	999	999	Traffic Police 777777
Sierra Leone	019	999
Zambia	999	991	993	112 from mobile phones (see www.zambiatourism.com/travel/listings/emergency.htm).
Zimbabwe	995	994	993	999 for any of the 3 services.

[edit] Asia

Country	Police	Medical	Fire	Notes
People's Republic of China	Patrol: 110 Traffic: 122	120	119	Traffic accident - 122. 999 for any of the 3 services in most large cities (e.g. Beijing and Shanghai, along with 120. 999 is privately owned and 120 is government owned).
Myanmar	199
Hong Kong	999			992 (fax on fixed line; SMS on mobile phones – latter being only available to subscribers with disabilities); 112 from mobile phones
Republic of China (Taiwan)	110	119
India	100	102	101	Traffic police - 103. 112 from any GSM handsets are redirected to the local emergency number.[citation needed] Talks are underway to designate 108 as the national emergency contact number for Police, Medical and Fire emergencies.[6]
Indonesia	110	118/119	113	Search and rescue team - 115; Natural disaster - 129; Electricity - 123; Mobile phone and satellite phone emergency number - 112.
Iran	110	115	125	110 also serves as general relay. 112 also works for all emergencies from mobile phones.
Israel	100	101	102	112 also works for all emergencies from mobile phones. 103 IEC. 106 For municipal hazards which are not emergencies, works in any municipality.
Japan	110	119		Emergency at sea - 118.
Republic of Korea	112	119		National security hotline - 111; Reporting spies - 113; Reporting a child, mentally handicapped, or elderly person wandering - 182 (missing child report hotline); 114 connects to the phone service provider.
Kuwait	777
Lebanon	112	140	175
Macau	999 318
Malaysia	999			Civil defense - 991; Fire - 994; 112 can be dialed from mobile phones.
Mongolia	102	103	101	100
Nepal	100/103		101
Oman	9999
Pakistan	15/1122	115	16	15/1122 can be used to redirect to any service. 112 from any GSM handset will forward to the local emergency number.
Philippines	117			112 and 911 redirect to 117. 112 and 911 can be dialed from mobile phones. 117 may also be texted from mobile phones. 136 for motorist assistance (Metro Manila only), 163 for child abuse (Bantay Bata)
Qatar	999
Saudi Arabia	999	997	998	Traffic police - 993; Rescue emergency - 911, 112 or 08
Singapore	999	995		Foreign travellers in Singapore with roaming hand phone facilities can dial either the 112 or 911 emergency numbers to reach an Emergency Call Centre in Singapore.
Sri Lanka	119 or 118	110	111	Accident service - 11-2691111.
Thailand	191	1669	199	Bangkok EMS Command Center - 1646 (Bangkok only), Tourist Police "1155" (English speaking emergency and routine assistance).
United Arab Emirates	999 or 112	998 or 999	997
Vietnam	113	115	114

[edit] Europe

The most common European emergency number 112 (following Directive 2002/22/EC - Universal Service Directive) and also standard on GSM mobile phones. 112 is used in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom in addition to their other emergency numbers.(sources: European Radiocommunications Office, European Union, SOS 112 Europe, latest status on E-112 initiative: http://www.esafetysupport.org/en/esafety_activities/28_recommendations/).

