User-generated content

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User-generated content (UGC), also known as consumer-generated media (CGM)[1] or user-created content (UCC),[2] refers to various kinds of media content, publicly available, that are produced by end-users.[3]

The notion of free content has been central to the media sector for decades. Consumers have been willing to receive free content, via commercial radio and television broadcasts, in exchange for advertising.

The rise of the Internet in the 1990s was accompanied by a new debate on free content that was played out through experimentation with all forms of content, including business material that had previously been charged at thousands of dollars per document. The continued, more vertiginous rise of the Internet this decade has also seen experimentation with free content models, but with one major change. As well as professionally produced material being offered free, the public has also been allowed, indeed encouraged, to make its content available to everyone.[4]


The term user generated content entered mainstream usage during 2005 having arisen in web publishing and new media content production circles. Its use for a wide range of applications including problem processing, news, gossip and research reflects the expansion of media production through new technologies that are accessible and affordable to the general public. All digital media technologies are included, such as question-answer databases, digital video, blogging, podcasting, mobile phone photography and wikis. In addition to these technologies, user generated content may also employ a combination of open source, free software, and flexible licensing or related agreements to further reduce the barriers to collaboration, skill-building and discovery.

Sometimes UGC can constitute only a portion of a website. For example on Amazon.com the majority of content is prepared by administrators, but numerous user reviews of the products being sold are submitted by regular visitors to the site.

Often UGC is partially or totally monitored by website administrators to avoid offensive content or language, copyright infringement issues, or simply to determine if the content posted is relevant to the site's general theme.

However there has often been little or no charge for uploading user generated content. As a result the world's data centers are now replete with exabytes of UGC that, in 2009, may become regarded a liability, rather than an asset[5]

Contents

[edit] General requirements

The advent of user-generated content marked a shift among media organizations from creating online content to providing facilities for amateurs to publish their own content.

User generated content has also been characterized as 'Conversational Media', as opposed to the 'Packaged Goods Media' of the past century.[citation needed] The former is a two-way process in contrast to the one-way distribution of the latter. Conversational or two-way media is a key characteristic of so-called Web 2.0 which encourages the publishing of one's own content and commenting on other people's.

The role of the passive audience therefore has shifted since the birth of New Media, and an ever-growing number of participatory users are taking advantage of the interactive opportunities, especially on the Internet to create independent content. Grassroots experimentation then generated an innovation in sounds, artists, techniques and associations with audiences which then are being used in mainstream media.[6] The active, participatory and creative audience is prevailing today with relatively accessible media, tools and applications, and its culture is in turn affecting mass media corporations and global audiences.

The OECD has defined three central schools for UGC:

  1. Publication requirement: While UGC could be made by a user and never published online or elsewhere, we focus here on the work that is published in some context, be it on a publicly accessible website or on a page on a social networking site only accessible to a select group of people (eg, fellow university students). This is a useful way to exclude email, two-way instant messages and the like.
  2. Creative effort: This implies that a certain amount of creative effort was put into creating the work or adapting existing works to construct a new one; i.e. users must add their own value to the work. UGC often also has a collaborative element to it, as is the case with websites which users can edit collaboratively. For example, merely copying a portion of a television show and posting it to an online video website (an activity frequently seen on the UGC sites) would not be considered UGC. If a user uploads his/her photographs, however, expresses his/her thoughts in a blog, or creates a new music video, this could be considered UGC. Yet the minimum amount of creative effort is hard to define and depends on the context.
  3. Creation outside of professional routines and practices: User generated content is generally created outside of professional routines and practices. It often does not have an institutional or a commercial market context. In extreme cases, UGC may be produced by non-professionals without the expectation of profit or remuneration. Motivating factors include: connecting with peers, achieving a certain level of fame, notoriety, or prestige, and the desire to express oneself.

Mere copy & paste or a link could also be seen as user generated self-expression. The action of linking to a work or copying a work could in itself motivate the creator, express the taste of the person linking or copying. Digg.com, Stumbleupon.com, leaptag.com is a good example where such linkage to work happens. The culmination of such linkages could very well identify the tastes of a person in the community and make that person unique through.

[edit] Adoption and recognition by mass media

The British Broadcasting Corporation set up a user generated content team as a pilot in April 2005 with 3 staff. In the wake of the 7 July 2005 London bombings and the Buncefield oil depot fire, the team was made permanent and was expanded, reflecting the arrival in the mainstream of the 'citizen journalist'. After the Buncefield disaster the BBC received over 5,000 photos from viewers. The BBC does not normally pay for content generated by its viewers.

In 2006 CNN launched CNN iReport, a project designed to bring user generated news content to CNN. Its rival Fox News Channel launched its project to bring in user-generated news, similarly titled "uReport". This was typical of major television news organisations in 2005-2006, who realised, particularly in the wake of the 7th July bombings, that citizen journalism could now become a significant part of broadcast news. Sky News, for example, regularly solicits for photographs and video from its viewers.

