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Rabbit
Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Superphylum: Chordata Phylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Lagomorpha Family: Leporidae in part
Genera
Pentalagus Bunolagus Nesolagus Romerolagus Brachylagus Sylvilagus Oryctolagus Poelagus

Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world. There are seven different genera in the family classified as rabbits, including the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Cottontail rabbit (genus Sylvilagus; 13 species), and the Amami rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi, endangered species on Amami Ōshima, Japan). There are many other species of rabbit, and these, along with pikas and hares, make up the order Lagomorpha.

Contents 1 Location and habitat 2 Characteristics and anatomy 2.1 Cecal pellets 3 Diet and eating habits 4 Behavior 5 Reproduction 6 Diseases 7 Differences from hares 8 As pets 9 As food and clothing 10 Environmental problems 11 Classifications 12 Naming 13 In culture and literature 13.1 Folklore and mythology 13.2 Other fictional rabbits 13.3 Urban legends 14 See also 15 References 16 External links

Location and habitat

Characteristics and anatomy

Cecal pellets

Rabbits are hindgut digesters. This means that most of their digestion takes place in their large intestine and cecum. In rabbits, the cecum is about 10 times bigger than the stomach, and it, along with the large intestine, makes up roughly 40% of the rabbit's digestive tract.^[1] Cecotropes, sometimes called "night feces", come from the cecum and are high in minerals, vitamins and proteins that are necessary to the rabbit's health. Rabbits eat these to meet their nutritional requirements. This process allows rabbits to extract the necessary nutrients from their food.^[2]

Diet and eating habits

Rabbits are herbivores who feed by grazing on grass, forbs, and leafy weeds. In consequence, their diet contains large amounts of cellulose, which is hard to digest. Rabbits solve this problem by passing two distinct types of feces: hard droppings and soft black viscous pellets, the latter of which are immediately eaten. Rabbits reingest their own droppings (rather than chewing the cud as do cows and many other herbivores) to digest their food further and extract sufficient nutrients.^[3]

Rabbits graze heavily and rapidly for roughly the first half hour of a grazing period (usually in the late afternoon), followed by about half an hour of more selective feeding. In this time, the rabbit will also excrete many hard fecal pellets, being waste pellets that will not be reingested. If the environment is relatively non-threatening, the rabbit will remain outdoors for many hours, grazing at intervals. While out of the burrow, the rabbit will occasionally reingest its soft, partially digested pellets; this is rarely observed, since the pellets are reingested as they are produced. Reingestion is most common within the burrow between 8 o'clock in the morning and 5 o'clock in the evening, being carried out intermittently within that period.

Hard pellets are made up of hay-like fragments of plant cuticle and stalk, being the final waste product after redigestion of soft pellets. These are only released outside the burrow and are not reingested. Soft pellets are usually produced several hours after grazing, after the hard pellets have all been excreted. They are made up of micro-organisms and undigested plant cell walls.

The chewed plant material collects in the large cecum, a secondary chamber between the large and small intestine containing large quantities of symbiotic bacteria that help with the digestion of cellulose and also produce certain B vitamins. The pellets are about 56% bacteria by dry weight, largely accounting for the pellets being 24.4% protein on average. These pellets remain intact for up to six hours in the stomach; the bacteria within continue to digest the plant carbohydrates. The soft feces form here and contain up to five times the vitamins of hard feces. After being excreted, they are eaten whole by the rabbit and redigested in a special part of the stomach. This double-digestion process enables rabbits to use nutrients that they may have missed during the first passage through the gut, and thus ensures that maximum nutrition is derived from the food they eat.^[4] This process serves the same purpose within the rabbit as rumination does in cattle and sheep.^[5]

Rabbits are incapable of vomiting due to the physiology of their digestive system.^[6]

Behavior

Reproduction

Diseases

• Myxomatosis
• Coccidiosis (of the liver and the intestines)
• Pasteurellosis

Differences from hares

Rabbits are clearly distinguished from hares in that rabbits are altricial, having young that are born blind and hairless. In contrast, hares are generally born with hair and are able to see (precocial). All rabbits except the cottontail rabbit live underground in burrows or warrens, while hares live in simple nests above the ground (as does the cottontail rabbit), and usually do not live in groups. Hares are generally larger than rabbits, with longer ears, and have black markings on their fur. Hares have not been domesticated, while rabbits are often kept as house pets. In gardens, they are typically kept in hutches—small, wooden, house-like boxes—that protect the rabbits from the environment and predators.