Country	Police	Medical	Fire	Notes
Albania	19	17	18
Austria	112			Alternative numbers: 133 for police, 144 for medical emergencies, 122 for fire, 140 for alpine emergency, 147 support for children and teens (crisis-hotline).
Belarus	102	103	101	Gas leaks - 104;
Belgium	101	100		112 for any of the 3 services. Missing children - 110; Mental problems/suicide - 106.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	122	124	123	From mobile phones, dial the international emergency numbers 112, 911 and 08 for information about the local emergency numbers that are to be dialed (122, 123 and 124).
Bulgaria	166	150	160	112 for any of the 3 services.
Croatia	92	94 or 112	93 or 112	Road help - 987.
Cyprus	112 or 199
Czech Republic	112			Alternative numbers: Police - 158; Ambulance - 155; Fire - 150; Municipal police - 156.
Denmark	112			Alternative numbers: 114 for nearest police station (non-urgent).
Estonia	112			Alternative numbers: 110 for police.
Faroe Islands	112
Finland	112			Alternative numbers: 10022 for police.
France	17	Hospital-based (SAMU) 15 Fire Service-based 18	18	112 for any of the 3 services. 112 calls are answered by 15 or 18 dispatchers, depending on the caller's location. 115 for homeless.
Germany	110 or 112	112		116116 Block Emergency Electronic Authorisation e.g. credit cards
Greece	100	166	199	112 for any of the 3 services. Forest fire - 191; Coast guard emergency intervention - 108; Counter-narcotics immediate intervention - 109.
Hungary	107	104	105	112 for any of the 3 services.
Iceland	112			Alternative numbers: Police in Reykjavík Capital Area Non-urgent 4441000
Republic of Ireland	112 or 999			The Irish telephone directory says "Dial 999 or 112 and ask for the emergency service you require" but it has been reported that 911 also works on some networks.
Italy	113	118	115 or 1515	112 for any of the 3 services. Carabinieri (gendarmerie) - 112; Guardia di Finanza (Italian Customs/Financial/Border Police) - 117; Polizia di Stato (National Police) - 113; Medical Emergency and Alpine Rescue - 118; Vigili del Fuoco (Firefighters) - 115; Corpo Forestale dello Stato - 1515 (forest fire). 113 also works as a general relay.
Kazakhstan	102	103	101	112 for any of the 3 services Gas leaks 118.
Kosovo	911			The previous number used to be 112 like all ex-Yugoslav states, as of 2008 the number was changed to 911 for all emergency services.
Latvia	02	03	01	112 for any of the 3 services. Gas leaks - 04.
Lithuania	02, 102, 022	03, 103, 033	01, 101, 011	112 for any of the 3 services. The non-112 numbers are for separate emergency services differ in distinct telecommunications networks, whereas 112 is available on all networks.
Luxembourg	112 or 113	112
Republic of Macedonia	192	194	193	112 for any of the 3 services.
Malta	112
Moldova	902	903	901	112 is being implemented by 2010.
Monaco	17	More severe 15 Less severe 18	18	112 for any of the 3 services. 112 calls are answered by 15 or 18 dispatchers, depending on the caller's location. 115 for homeless.
Netherlands	112			Formerly 06-11. Police (non-urgent) 0900-8844.
Norway	112	113	110	Police (non-urgent) 02800.
Poland	997	999	998	112 for any of the 3 services. Municipal wardens - 986; natural gas/LPG emergencies - 992.
Portugal	112			Forest fire 117
Romania	112			Former short numbers 955(Police), 961 (Ambulance), 981 (Firefighters), and 956 (Gendarmerie) redirect to 112. 982 Civil Protection. 983 Family Violence
Russia	02 (until 2010-2012)	03 (until 2010-2012)	01 (until 2010-2012)	112 for any of the 3 services (starting 2008-2009) Gas leaks -04.
San Marino	113	118	115
Serbia	92	94	93	112 for any of the 3 services.
Slovakia	158	155	150	112 for any of the 3 services.
Slovenia	113	112
Spain	National 091 Local 092	061	080,085	112 for any emergency services. Civil Guard 062; Mossos d'Esquadra (Catalan police) 088.
Sweden	112			Non-urgent police 11414
Switzerland	117	144	118	112 for any of the 3 services. Poison - 145; Road emergency - 140; Psychological support (free and anonymous) - 143; Psychological support for teens and children (free and anonymous) - 147; Helicopter air-rescue (Rega) - 1414 or by radio on 161.300 MHz; Air rescue (Air Glaciers) (in Valais only) - 1415.[7]
Turkey	155	112	110	Gendarmerie: 156; Coast Guard 158
Ukraine	102	103	101	112 for any of the 3 services Gas leaks 104.
United Kingdom	999 or 112			In 2006 101 was made available in some areas as a non-emergency number for police and local authorities in several areas in England and Wales with complete coverage scheduled for 2008, however funding was pulled by the Home Office in 2007 causing some of the 101 lines to close.[8][9][10] However, some other numbers are sometimes classed as "emergency", particularly 0800 111 999 for gas leaks (0800 being a free call prefix), and 08 45 46 47 for NHS Direct (0845 being a local-rate prefix).