User generated content was featured in Time magazine's 2006 Person of the Year, in which the person of the year was "you", meaning all of the people who contribute to user generated media such as YouTube and Wikipedia.

[edit] Different types of user generated content

[edit] Prominent websites based on user generated content

[edit] New business models


The media companies of today are starting to realize that the users themselves can create plenty of material that is interesting to a broader audience and adjust their business models accordingly. For instance there are many ways today that newspaper/tabloid readers can contribute online by sending in photos, movies and texts. An example of this movement is the Swedish tabloid Aftonbladet[7] which gives out rewards to the best material being sent in by a reader. Many young companies in the media industry such as Youtube and Facebook have foreseen the increasing demand of UGC whereas the established, traditional media companies have taken longer to exploit these kinds of opportunities. When having realized the demand for UGC it is more about creating a “playing field” for the visitors rather than creating material for them to consume. A parallell development can be seen in the video game industry where games such as World of Warcraft, Sims and Second Life give the player a large amount of freedom and essential parts of the games are actually built by the players themselves.

[edit] Criticism

 This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009)

The term "user generated content" has received some criticism. The criticism to date has addressed issues of fairness, quality, privacy and the sustainable availability of creative work and effort. However, there is much that can be said and is being done in response to such healthy critique.

Some commentators assert that the term "user" implies an illusory or unproductive distinction between different kinds of "publishers," with the term "users" exclusively used to characterize publishers who operate on a much smaller scale than traditional mass-media outlets or who operate for free.[8] Such classification is said to perpetuate a unfair distinction that some argue is diminishing because of the prevalence and affordability of the means of production and publication. A better response might be to offer optional expressions that better capture the spirit and nature of such work, such as EGC, Entrepreneurial Generated Content (see external reference below).

User generated content has also come under fire from established media outlets such as the New York Times. Critics complain that the quality of user-generated content is not up to par with the quality produced by formally trained writers and is contributing to the decline of standards in publishing, especially news. Such complaints show a deep misunderstanding of the nature of UGC creations. There is undeniably a long tail of user-generated content being generated that ranges from low to high. However, grammatically correct and compellingly written work is not necessarily substantive, honest or true and vice-versa, as sophisticated writers such as those at New York Times who can recall the Jayson Blair case of 2003 should know quite well. Because UGC allows many more people to publish there are also other important elements being created, including: high-quality content; a greater sense of authenticity provided by many with first hand knowledge; and an independence from the editorial edicts, political obligations and biases of the owners of various media publications from whom the "pros" draw their salary. Further, the many immediate feedback options such as comment postings of blog sites and outright open editing by others (a fundamental feature of wiki systems), encourages an egalitarian character to public creations as well as a frankly assessed body of work that educates and improves all who participate. That is, these are UGC elements that vastly and continually increase the standards of publishing on a global scale that commercial systems cannot hope to emulate and by design would have no intention of doing. Consumers learn to filter content, and UGC gives them an expanding range choices in contrast to selecting from the increasingly consolidated flavors of commercial media.

Another concern is often raised relating to the privacy of personal information. Naive and beginning users may fail to make the distinction between public and private/personal information, sharing data that could make them vulnerable to harm ranging from financial to physical. Further, the social networking sites sometimes reveal personal information by default, either requiring the users to turn-off viewing or sometimes not providing a way to hide or cancel information deemed personal by many. Public criticism has helped to correct the worst of such situations.

Sometimes creative works made by individuals are lost because there are limited or no ways to precisely preserve creations when a UGC Web site service closes down. One example of such loss is the closing of the Disney MMO "VMK". VMK, like most games, has items that are traded from user to user. Many of these items being rare within the game. Users are able to use these items to create their own rooms, avatars and pin lanyard. This site shut down at 10 PM CDT on May 21, 2008. There are ways to preserve the essence, if not the entirety of such work through the user copying text and media to applications on their personal computers or recording live action or animated scenes using screen capture software, and then uploading elsewhere. Unfortunately, long before the Web, creative works were simply lost or went out of publication and disappeared from history unless individuals found ways to keep them in personal collections..

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Nielsen BuzzMetrics - CGM Overview
  2. ^ Participative web: User-Created Content (pdf), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
  3. ^ User Generated Content: Is it Good for You?, eMetrics Marketing Optimization Summit, Washington D.C. 2007
  4. ^ "The growing cost of free online content". Deloitte Media Predictions. http://www.deloitte.co.uk/TMTPredictions/media/Rising-cost-of-free-online-content.cfm. 
  5. ^ "The growing cost of free online content". Deloitte Media Predictions. http://www.deloitte.co.uk/TMTPredictions/media/Rising-cost-of-free-online-content.cfm. 
  6. ^ Jenkins, Henry (SODA), "Convergence Culture", New York University Press, New York
  7. ^ http://www.aftonbladet.se/71000/
  8. ^ "Guardian Unlimited website: The trouble with user generated content". http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/organgrinder/2007/01/the_trouble_with_user_generate.html. Retrieved on 2007-02-10. 

[edit] External links

Sister project Wikinews has related news:
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