As pets

Pet rabbits kept indoors are referred to as house rabbits. House rabbits typically have an indoor pen or cage and a rabbit-safe place to run and exercise, such as an exercise pen, living room or family room. Rabbits can be trained to use a litter box and some can learn to come when called. Domestic rabbits that do not live indoors can also often serve as companions for their owners, typically living in an easily accessible hutch outside the home. Some pet rabbits live in outside hutches during the day for the benefit of fresh air and natural daylight and are brought inside at night.

Whether indoor or outdoor, pet rabbits' pens are often equipped with enrichment activities such as shelves, tunnels, balls, and other toys. Pet rabbits are often provided additional space in which to get exercise, simulating the open space a rabbit would traverse in the wild. Exercise pens or lawn pens are often used to provide a safe place for rabbits to run.

A pet rabbit's diet typically consists of unlimited Timothy hay, a small amount of pellets, and a small portion of fresh vegetables.

Rabbits are social animals. Rabbits as pets can find their companionship with a variety of creatures, including humans, other rabbits, guinea pigs, and sometimes even cats and dogs. Rabbits do not make good pets for small children because they do not know how to stay quiet, calm, and gentle around rabbits. As prey animals, rabbits are alert, timid creatures that startle easily. They have fragile bones, especially in their backs, that require support on the belly and bottom when picked up. Children 10 years old and older usually have the maturity required to care for a rabbit.

The service and therapy animals organization Delta Society has used pet rabbits as therapy for adults and children since the 1970s.

As food and clothing

Leporids such as European rabbits and hares are a food meat in Europe, South America, North America, some parts of the Middle East, and China, among other places.

Rabbit is still commonly sold in UK butchers and markets, although not frequently in supermarkets. At farmers markets and the famous Borough Market in London, rabbits will be displayed dead and hanging unbutchered in the traditional style next to braces of pheasant and other small game. Rabbit meat was once commonly sold in Sydney, Australia, the sellers of which giving the name to the rugby league team the South Sydney Rabbitohs, but quickly became unpopular after the disease myxomatosis was introduced in an attempt to wipe out the feral rabbit population (see also Rabbits in Australia).

When used for food, rabbits are both hunted and bred for meat. Snares or guns along with dogs are usually employed when catching wild rabbits for food. In many regions, rabbits are also bred for meat, a practice called cuniculture. Rabbits can then be killed by hitting the back of their heads, a practice from which the term rabbit punch is derived. Rabbit meat is a source of high quality protein.^[7] It can be used in most ways chicken meat is used. In fact, well-known chef Mark Bittman says that domesticated rabbit tastes like chicken because both are blank palettes upon which any desired flavors can be layered.^[8] Rabbit meat is leaner than beef, pork, and chicken meat. Rabbit products are generally labeled in three ways, the first being Fryer. This is a young rabbit between 1½ and 3½ pounds and up to 12 weeks in age. This type of meat is tender and fine grained. The next product is a Roaster; they are usually over 4 pounds and up to 8 months in age. The flesh is firm and coarse grained and less tender than a fryer. Then there are giblets which include the liver and heart. One of the most common types of rabbit to be bred for meat is New Zealand white rabbit.

There are several health issues associated with the use of rabbits for meat, one of which is Tularemia or Rabbit Fever.^[9] Another is so-called rabbit starvation, due most likely to essential fatty acid deficiencies in rabbit meat and synthesis limitations in human beings.

