La Marseillaise

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

La Marseillaise

English: The Song of Marseille
Rouget de Lisle, Composer of the Marseillaise, sings it for the first time.
National anthem of	France
Lyrics	Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, 1792
Music	Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, 1792
Adopted	1795
Music sample
La Marseillaise (instrumental) Problems listening to this file? See media help.

"La Marseillaise" (IPA: [la maʁ.sɛ.ˡjɛz]; in English The Song of Marseille) is the national anthem of France.

[edit] History

"La Marseillaise" is a song written and composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg on April 25, 1792. Its original name was "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin" ("War Song for the Army of the Rhine") and it was dedicated to Marshal Nicolas Luckner, a Bavarian-born French officer from Cham. It became the rallying call of the French Revolution and received its name because it was first sung on the streets by volunteers (fédérés) from Marseille upon their arrival in Paris after a young volunteer from Montpellier called François Mireur had sung it at a patriotic gathering in Marseille. A newly graduated medical doctor, Mireur later became a general under Napoleon Bonaparte and died in Egypt at 28.

The song's lyrics reflect the invasion of France by foreign armies (from Prussia and Austria) which was ongoing when it was written; Strasbourg itself was attacked just a few days later. The invading forces were repulsed from France following their defeat in the Battle of Valmy.

"La Marseillaise" was screamed during the levée en masse and met with huge success^{[citation needed]}.

Général Mireur, 1770-1798, anonymous, terra cotta, Faculty of Medicine, Montpellier, France.

The Convention accepted it as the French national anthem in a decree passed on July 14, 1795, but it was then banned successively by Napoleon I, Louis XVIII, and Napoleon III, only being reinstated briefly after the July Revolution of 1830.^[1] During Napoleon I's reign Veillons au Salut de l'Empire was the unofficial anthem of the regime and during Napoleon III's reign Partant pour la Syrie. In 1879, "La Marseillaise" was restored as the country's national anthem, and has remained so ever since.

[edit] Re-arrangements

During the French Revolution, Giuseppe Cambini published Patriotic Airs for Two Violins, in which the song is quoted literally and as a variation theme, with other patriotic songs.

Mozart's Piano Concerto n° 25 (KV 503), composed a few years before, in 1786, was probably an inspiration for Rouget de Lisle, as the first 12 notes of the anthem are played at the end of the first movement allegro maestoso (16th-17th minutes).

"La Marseillaise" was re-arranged by Hector Berlioz about 1830.

Robert Schumann, while setting some Heinrich Heine poems to music, used part of the Marseillaise for Heine's "The Two Grenadiers" poem at the end of the piece when the old French soldier dies (Opus 49, No.1). Wagner also quotes from the Marseillaise in his setting of a French translation of the poem. Schumann also incorporated the Marseillaise as a major motif in his overture, 'Hermann und Dorothea' inspired by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Liszt also wrote a piano transcription of the anthem.

In 1882, Pyotr Tchaikovsky used extensive notes from the Marseillaise to represent the invading French army in his 1812 Overture.

During World War I, bandleader James Reese Europe played a jazz version of the Marseillaise, which can be heard on Part 2 of the Ken Burns TV documentary Jazz.

Edward Elgar quoted the opening of La Marseillaise in his choral work The Music Makers, based on Arthur O'Shaughnessy's Ode, at the line "We fashion an empire's glory", where he also quotes the opening phrase of Rule, Britannia!.

Serge Gainsbourg recorded a reggae version in 1978.

Henrik Wergeland wrote a Norwegian version of the song in 1831, called The Norwegian Marseillaise.

In Peru the Partido Aprista Peruano wrote their own version of the Marseillaise to be their anthem.

[edit] Lyrics

Note only the first verse (and sometimes the fifth and sixth) and the first chorus are sung today in France. There are some slight historical variations in the lyrics of the song; the following is the version listed at official website of the French Presidency.^[2]

• FP National anthem (MP3 audio file).

[edit] Historical use in Russia

In Russia, the Marseillaise was used as a republican revolutionary anthem by those who knew French starting already in the 18th century, almost simultaneously with its adoption in France. In 1875 Peter Lavrov, a narodist revolutionary and theorist, wrote a Russian-language text (not a translation of the French one) to the same melody. This "Worker's Marseillaise" became one of the most popular revolutionary songs in Russia and was used in the Revolution of 1905. After the February Revolution of 1917, it was used as the semi-official national anthem of the new Russian republic. Even after the October Revolution, it remained in use for a while alongside The Internationale.^[4]

[edit] In popular culture

Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (June 2008)

