Class (file format)

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In the Java programming language, source files (.java files) are compiled into class files which have a .class extension. Since Java is a platform-independent language, source code is compiled into an output file known as bytecode, which it stores in a .class file. If a source file has more than one class, each class is compiled into a separate .class file. These .class files can be loaded by any Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Since JVMs are available for many platforms, the .class file compiled in one platform will execute in a JVM of another platform. This makes Java platform-independent.

[edit] History

As of 2006^[update], the modification of the class file format is being considered under Java Specification Request (JSR) 202.^[1]

[edit] File layout and structure

[edit] The TEN Sections

There are 10 basic sections to the Java Class File structure:

• Magic Number: 0xCAFEBABE
• Version of Class File Format: the minor and major versions of the class file
• Constant Pool: Pool of constants for the class
• Access Flags: for example whether the class is abstract, static, etc
• This Class: The name of the current class
• Super Class: The name of the super class
• Interfaces: Any interfaces in the class
• Fields: Any fields in the class
• Methods: Any methods in the class
• Attributes: Any attributes of the class (for example the name of the sourcefile, etc)

There is a handy mnemonic for remembering these 10: My Very Cute Animal Turns Savage In Full Moon Areas.

Magic, Version, Constant, Access, This, Super, Interfaces, Fields, Methods, Attributes (MVCATSIFMA)

[edit] Magic Number

Class files are identified by the following 4 byte header (in hexadecimal): CA FE BA BE (the first 4 entries in the above table). The history of this magic number was explained by James Gosling:^[2]

"We used to go to lunch at a place called St Michael's Alley. According to local legend, in the deep dark past, the Grateful Dead used to perform there before they made it big. It was a pretty funky place that was definitely a Grateful Dead Kinda Place. When Jerry died, they even put up a little Buddhist-esque shrine. When we used to go there, we referred to the place as Cafe Dead. Somewhere along the line it was noticed that this was a HEX number. I was re-vamping some file format code and needed a couple of magic numbers: one for the persistent object file, and one for classes. I used CAFEDEAD for the object file format, and in grepping for 4 character hex words that fit after "CAFE" (it seemed to be a good theme) I hit on BABE and decided to use it. At that time, it didn't seem terribly important or destined to go anywhere but the trash-can of history. So CAFEBABE became the class file format, and CAFEDEAD was the persistent object format. But the persistent object facility went away, and along with it went the use of CAFEDEAD - it was eventually replaced by RMI."

[edit] General layout

Because the class file contains variable-sized items and does not also contain embedded file offsets (or pointers), it is typically parsed sequentially, from the first byte toward the end. At the lowest level the file format is described in terms of a few fundamental data types:

• u1: an unsigned 8-bit integer
• u2: an unsigned 16-bit integer in big-endian byte order
• u4: an unsigned 32-bit integer in big-endian byte order
• table: an array of variable-length items of some type. The number of items in the table is identified by a preceding count number, but the size in bytes of the table can only be determined by examining each of its items.

Some of these fundamental types are then re-interpreted as higher-level values (such as strings or floating-point numbers), depending on context. There is no enforcement of word alignment, and so no padding bytes are ever used. The overall layout of the class file is as shown in the following table.

[edit] C programming language representation

The structure of the class file format can be described using a C-like syntax as follows. It should be noted, however, that this is not exactly C syntax because the tables defined by the class file format do not have fixed length entries in some cases.

struct Class_File_Format {
   u4 magic_number;   //unsigned, 4 byte (32 bit) number that
                       //indicates the start of a class file
                       //the actual value is defined in the Java
                       //Virtual Machine Specification as
                       //0xCAFEBABE in hexadecimal, which equals
                       //1100 1010 1111 1110 1011 1010 1011 1110
                       //in binary, and 3,405,691,582 in decimal
 
   u2 minor_version;   //unsigned, 2 byte (16 bit) minor version number
   u2 major_version;   //unsigned, 2 byte (16 bit) major version number
 
   u2 constant_pool_count;   //unsigned, 2 byte (16 bit) number
                             //indicating the number of entries
                             //in the constant pool table, plus
                             //one
 
   //the constant pool table
   cp_info constant_pool[constant_pool_count - 1];
 
 
   u2 access_flags;
 
   u2 this_class;
   u2 super_class;
 
 
   u2 interfaces_count;   //unsigned, 2 byte (16 bit) number
                           //indicating the number of entries
                           //in the table of superinterfaces
                           //of this class
 
   //the table of superinterfaces of this class
   u2 interfaces[interfaces_count];
 
 
   u2 fields_count;   //unsigned, 2 byte (16 bit) number
                       //indicating the number of entries in
                       //the table of fields of this class
 
   //the table of fields of this class
   field_info fields[fields_count];
 
 
   u2 methods_count;   //unsigned, 2 byte (16 bit) number
                       //indicating the number of entries in
                       //the table of methods of this class
 
   //the table of methods of this class
   method_info methods[methods_count];
 
 
   u2 attributes_count;   //unsigned, 2 byte (16 bit) number
                           //indicating the number of
                           //attributes in the attributes
                           //table
 
   //the attributes table
   attribute_info attributes[attributes_count];
}

[edit] The constant pool

The constant pool table is where most of the literal constant values are stored. This includes values such as numbers of all sorts, strings, identifier names, references to classes and methods, and type descriptors. All indexes, or references, to specific constants in the constant pool table are given by 16-bit (type u2) numbers, where index value 1 refers to the first constant in the table (index value 0 is invalid).

Due to historic choices made during the file format development, the number of constants in the constant pool table is not actually the same as the constant pool count which precedes the table. First, the table is indexed starting at 1 (rather than 0), so the count should actually be interpreted as the maximum index. Additionally a couple types of constants, namely longs and doubles, take up two consecutive slots in the table, although the second such slot is a phantom index that is never directly used.

The type of each item (constant) in the constant pool is identified by an initial byte tag. The number of bytes following this tag and their interpretation are then dependent upon the tag value. The legal constant types and their tag values are:

There are only two integral constant types, integer and long. Other integral types appearing in the high-level language, such as boolean, byte, and short must be represented as an integer constant.

Class names in Java, when fully qualified, are traditionally dot-separated, such as "java.lang.Object". However within the low-level Class reference constants, an internal form appears which uses slashes instead, such as "java/lang/Object".

The Unicode strings, despite the moniker "UTF-8 string", are not actually encoded according to the Unicode standard, although it is similar. There are two differences (see UTF-8 for a complete discussion). The first is that the codepoint U+0000 is encoded as the two-byte sequence C0 80 (in hex) instead of the standard single-byte encoding 00. The second difference is that supplementary characters (those outside the BMP at U+10000 and above) are encoded using a surrogate-pair construction similar to UTF-16 rather than being directly encoded using UTF-8. In this case each of the two surrogates is encoded separately in UTF-8. For example U+1D11E is encoded as the 6-byte sequence ED A0 B4 ED B4 9E, rather than the correct 4-byte UTF-8 encoding of f0 9d 84 9e.

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

• Tim Lindholm, Frank Yellin (1999). The Java Virtual Machine Specification (Second Edition ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-201-43294-3. http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/2nd-edition/html/VMSpecTOC.doc.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-13.  The official defining document of the Java Virtual Machine, which includes the class file format. Both the first and second editions of the book are freely available online for viewing and/or download.

[edit] External links

• Bytecode Visualizer LT - viewer for Java class files (free Eclipse plugin)