[edit] Oceania

Country	Police	Medical	Fire	Notes
Australia	000			On a mobile phone, dial 112, 000, remembering to tell the operator your exact location. If you have a textphone/TTY, you can use the National Relay Service on 106. SES units in The Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland and South Australia can be contacted on 132 500. In Western Australia, the number is 1300 130 039. In Tasmania and Northern Territory, you will have to call the individual units. The number 131 444 is used for non-emergency police. For reporting crimes, Crime Stoppers can be called on 1800 333 000 from all internal states and territories. Threats to national security can be reported on 1800 1234 00. 911 may also be dialed in emergency situation from mobile phones ONLY however the call will be redirected to 000.
Fiji	911		9170
New Zealand	111			Urgent but not emergency police/traffic number *555 (from mobile phones only). Redirect connects many popular foreign emergency numbers. From mobile phones, the international emergency numbers 112, 911 and 08 also work. The 0800 161616 TTY and 0800 161610 fax numbers are operated by the police for all three services.
Solomon Islands	999			There are also local numbers for each service in each urban centre. These local numbers may be quicker than dialling 999.[11]
Vanuatu	112

[edit] North America

Country	Police	Medical	Fire	Notes
Canada	911			Non-emergency 311 in certain areas. Some rural areas still lack 911 service.
Mexico	066, 060, or 080			Some regions redirect 911 calls to the proper number.
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	17	15	18
United States of America	911			Non-emergency 311 in certain areas. A few rural areas still lack 911 service. Also 112 is being redirected to 911 on GSM mobile phones.

[edit] Central America and the Caribbean

Country	Police	Medical	Fire	Notes
Guatemala	110	120	123	Note:The number 911 exist but this is only for Private Services like a medical insurance
El Salvador	911
Costa Rica	911
Panama	911
Barbados	211	511	311	References: Police, Ambulance, Fire
Cayman Islands	911
Dominican Republic	911
Jamaica	119	110
Trinidad and Tobago	999	990

[edit] South America

Country	Police	Medical	Fire	Notes
Argentina	101	107	100	Emergency dispatcher for Buenos Aires (city) and Buenos Aires (province) 911.
Bolivia	110	118
Brazil	190	192	193	Federal highway police 191; federal police 194; civil police 197; state highway police 198; civil defense 199; human rights 100; emergency number for Mercosul area 128; 112 will be redirected to 190 when dialed from mobile phones and 911 will also be redirected to the police number (190) See also: Brazilian telephone numbering plan#Public utility.
Chile	133	131	132
Colombia	112 or 123 (landlines and mobile phones)			Traffic accidents 127, GAULA (anti-kidnapping) 165. More specialized three-digit numbers are available; check the local Yellow Pages for more information.
	156	132	119
Guyana	911	913	912
Paraguay	911
Peru	105		116
Suriname	115
Uruguay	911
Venezuela	171

[edit] See also

• 000 Emergency phone number in Australia.
• 111 Emergency phone number in New Zealand.
• 112 Emergency phone number across the European Union and on GSM mobile networks across the world.
• 119 Emergency phone number in parts of East Asia.
• 911 Emergency phone number in US, Canada and other countries.
• 999 Emergency phone number in the UK, Ireland, Poland, where it works parallel to '112. Also an emergency number in several non-EU countries.
• 311 Non-emergencies telephone in US and Canada.
• Call for help
• Crisis hotline
• E112
• eCall
• Emergency telephone
• Enhanced 911
• In case of emergency (ICE) entry in the mobile phone book.
• National Emergency Number Association (NENA)

v • d • e Emergency telephone numbers 0-0-0 · 1-1-1 · 1-1-2 · E112 · 1-1-7 · 1-1-9 · 9-1-1 · E911 · 9-9-9

[edit] Notes

[edit] External links

This article's external links may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links.

• National Emergency Number Association (NENA)
• European Emergency Number Association (EENA)
• http://www.sccfd.org/travel.html
• History of the UK 999 system
• Emergency numbers in Mexico
• Emergency numbers in Hamburg, Germany
• TSG_SA/TSGS_22/Docs/PDF/SP-030722.pdf Example of developing standards in mobile emergency dialling
• US FCC
• State of Implementation of single European emergency call number
• Albanian & World Emergency Phone Numbers
• 10 Numbers to Keep in Your Cell Phone for Emergency Purposes

112

• EU website on 112
• EU document on European adoption of 112 emergency number in PDF format
• SOS 112 Europe
• Single European emergency call number 1-1-2
• Australian Emergency Services FAQ (000 and 112)

112 Canary Islands, Spain.

• Emergency Call Number 1-1-2
• Emergency 112 Help

911

• FCC rules on wireless 911 service
• How to Use 911
• KnoWhat2Do: 9-1-1 Emergency
• National Emergency Number Association: Development of 9-1-1
• E9-1-1 Institute supporting the Congressional E9-1-1 Caucus
• 9-1-1 Industry Alliance Web Site
• Emergency Numbers Around the World from 911dispatch.com