EtherChannel
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EtherChannel is a port trunking (link aggregation is Cisco's term) technology used primarily on Cisco switches. It allows grouping several physical Ethernet links to create one logical Ethernet link for the purpose of providing fault-tolerance and high-speed links between switches, routers and servers. An EtherChannel can be created from between two and eight active Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet or 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports, with an additional one to eight inactive (failover) ports which become active as the other active ports fail. EtherChannel is primarily used in the backbone network, but can also be used to connect end user machines. A former limitation of EtherChannel was that all the physical ports in the aggregation group must reside on the same switch. The SMLT protocol removes this limitation by allowing the physical ports to be split between two switches. Cisco's Virtual Switching System allows the creation of a Multichassis Etherchannel (MEC) allowing ports to be aggregated towards different physical chassis that conform a single "virtual switch" entity.
EtherChannel technology was invented by Kalpana in the early 1990s. They were later acquired by Cisco Systems in 1994. In 2000 the IEEE passed 802.3ad which is an open standard version of EtherChannel.
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[edit] Benefits
Using an EtherChannel has numerous advantages, and probably the most desirable aspect is the bandwidth. Using the maximum of 8 active ports a total bandwidth of 800 Mbit/s, 8 Gbit/s or 80 Gbit/s is possible depending on port speed. This assumes there is a traffic mixture, as those speeds do not apply to a single application only. It can be used with Ethernet running on unshielded twisted pair (UTP) wiring, single-mode and multimode fiber.
Because EtherChannel takes advantage of existing wiring it makes it very scalable. It can be used at all levels of the network to create higher bandwidth links as the traffic needs of the network increase. All Cisco switches have the ability to support EtherChannel.
When an EtherChannel is configured all adapters that are part of the channel share the same Layer 2 (MAC) address and Layer 3 (IP) Address. This makes the EtherChannel transparent to network applications and users because they only see the one logical connection; they have no knowledge of the individual links.
EtherChannel aggregates the traffic across all the available active ports in the channel. The port is selected using a Cisco-proprietary hash algorithm. These load-sharing algorithms vary between platforms due to the fact that decisions are based on source or destination MAC addresses, IP addresses or TCP and UDP port numbers. The following table illustrates the ratios at which EtherChannel balances the load across the ports:
| Number of Ports | Load Balancing |
|---|---|
| 8 | 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 |
| 7 | 2:1:1:1:1:1:1 |
| 6 | 2:2:1:1:1:1 |
| 5 | 2:2:2:1:1 |
| 4 | 2:2:2:2 |
| 3 | 3:3:2 |
| 2 | 4:4 |
Fault-tolerance is another key aspect of EtherChannel. Should a link fail, the EtherChannel technology will automatically redistribute traffic across the remaining links. This automatic recovery takes less than one second and is transparent to network applications and the end user. This makes it very resilient and desirable for mission-critical applications.
STP can be used with an EtherChannel. STP treats all the links as a single one and BPDUs, are only sent down one of the links. Without the use of an EtherChannel, STP would effectively shutdown any redundant links between switches until one connection goes down. This is where an EtherChannel is most desirable, it allows full use of all available links between two devices.
EtherChannels can be also configured as VLAN trunks. If any single link of an EtherChannel is configured as a VLAN trunk, the entire EtherChannel will act as a VLAN trunk. Cisco ISL, VTP and IEEE 802.1Q are compatible with EtherChannel.
[edit] Components
EtherChannel is made up of the following key elements:
- Ethernet links — EtherChannel works over links defined by the IEEE 802.3 standard, including all sub-standards. All ports in a single EtherChannel must be the same speed. Multiple EtherChannels per device are supported, the number depends on the type of equipment. Catalyst 6500 and 6000 switches support a maximum of 64 EtherChannels[1].
- Compatible Hardware — The entire line of Cisco Catalyst switches as well as Cisco IOS software-based routers support EtherChannel. Configuring an EtherChannel between a switch and a PC or UNIX computer would require special network interface cards such as the Intel card pictured here
- Configuration — An EtherChannel must be configured using the Cisco IOS on switches and router, and using specific drivers when connecting a server. There are two main ways an EtherChannel can be setup. The first is by manually issuing a command on each port of the device that is part of the EtherChannel. This must be done for the corresponding ports on both sides of the EtherChannel. The second way is using Cisco PAgP. PAgP is used for the automated aggregation of Ethernet ports into an EtherChannel.
[edit] EtherChannel vs. 802.3ad
EtherChannel and IEEE 802.3ad standards are very similar and accomplish the same goal. There are a few differences between the two, other than the fact that EtherChannel is Cisco proprietary and 802.3ad is an open standard, listed below:
| EtherChannel | IEEE 802.3ad |
|---|---|
| Requires switch configuration. | Little, if any, configuration of switch required to form aggregation. Some initial setup of the switch may be required. |
| Supports different packet distribution modes. | Supports only standard distribution mode. |
Both technologies are capable of automatically configuring this logical link. EtherChannel uses Cisco PAgP, whereas 802.3ad uses LACP.
[edit] References
- "Network Connectivity: Advanced Networking Services — Teaming". Intel. 2007-09-13. http://www.intel.com/support/network/sb/CS-009747.htm. Retrieved on 2007-02-27.
- "EtherChannel and IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation". pSeries and AIX Information Center. IBM. 2006. http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.commadmn/doc/commadmndita/etherchannel_intro.htm. Retrieved on 2007-02-27.