Rabbits are a favorite food item of large pythons, such as Burmese pythons and reticulated pythons, both in the wild, as well as pet pythons. A typical diet for example, for a pet Burmese python, is a rabbit once a week.^{[citation needed]}

Rabbit pelts are sometimes used in for clothing and accessories, such as scarves or hats. Angora rabbits are bread for their long, fine hair, which can be sheared and harvested like sheep wool. Rabbits are very good producers of manure; additionally, their urine, being high in nitrogen, makes lemon trees very productive. Their milk may also be of great medicinal or nutritional benefit due to its high protein content.^{[citation needed]}

Environmental problems

Rabbits have been a source of environmental problems when introduced into the wild by humans. As a result of their appetites, and the rate at which they breed, wild rabbit depredation can be problematic for agriculture. Gassing, barriers (fences), shooting, snaring, and ferreting have been used to control rabbit populations, but the most effective measures are diseases such as myxomatosis (myxo or mixi, colloquially) and calicivirus. In Europe, where rabbits are farmed on a large scale, they are protected against myxomatosis and calicivirus with a genetically modified virus. The virus was developed in Spain, and is beneficial to rabbit farmers. If it were to make its way into wild populations in areas such as Australia, it could create a population boom, as those diseases are the most serious threats to rabbit survival. Rabbits in Australia are considered to be such a pest that land owners are legally obliged to control them.^{[citation needed]}

Classifications

Rabbits and hares were formerly classified in the order Rodentia (rodent) until 1912, when they were moved into a new order Lagomorpha. This order also includes pikas.

Order Lagomorpha

• Family Leporidae
  • Genus Pentalagus
    • Amami Rabbit/Ryūkyū Rabbit, Pentalagus furnessi
  • Genus Bunolagus
    • Bushman Rabbit, Bunolagus monticularis
  • Genus Nesolagus
    • Sumatran Striped Rabbit, Nesolagus netscheri
    • Annamite Striped Rabbit, Nesolagus timminsi
  • Genus Romerolagus
    • Volcano Rabbit, Romerolagus diazi
  • Genus Brachylagus
    • Pygmy Rabbit, Brachylagus idahoensis
  • Genus Sylvilagus
    • Forest Rabbit, Sylvilagus brasiliensis
    • Dice's Cottontail, Sylvilagus dicei
    • Brush Rabbit, Sylvilagus bachmani
    • San Jose Brush Rabbit, Sylvilagus mansuetus
    • Swamp Rabbit, Sylvilagus aquaticus
    • Marsh Rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris
    • Eastern Cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus
    • New England Cottontail, Sylvilagus transitionalis
    • Mountain Cottontail, Sylvilagus nuttallii
    • Desert Cottontail, Sylvilagus audubonii
    • Omilteme Cottontail, Sylvilagus insonus
    • Mexican Cottontail, Sylvilagus cunicularis
    • Tres Marias Rabbit, Sylvilagus graysoni
  • Genus Oryctolagus
    • European Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus
  • Genus Poelagus
    • Central African Rabbit, Poelagus marjorita
  • Three other genera in family, regarded as hares, not rabbits

Naming

Rabbits are often known affectionately by the pet name bunny or bunny rabbit, especially when referring to young, domesticated rabbits. Originally, the word for an adult rabbit was coney or cony, while rabbit referred only to the young animals. The word rabbit, however, mostly replaced the older word during the nineteenth century after coney became a vulgarism by analogy to the word cunt (widely considered vulgar) due to their similar pronunciation. When coney was used to refer to rabbits, its pronunciation was changed to [koʊ.ni] (rhymes with "phoney"), instead of the original [kʌ.ni] (rhymes with "money") because of this.^{[10][11][12][13]} More recently, the term kit has been used to refer to a young rabbit. A group of young rabbits is referred to as a kindle. Young hares are called leverets, and this term is sometimes informally applied to any young rabbit. Male rabbits are called bucks and females does. A group of rabbits or hares is often called a fluffle in parts of Northern Canada.

