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Incoterms or international commercial terms are a series of international sales terms widely used throughout the world. They are used to divide transaction costs and responsibilities between buyer and seller and reflect state-of-the-art transportation practices. They closely correspond to the U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.
[edit] Group E – Departure
- EXW – Ex Works (named place)
- the seller makes the goods available at his premises.
the buyer is responsible for all charges
[edit] Group F – Main carriage unpaid
- FCA – Free Carrier (named place)
- the seller hands over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the first carrier (named by the buyer) at the named place. This term is suitable for all modes of transport, including carriage by air, rail, road, and containerised / multi-modal transport.
- FAS – Free Alongside Ship (named loading port)
- the seller must place the goods alongside the ship at the named port. The seller must clear the goods for export; this changed in the 2000 version of the Incoterms. Suitable for maritime transport only.
- FOB – Free On Board (named loading port)
- the classic maritime trade term, Free On Board: seller must load the goods on board the ship nominated by the buyer, cost and risk being divided at ship's rail. The seller must clear the goods for export. Maritime transport only.
[edit] Group C – Main carriage paid
- CFR – Cost and Freight (named destination port)
- seller must pay the costs and freight to bring the goods to the port of destination. However, risk is transferred to the buyer once the goods have crossed the ship's rail. Maritime transport only.
- CIF – Cost, Insurance and Freight (named destination port)
- exactly the same as CFR except that the seller must in addition procure and pay for insurance for the buyer. Maritime transport only.
- CPT – Carriage Paid To (named place of destination)
- the general/containerised/multimodal equivalent of CFR. The seller pays for carriage to the named point of destination, but risk passes when the goods are handed over to the first carrier.
- CIP – Carriage and Insurance Paid to (named place of destination)
- the containerised transport/multimodal equivalent of CIF. Seller pays for carriage and insurance to the named destination point, but risk passes when the goods are handed over to the first carrier.
[edit] Group D – Arrival
- DAF – Delivered At Frontier (named place)
- It can be used when the goods are transported by rail and road. The seller pays for transportation to the named place of delivery at the frontier. The buyer arranges for customs clearance and pays for transportation from the frontier to his factory. The passing of risk occurs at the frontier.
- DES – Delivered Ex Ship (named port)
- Where goods are delivered ex ship, the passing of risk does not occur until the ship has arrived at the named port of destination and the goods made available for unloading to the buyer. The seller pays the same freight and insurance costs as he would under a CIF arrangement. Unlike CFR and CIF terms, the seller has agreed to bear not just cost, but also Risk and Title up to the arrival of the vessel at the named port. Costs for unloading the goods and any duties, taxes, etc… are for the Buyer. A commonly used term in shipping bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, dry chemicals - - - and where the seller either owns or has chartered, their own vessel.
- DEQ – Delivered Ex Quay (named port)
- It means the same as DES, but the passing of risk does not occur until the goods have been unloaded at the port of destination.
- DDU – Delivered Duty Unpaid (named destination place)
- It means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer to the named place of destination in the contract of sale. The goods are not cleared for import or unloaded from any form of transport at the place of destination. The buyer is responsible for the costs and risks for the unloading, duty and any subsequent delivery beyond the place of destination. However, if the buyer wishes the seller to bear cost and risks associated with the import clearance, duty, unloading and subsequent delivery beyond the place of destination, then this all needs to be explicitly agreed upon in the contract of sale.
- DDP – Delivered Duty Paid (named destination place)
- It means that the seller pays for all transportation costs and bears all risk until the goods have been delivered and pays the duty. Also used interchangeably with the term "Free Domicile"
[edit] Summary of terms
For a given term, "Yes" indicates that the seller has the responsibility to provide the service included in the price. "No" indicates it is the buyer's responsibility. If insurance is not included in the term (for example, CFR) then insurance for transport is the responsibility of the buyer or the seller depending on who owns the cargo at time of transport. In the case of CFR terms, it would be the buyer while in the case of DDU or DDP terms, it would be the seller.
|
Load to truck |
Export- duty payment |
Transport to exporter's port |
Unload from truck at the origin's port |
Landing charges at origin's port |
Transport to import's port |
Landing charges at importer's port |
Unload onto trucks from the importers' port |
Transport to destination |
Insurance |
Entry - Customs clearance |
Entry - Duties and Taxes |
| EXW |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
| FCA |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
| FAS |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
| FOB |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
| CFR |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
| CIF |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
Yes |
No |
No |
| CPT |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
| CIP |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
Yes |
No |
No |
| DAF |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
| DES |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
Yes |
No |
No |
| DEQ |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
No |
No |
| DDU |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
| DDP |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
