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Programming paradigms

Agent-oriented Component-based Flow-based Pipeline Concatenative Concurrent computing Context-oriented Declarative (Contrast: Imperative) Functional Dataflow Cell-oriented (spreadsheets) Reactive Goal-directed Constraint Constraint logic Logic Abductive logic Inductive logic Event-driven Feature-oriented Function-level (Contrast: Value-level) Imperative (Contrast: Declarative) Advanced separation of concerns Aspect-oriented Subject-oriented Array (Contrast: Scalar) Automata-based Object-oriented Class-based Prototype-based Procedural Structured Role-oriented Scalar (Contrast: Array) Iterative (Contrast: Recursive) Metaprogramming Attribute-oriented Automatic Generic Template Policy-based Language-oriented Grammar-oriented Dialecting Intentional Reflective Modular Nondeterministic Parallel computing Process-oriented Programming in the large and programming in the small Recursive (Contrast: Iterative) Tree Value-level (Contrast: Function-level) This box: view • talk • edit

In computer science, declarative programming is a programming paradigm that expresses the logic of a computation without describing its control flow.^[1] It attempts to minimize or eliminate side effects by describing what the program should accomplish, rather than describing how to go about accomplishing it.^[2] This is in contrast from imperative programming, which requires a detailed description of the algorithm to be run.

Declarative programming consider programs as theories of a formal logic, and computations as deductions in that logic space. Declarative programming has become of particular interest recently, as it may greatly simplify writing parallel programs [1].

Common declarative languages include those of regular expressions, logic programming and functional programming.

Contents 1 Definition 2 Subparadigms 2.1 Functional programming 2.2 Logic programming 2.3 Domain specific languages 2.4 Hybrid languages 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

[edit] Definition

Declarative programming is often defined in a number of different ways:

• Any style of programming that is not imperative
• A program that describes what computation should be performed and not how to compute it
• Any programming language that lacks side effects (or more specifically, is referentially transparent)
• A language with a clear correspondence to mathematical logic. [2]

These definitions are roughly equivalent.

[edit] Subparadigms

Declarative programming is an umbrella term that includes a number of more well-known programming paradigms.

[edit] Functional programming

Functional programming, and in particular purely functional programming, attempts to minimize or eliminate side effects, and is therefore considered declarative. Most functional languages, however, do permit side effects in practice.

While functional languages typically do appear to specify "how," a compiler for a purely functional programming language is free to extensively rewrite the behavior of a function, so long as the same result is returned for the same inputs. This can be used to, for example, make a function compute its result in parallel. Because the "how" is not required to actually be the steps followed at all, functional programming is still usually considered a form of declarative programming.

[edit] Logic programming

Logic programming languages such as Prolog state and query relations. The specifics of how these queries are answered is up to the implementation and its theorem prover. Like functional programming, many logic programming languages permit side effects, and as a result are not strictly declarative.

[edit] Domain specific languages

Some well-known examples of declarative domain specific languages (DSLs) include regular expressions, CSS, and a subset of SQL (SELECT queries, for example). DSLs have the advantage of being useful while not necessarily needing to be Turing-complete, which makes it easier for a language to be purely declarative.

Many markup languages such as HTML, XAML, XSLT, SVG or other user interface markup languages are often declarative. HTML, for example, only describes what should appear on a webpage.

[edit] Hybrid languages

Makefiles, for example, specify dependencies in a declarative fashion [3], but include an imperative list of actions to take as well. Similarly, yacc specifies a context free grammar declaratively, but includes code snippets from a host language, which is usually imperative (such as C).

[edit] See also

• Category:Declarative programming languages
• Imperative programming (contrast)
• Functional programming
• Logic programming
• Constraint programming
• Domain-specific language

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Frans Coenen. Characteristics of declarative programming languages. 1999.
• Olof Torgersson. A Note on Declarative Programming Paradigms and the Future of Definitional Programming. 1996.

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