In culture and literature

Rabbits are often used as a symbol of fertility or rebirth, and have long been associated with spring and Easter as the Easter Bunny. The species' role as a prey animal also lends itself as a symbol of innocence, another Easter connotation.

Additionally, rabbits are often used as symbols of playful sexuality, which also relates to the human perception of innocence, as well as its reputation as a prolific breeder.

Folklore and mythology

The rabbit often appears in folklore as the trickster archetype, as he uses his cunning to outwit his enemies.

• In Aztec mythology, a pantheon of four hundred rabbit gods known as Centzon Totochtin, led by Ometotchtli or Two Rabbit, represented fertility, parties, and drunkenness.
• In Central Africa "Kalulu" the rabbit is widely known as a tricky character, getting the better of bargains.^{[citation needed]}
• In Chinese literature, rabbits accompany Chang'e on the Moon. Also associated with the Chinese New Year (or Lunar New Year), rabbits are also one of the twelve celestial animals in the Chinese Zodiac for the Chinese calendar. It is interesting to note that the Vietnamese lunar new year replaced the rabbit with a cat in their calendar, as rabbits did not inhabit Vietnam.
• In the folklore of the United States, a rabbit's foot is frequently carried as an amulet, and is often used on keychains, where it is thought to bring luck. The practice derives from the system of African-American folk magic called hoodoo.
• In Japanese tradition, rabbits live on the Moon where they make mochi, the popular snack of mashed sticky rice. This comes from interpreting the pattern of dark patches on the moon as a rabbit standing on tiptoes on the left pounding on an usu, a Japanese mortar (See also: Moon rabbit). A popular culture manifestation of this tradition can be found in the character title character of Sailor Moon, whose name is Usagi Tsukino, a Japanese pun on the words "rabbit of the moon."
• In Jewish folklore, rabbits (shfanim) are associated with cowardice.
• A Korean myth similar to the Japanese counterpart presents rabbits living on the moon making rice cakes (Tteok in Korean).
• In Native American Ojibwe mythology, Nanabozho, or Great Rabbit, is an important deity related to the creation of the world.
• In Ugandan folklore, Shufti the rabit was the leader of the peoples when the sun God burnt the crops to the ground after the skull of the golden albatross was left out on the plains on the first day of the year.
• A Vietnamese mythological story portrays the rabbit of innocence and youthfulness. The Gods of the myth are shown to be hunting and killing rabbits to show off their power.

On the Isle of Portland in Dorset, UK, the rabbit is said to be unlucky and speaking its name can cause upset with older residents. This is thought to date back to early times in the quarrying industry, where piles of extracted stone (not fit for sale) were built into tall rough walls (to save space) directly behind the working quarry face; the rabbit's natural tendency to burrow would weaken these "walls" and cause collapse, often resulting in injuries or even death.

The name rabbit is often substituted with words such as “long ears” or “underground mutton”, so as not to have to say the actual word and bring bad luck to oneself. It is said that a public house (on the island) can be cleared of people by calling out the word rabbit and while this was very true in the past, it has gradually become more fable than fact over the past 50 years.

Other fictional rabbits

The rabbit as trickster appears in American popular culture; for example the Br'er Rabbit character from African-American folktales and Disney animation; and the Warner Bros. cartoon character Bugs Bunny.

Anthropomorphized rabbits have appeared in a host of works of film, literature, and technology, notably the White Rabbit and the March Hare in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland; in the popular novel Watership Down, by Richard Adams (which has also been made into a movie) and in Beatrix Potter's Peter Rabbit stories.

Urban legends

It was commonly believed that pregnancy tests were based on the idea that a rabbit would die if injected with a pregnant woman's urine. This is not true. However, in the 1920s it was discovered that if the urine contained the hCG, a hormone found in the bodies of pregnant women, the rabbit would display ovarian changes. The rabbit would then be killed to have its ovaries inspected, but the death of the rabbit was not the indicator of the results. Later revisions of the test allowed technicians to inspect the ovaries without killing the animal. A similar test involved injecting Xenopus frogs to make them lay eggs, but animal assays for pregnancy have been made obsolete by faster, cheaper, and simpler modern methods.

