Lux
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The lux (symbol: lx) is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance. It is used in photometry as a measure of the apparent intensity of light hitting or passing through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural.[1]
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[edit] Explanation
Lux is a derived unit based on lumen, and lumen is a derived unit based on candela.
One lux is equal to one lumen per square metre, where 4π lumens is the total luminous flux of a light source of one candela of luminous intensity:
As with other SI units, SI prefixes can be used, for example a kilolux (klx) is 1,000 lux.
| Illuminance | Example |
|---|---|
| 10-5 lux | Light from the brightest star (Sirius)[2] |
| 10-4 lux | Total starlight, overcast sky[2] |
| 0.002 lux | Moonless clear night sky with airglow[2] |
| 0.01 lux | Quarter moon |
| 0.27 lux | Full moon on a clear night[2][3] |
| 1 lux | Full moon overhead at tropical latitudes[4] |
| 3.4 lux | Dark limit of civil twilight under a clear sky[5] |
| 50 lux | Family living room[6] |
| 80 lux | Hallway/toilet[7] |
| 100 lux | Very dark overcast day[2] |
| 320 lux | Recommended office lighting (Australia)[8] |
| 400 lux | Sunrise or sunset on a clear day. Well-lit office area. |
| 500 lux | Lighting level for an office according to the European law UNI EN 12464. |
| 1,000 lux | Overcast day[2]; typical TV studio lighting |
| 10,000–25,000 lux | Full daylight (not direct sun)[2] |
| 32,000–130,000 lux | Direct sunlight |
Unicode has a symbol for "lx": (㏓), but this is just a legacy code to accommodate old code pages in certain Asian languages, and it is not recommended for use in any language today.
[edit] Lux versus lumen
The difference between the lux and the lumen is that the lux takes into account the area over which the luminous flux is spread. A flux of 1,000 lumens, concentrated into an area of one square metre, lights up that square metre with an illuminance of 1,000 lux. However, the same 1,000 lumens, spread out over ten square metres, produces a dimmer illuminance of only 100 lux.
Achieving an illuminance of 500 lux might be possible in a home kitchen with a single fluorescent light fixture with an output of 12,000 lumens. To light a factory floor with dozens of times the area of the kitchen would require dozens of such fixtures. Thus, lighting a larger area to the same level of lux requires a greater number of lumens.
[edit] Lux versus footcandle
One footcandle ≈ 10.764 lux. The footcandle (or lumen per square foot) is a non-SI unit of illuminance. Like the BTU, it is mainly only in common use in the United States, particularly in construction-related engineering and in building codes. Because lux and footcandles are different units of the same quantity, it is perfectly valid to convert footcandles to lux and vice versa.
The name "footcandle" conveys "the illuminance cast on a surface by a one-candela source one foot away." As natural as this sounds, this style of name is now frowned upon, because the dimensional formula for the unit is not foot · candela, but lumen/sq ft. Some sources do however note that the "lux" can be thought of as a "metre-candle" (i.e. the illuminance cast on a surface by a one-candela source one metre away). A source that is farther away provides less illumination than one that is close, so one lux is less illuminance than one footcandle. Since illuminance follows the inverse-square law, and since one foot = 0.3048 m, one lux = 0.30482 footcandle ≈ 1/10.764 footcandle.
In practical applications, as when measuring room illumination, it is very difficult to measure illuminance more accurately than ±10%, and for many purposes it is quite sufficient to think of one footcandle as about ten lux.
[edit] Relationship between illuminance and irradiance
Like all photometric units, the lux has a corresponding "radiometric" unit. The difference between any photometric unit and its corresponding radiometric unit is that radiometric units are based on physical power, with all wavelengths being weighted equally, while photometric units take into account the fact that the eye is more sensitive to some wavelengths than others, and accordingly every wavelength is given a different weight. The weighting factor is known as the luminosity function.
The lux is one lumen/metre2, and the corresponding radiometric unit, which measures irradiance, is the watt/metre2. There is no single conversion factor between lux and watt/metre2; there is a different conversion factor for every wavelength, and it is not possible to make a conversion unless one knows the spectral composition of the light.