[edit] Movies

• Stanley Kubrick's Paths of Glory, a World War I film critical of the French military, opens with La Marseillaise before it segues ominously into the score of the film.
• In The Simpsons Movie, the townspeople of Springfield use the tune to write an anthem ("Springfield Anthem"), declaring that the French have "a few things they do well, like making love, wine and cheese".
• In the film Ratatouille this melody features in the soundtrack composed by Michael Giacchino.
• In the 2007 film La Môme, the young Édith Piaf is shown singing the first verse and then the chorus of the song after her father's act re-enacting a true moment of the iconic chanteuse's life.
• The song is part of a famous scene in the film Casablanca in which Czech resistance leader Viktor Laszlo leads French resistance sympathisers in Rick's Cafe Americain to drown out the German soldiers singing "Die Wacht am Rhein".^[5] Various portions of La Marseillaise appear as recurring themes throughout the film, in the opening credits, and at the end of the film, when most of the entire song is played.
• Abel Gance's film Napoléon features a scene in which the song is first sung by the French masses.
• On the other hand, the movie The Brothers Grimm which takes place in a German country under French occupation, the same kind of scene can be seen with Germans singing their traditional songs in a tavern only to switch to "La Marseillaise" when French army officers enter. This is actually an error, as "La Marseillaise" was banned during Napoleon's rule.
• In the 1981 movie, Escape to Victory, the final scene features the entire crowd of the stadium in occupied Paris spontaneously singing La Marseillaise as a cry of war, to support the POW's goalkeeper (played by Sylvester Stallone) before a decisive penalty throw at the end of the soccer game.
• In the 1937 French movie Grand Illusion, directed by Jean Renoir, that takes place during World War I, a group of French prisoners of war in a German POW camp spontaneously begin singing La Marseillaise in front of their German captors when it is announced that the French Army has won a significant victory. Renoir traced the history of the song in the film he made the following year, La Marseillaise.^[6]
• In the Blackadder movie Blackadder: Back & Forth, when Blackadder returns from his trip through time, he discovers that England is now under French rule because Napoléon won the Battle of Waterloo, due to the fact that Blackadder accidentally crushed the Duke of Wellington with his time machine. As his now-French guests walk up the stairs after conversing with him, they sing the first two lines of La Marseillaise.
• In the film of The Day of the Jackal, the final assassination attempt on Charles De Gaulle's life occurs during a military ceremony, with " La Marseillaise" playing on the soundtrack.

[edit] Music

• Yannick Noah, Aux Rêves. Noah also wrote a song, Aux Arbres Citoyens, a play on the line “Aux armes, citoyens.” The song is about the necessity of people to stand up for the environment and defend the trees.
• Django Reinhardt, Echoes de France
• The Beatles, as an introduction to All You Need Is Love
• Edward Elgar, first notes appear in “With wonderful deathless ditties” of The Music Makers, Op. 69
• Jimi Hendrix during an 1967 Paris concert, played a psychedelic version of the anthem. A video recording of the concert was immediately confiscated by the French government due to the perceived insult to national heritage.
• Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, repeating motif in 1812
• Frank Sinatra, as part of French Foreign Legion
• In 1978, Serge Gainsbourg recorded a reggae version, Aux armes et cætera, with Robbie Shakespeare, Sly Dunbar and Rita Marley in the choir in Jamaica, which resulted in him being threatened by members of an association of former paratroopers, who wanted to prevent him from singing it in a public concert.
• The Slovenian industrial/techno music group Laibach’s album Volk features a version, with Laibach’s own lyrics. The album Volk (album) is entirely composed of songs which are based on various national anthems.
• Allan Sherman, You Went the Wrong Way, Old King Louie begins with a parody of the Marseillaise before heading into a recitative and then settling into a parody of You’ve Come a long Way from St. Louis. His version begins, “Louis the Sixteenth was the king of France in 1789 / He was worse than Louis the Fifteenth, he was worse than Louis the Fourteenth, he was worse than Louis the Thirteenth/He was the worst, since Louis the First!”)
• There are various versions of the music. Sheet music can be found at [1]. An official version from the website of the French President can be found at the wayback machine's archive here: Wave File (660 KB).
• Crass, as part of Bloody Revolutions.

[edit] Miscellany

• The Brisbane Lions Australian rules football (AFL) team theme song "The Pride of Brisbane Town".
• The carillon of the town hall in the Bavarian town of Cham plays "La Marseillaise" every day at 12.05 p.m. to commemorate the French Marshal Nicolas Luckner, who was born there.^[7]
• Hong Kong singer Hacken Lee integrated the anthem as an opening to his World Cup 1998 theme song "The Strange Encounters of a Soccer Fan."
• An English language 'rugby song' version exists, as known in France among rugby fans.^[8]
• In Monty Python's Broadway musical Spamalot when confronted by French knights in the song "Run Away!"
• The 19th-century Labour movement used a "Worker Marseillaise" (written 1864 by Jakob Audorf) that was later replaced by The Internationale. It was famously sung on the way to the gallows by those sentenced to death after the Haymarket Riot.
• The song's theme was used by Jacques Offenbach in his Opera "Orpheus in the Underworld" to illustrate a revolution amongst the Olympic gods and goddesses with the lines "Aux armes Dieux et Demi-Dieux".
• The British comedy series 'Allo 'Allo! spoofed Casablanca by having the patriotic French characters start singing "La Marseillaise", only to switch to Deutschlandlied when Nazi officers enter their cafe.
• Also featured in Isaac Asimov's short SF story Battle-hymn about how the national anthem is used as a subliminal advertising ploy.
• Featured in the Monty Python sketches, "A Man with a Tape Recorder up His Nose" and "A Man with a Tape Recorder up His Brother's Nose" and also "French Lecture on Sheep-aircraft"
• In the cartoon I Am Weasel, when a baboon tries to make a transatlantic bridge from the United States to France, he mistakenly builds it to Mexico. When he reaches the end, he sings a song with a similar tune.

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• The "Belarusian Marseillaise", a patriotic song in Belarus
• The "Serbian Marseillaise" is a popular name for a Montenegrin patriotic song, There, o'er There!
• National anthem

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: La Marseillaise

[edit] Official French government sites

• French Presidency website

[edit] Other sites

• Instrumental Version of the French National Anthem
• Mireille Mathieu sings La Marseillaise
• La Marseillaise performed by Roberto Alagna
• La Marseillaise - Iain Patterson's comprehensive fansite features sheet music, history, and music files. A full length six verse version of the anthem performed by David Zinman and the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra & Chorus can be found in the Berlioz page.
• Easybyte – free easy piano arrangement of La Marseillaise
• Adminet-France