See also

• Cecotrope
• Cuniculture
• Domestic rabbit
• Dwarf rabbits
• European Rabbit
• House rabbit
• Jackalope
• List of fictional rabbits
• Rabbit hopping
• Rabbits in Australia

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rabbit

Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on Rabbit

• American Rabbit Breeders Association an organization which promotes all phases of rabbit keeping.
• House Rabbit Society an activist organization which promotes keeping rabbits indoors.
• RabbitShows.com an informational site on the hobby of showing rabbits.
• The (mostly) silent language of rabbits
• World Rabbit Science Association an international rabbit-health science-based organization.

v • d • e Extant Lagomorpha species Kingdom Animalia · Phylum Chordata · Class Mammalia · Infraclass Eutheria · Superorder Euarchontoglires   Family Ochotonidae (Pikas) Ochotona Subgenus Pika: Alpine Pika (O. alpina) · Helan Shan Pika (O. argentata) · Collared Pika (O. collaris) · Hoffmann's Pika (O. hoffmanni) · Northern Pika (O. hyperborea) · Pallas's Pika (O. pallasi) · American Pika (O. princeps) · Turuchan Pika (O. turuchanensis) Subgenus Ochotona: Gansu Pika (O. cansus) · Plateau Pika (O. curzoniae) · Daurian Pika (O. dauurica) · Tsing-ling Pika (O. huangensis) · Nubra Pika (O. nubrica) · Steppe Pika (O. pusilla) · Afghan Pika (O. rufescens) · Moupin Pika (O. thibetana) · Thomas's Pika (O. thomasi) Subgenus Conothoa: Chinese Red Pika (O. erythrotis) · Forrest's Pika (O. forresti) · Gaoligong Pika (O. gaoligongensis) · Glover's Pika (O. gloveri) · Himalayan Pika (O. himalayana) · Ili Pika (O. iliensis) · Koslov's Pika (O. koslowi) · Ladak Pika (O. ladacensis) · Large-eared Pika (O. macrotis) · Muli Pika (O. muliensis) · Black Pika (O. nigritia) · Royle's Pika (O. roylei) · Turkestan Red Pika (O. rutila)   Family Leporidae (includes Rabbits) Pentalagus Amami Rabbit (P. furnessi) Bunolagus Riverine Rabbit (B. monticularis) Nesolagus Sumatran Striped Rabbit (N. netscheri) · Annamite Striped Rabbit (N. timminsi) Romerolagus Volcano Rabbit (R. diazi) Brachylagus Pygmy Rabbit (B. idahoensis) Sylvilagus (Cottontail rabbits) Subgenus Tapeti: Swamp Rabbit (S. aquaticus) · Tapeti (S. brasiliensis) · Dice's Cottontail (S. dicei) · Omilteme Cottontail (S. insonus) · Marsh Rabbit (S. palustris) · Venezuelan Lowland Rabbit (S. varynaensis) Subgenus Sylvilagus: Desert Cottontail (S. audubonii) · Manzano Mountain Cottontail (S. cognatus) · Mexican Cottontail (S. cunicularis) · Eastern Cottontail (S. floridanus) · Tres Marias Rabbit (S. graysoni) · Mountain Cottontail (S. nuttallii) · Appalachian Cottontail (S. obscurus) · Robust Rabbit (S. robustus) Subgenus Microlagus: Brush Rabbit (S. bachmani) · San Jose Brush Rabbit (S. mansuetus) Oryctolagus European Rabbit (O. cuniculus) Poelagus Bunyoro Rabbit (P. marjorita) Pronolagus (Red rock hares) Natal Red Rock Hare (P. crassicaudatus) · Jameson's Red Rock Hare (P. randensis) · Smith's Red Rock Hare (P. rupestris) Caprolagus Hispid Hare (C. hispidus) Lepus (Hares) Subgenus Macrotolagus: Antelope Jackrabbit (L. alleni) Subgenus Poecilolagus: Snowshoe Hare (L. americanus) Subgenus Lepus: Arctic Hare (L. arcticus) · Alaskan Hare (L. othus) · Mountain Hare (L. timidus) Subgenus Proeulagus: Black-tailed Jackrabbit (L. californicus) · White-sided Jackrabbit (L. callotis) · Cape Hare (L. capensis) · Tehuantepec Jackrabbit (L. flavigularis) · Black Jackrabbit (L. insularis) · Scrub Hare (L. saxatilis) · Desert Hare (L. tibetanus) · Tolai Hare (L. tolai) Subgenus Eulagos: Broom Hare (L. castrovieoi) · Yunnan Hare (L. comus) · Korean Hare (L. coreanus) · Corsican Hare (L. corsicanus) · European Hare (L. europaeus) · Granada Hare (L. granatensis) · Manchurian Hare (L. mandschuricus) · Woolly Hare (L. oiostolus) · Ethiopian Highland Hare (L. starcki) · White-tailed Jackrabbit (L. townsendii) Subgenus Sabanalagus: Ethiopian Hare (L. fagani) · African Savanna Hare (L. microtis) Subgenus Indolagus: Hainan Hare (L. hainanus) · Indian Hare (L. nigricollis) · Burmese Hare (L. peguensis) Subgenus Sinolagus: Chinese Hare (L. sinensis) Subgenus Tarimolagus: Yarkand Hare (L. yarkandensis) Subgenus incertae sedis: Japanese Hare (L. brachyurus) · Abyssinian Hare (L. habessinicus)

