Deixis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In pragmatics and linguistics, deixis (Ancient Greek: δειξις, display, demonstration, or reference, the meaning "point of reference" in contemporary linguistics having been taken over from Chrysippus[1]) is collectively the orientational features of human languages to have reference to points in time, space, and the speaking event between interlocutors. A word that depends on deictic clues is called a deictic or a deictic word. Deictic words are bound to a context — either a linguistic or extralinguistic context — for their interpretation.
Some English deictic words include, for example, the following:
- now vs. then
- here vs. there
- this vs. that
- me vs. you vs. him/her
- go vs. come
The origo is the context from which the reference is made—in other words, the viewpoint that must be understood in order to interpret the utterance. (If Tom is speaking and he says "I", he refers to himself, but if he is listening to Betty and she says "I", then the origo is with Betty and the reference is to her.)
Contents |
[edit] Types of deixis
[edit] Spatial deixis
 |
This section requires expansion. |
- Place deixis: a spatial location relative to the spatial location of the speaker. It can be proximal or distal, or sometimes medial. It can also be either bounded (indicating a spatial region with a clearly defined boundary, e.g. in the box) or unbounded (indicating a spatial region without a clearly defined boundary, e.g. over there)
It is common for languages to show at least a two-way referential distinction in their deictic system: proximal, i.e. near or closer to the speaker, and distal, i.e. far from the speaker and/or closer to the addressee. English exemplifies this with such pairs as this and that, here and there, etc. In other languages, the distinction is three-way: proximal, i.e. near the speaker, medial, i.e. near the addressee, and distal, i.e. far from both. This is the case in a few Romance languages and in Korean, Japanese, Thai, Filipino and Turkish.
- Empathetic deixis: where different forms of the deictic are used to indicate the speaker's emotional closeness or distance from the referent.
[edit] Temporal deixis
|
This section requires expansion. |
- Time deixis: is reference made to particular times relative to some other time, most currently the time of utterance. For example the use of the words now or soon, or the use of tenses.
[edit] Discourse deixis
|
This section requires expansion. |
- Discourse deixis: where reference is being made to the current discourse or part thereof. Examples: "see section 8.4", "that was a really mean thing to say", "This sentence is false". The last is an example of token-reflexive discourse deixis, in which a word in the utterance refers to the utterance itself.
Spatial deictics are often reused as anaphoric pro-forms that stand for phrases or propositions (that is, items of discourse, not items of the outside reality). Consider the following statement:
- There may be ice hidden in unexplored places of the Moon. This ice could be useful for future lunar expeditions.
In the above example, this ice is not near the speaker in the physical sense, but the deictic does not refer to real ice. This ice refers to the phrase ice hidden in unexplored places, which is conceptually near the speaker in the discourse flow.
[edit] Person deixis
|
This section requires expansion. |
- Person deixis: see grammatical person.
Pronouns are generally considered to be deictics, but a finer distinction is often made between personal pronouns such as I, you, and it (commonly referred to as personal pronouns) and pronouns that refer to places and times such as now, then, here, there. In most texts, the word deictic implies the latter but not necessarily the former. (In philosophical logic, the former and latter are collectively called indexicals.)
- Switch reference is a type of discourse deixis, and a grammatical feature found in some languages, which indicates whether the argument of one clause is the same as the argument of the previous clause. In some languages, this is done through same subject markers and different subject markers. In the translated example "John punched Tom, and left-[same subject marker]," it is John who left, and in "John punched Tom, and left-[different subject marker]," it is Tom who left.
[edit] Social deixis
|
This section requires expansion. |
- Social deixis: is the use of different deictics to express social distinctions. An example is the difference between formal and polite pro-forms. Relational social deixis is where the form of the word used indicates the relative social status of the addressor and the addressee. For example, one pro-form might be used to address those of higher social rank, another to address those of lesser social rank, another to address those of the same social rank. By contrast, absolute social deixis indicates a social standing irrespective of the social standing of the speaker. Thus, village chiefs might always be addressed by a special pro-form, regardless of whether it is someone below them, above them or at the same level of the social hierarchy who is doing the addressing.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Stoica 2,65
[edit] See also
[edit] Bibliography
- Anderson, Stephen R.; & Keenan, Edward L. (1985). Deixis. In T. Shopen (Ed.), Language typology and syntactic description: Grammatical categories and the lexicon (Vol. 3, pp. 259-308). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Fillmore, Charles J. (1966). Deictic categories in the semantics of ‘come’. Foundations of Language, 2, 219-227.
- Fillmore, Charles J. (1982). Towards a descriptive framework for spatial deixis. In R. J. Jarvell & W. Klein (Eds.), Speech, place and action: Studies in deixis and related topics (pp. 31-59). London: Wiley.
- Fillmore, Charles J. (1997). Lectures on deixis. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
- Gaynesford, M. de I: The Meaning of the First Person Term, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.
- Levinson, Stephen C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lyons, John. (1977). Deixis, space and time. Semantics (Vol. 2, Chap. 15, pp. 636-724). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Traut, Gregory P. and Kazzazi, Kerstin. 1996. Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Routledge. London and New York.