The peak of the luminosity function is at 555 nm (green); the eye is more sensitive to light of this wavelength than any other. For monochromatic light of this wavelength, the irradiance needed to make one lux is minimum, at 1.464 mW/m2. That is, one obtains 683.002 lux per W/m2 (or lumens per watt) at this wavelength. Other wavelengths of visible light produce fewer lumens per watt. The luminosity function falls to zero for wavelengths outside the visible spectrum.
For a light source with mixed wavelengths, the number of lumens per watt can be calculated by means of the luminosity function. In order to appear reasonably "white," a light source cannot consist solely of the green light to which the eye is most sensitive, but must include a generous mixture of red and blue wavelengths to which it is much less sensitive.
This means that white (or whitish) light sources produce far fewer lumens per watt than the theoretical maximum of 683 lumens per watt. The ratio between the actual number of lumens per watt and the theoretical maximum is expressed as a percentage known as the luminous efficiency. For example, a typical incandescent light bulb has a luminous efficiency of only about 2%.
In reality, individual eyes vary slightly in their luminosity functions. However, photometric units are precisely defined and precisely measurable. They are based on an agreed-upon standard luminosity function which is based on the measurement of many individual eyes.
[edit] Use in video camera specifications
Specifications for video cameras such as camcorders and surveillance cameras often include a minimum illuminance level in lux at which the camera will record a satisfactory image. A camera with good low-light capability will have a lower lux rating. Still cameras do not use such a specification, since longer exposure times can generally be used to make pictures at very low illuminance levels, as opposed to the case in video cameras where a maximum exposure time is generally set by the frame rate.
[edit] SI photometry units
| Quantity | Symbol | SI unit | Abbr. | Notes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luminous energy | Qv | lumen second | lm·s | units are sometimes called talbots | ||||
| Luminous flux | F | lumen (= cd·sr) | lm | also called luminous power | ||||
| Luminous intensity | Iv | candela (= lm/sr) | cd | an SI base unit | ||||
| Luminance | Lv | candela per square metre | cd/m2 | units are sometimes called nits | ||||
| Illuminance | Ev | lux (= lm/m2) | lx | Used for light incident on a surface | ||||
| Luminous emittance | Mv | lux (= lm/m2) | lx | Used for light emitted from a surface | ||||
| Luminous efficacy | lumen per watt | lm/W | ratio of luminous flux to radiant flux | |||||
| SI • Photometry | ||||||||
[edit] Non-SI units of illuminance
- foot-candle (=10.76 lx)
- phot (=10 klx)
- nox (=1 mlx)
[edit] References
- ^ NIST Guide to SI Units - 9 Rules and Style Conventions for Spelling Unit Names, National Institute of Standards and Technology
- ^ a b c d e f g Paul Schlyter, Radiometry and photometry in astronomy FAQ (2006)
- ^ "Petzl reference system for lighting performance" (html). http://en.petzl.com/petzl/frontoffice/Lampes/static/referentiel/present_referentiel_en.jsp. Retrieved on 2007-04-24.
- ^ Bunning, Erwin; and Moser, Ilse (April 1969). "Interference of moonlight with the photoperiodic measurement of time by plants, and their adaptive reaction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 62 (4): 1018–1022. doi:. PMID 16591742. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/62/4/1018. Retrieved on 2006-11-10.
- ^ "Electro-Optics Handbook" (pdf). burle.com. p. 63. http://www.burle.com/cgi-bin/byteserver.pl/pdf/Electro_Optics.pdf.
- ^ Pears, Alan (June, 1998), "Chapter 7: Appliance technologies and scope for emission reduction" (PDF), Strategic Study of Household Energy and Greenhouse Issues, Australian Greenhouse Office, p. 61, http://www.energyrating.gov.au/library/pubs/pears-ago1998.pdf, retrieved on 2008-06-26.
- ^ Australian Greenhouse Office (May, 2005), "Chapter 5: Assessing lighting savings" ([dead link] – Scholar search), Working Energy Resource and training kit: Lighting, http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/lgmodules/wep/lights/training/training9.html, retrieved on 2007-03-13.
- ^ "How to use a lux meter (Australian recommendation)". http://www.energy-toolbox.vic.gov.au/energy_toolbox/summer_push/how_to_use_a_lux_meter.html.
[edit] External links
- Radiometry and photometry FAQ Professor Jim Palmer's Radiometry FAQ page (University of Arizona).