v • d • e Game animals and shooting in North America Game birds Bobwhite Quail · Chukar · Hungarian Partridge · Prairie Chicken · Mourning Dove · Ring-necked pheasant · Ptarmigan · Ruffed Grouse · Sharp-tailed Grouse  · Snipe (Common Snipe) · Spruce Grouse · Turkey · Woodcock Waterfowl Black Duck · Canada Goose · Canvasback · Gadwall · Greater Scaup · Lesser Scaup · Mallard · Northern Pintail · Redhead · Ross's Goose · Snow Goose · Wood Duck Big game Bighorn Sheep · Black Bear · Razorback · Brown Bear · Bison (Buffalo) · Caribou · Cougar (Mountain Lion) · Elk · Moose · White-tailed deer · Gray wolf · Mountain goat · Mule Deer · Muskox · Dall Sheep · Polar Bear Other quarry American Alligator · Bobcat · Coyote · Fox Squirrel · Gray Fox · Gray Squirrel · Opossum · Rabbit · Raccoon · Red Fox · Snowshoe Hare See also Bear hunting · Big game hunting  · Deer hunting · Waterfowl hunting · Wolf hunting · Upland hunting

v • d • e Game animals and shooting in the United Kingdom Game birds: Common Pheasant · Grey Partridge · Red-legged Partridge · Red Grouse · Ptarmigan · Black Grouse1 · Eurasian Woodcock · Snipe · Quarry species Mallard · Teal · Wood Pigeon · Golden Plover · Canada Goose · Greylag Goose · Pink-footed Goose · Greater White-fronted Goose2 · Wigeon · Tufted Duck · Shoveler · Northern Pintail · Gadwall · Common Pochard · Common Goldeneye · Common Moorhen · Eurasian Coot · Deer: Red Deer · Roe Deer · Fallow Deer · Sika Deer · Reeves's Muntjac · Water Deer Other quarry: European Hare · Red Fox · European Rabbit · See also: British Association for Shooting and Conservation · Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom · Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust · Countryside Alliance · Glorious Twelfth · Gamekeeper · Deer stalking · Opponents: League Against Cruel Sports · Animal Aid · Law: Game Act 1831 · Hunting Act 2004 · 1 Rarely shot due to declining numbers. 2 England and Wales only; protected Scotland.