Straight edge
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Straight Edge refers to a lifestyle that started within the hardcore punk subculture whose adherents make a commitment to refrain from drinking alcohol, using tobacco products, and taking recreational drugs. The term was coined by the 1980s hardcore punk band Minor Threat in the song "Straight Edge".[1]
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[edit] The X Symbol
The letter X is the most known symbol of straight edge, commonly worn as a marking, symbol or tattoo on the back of one or both hands, though it can be displayed on other body parts as well. Some followers are known as "hardcore kids" referring to the hardcore and punk music scene in which straight edge is prevalent. Some followers of straight edge have also incorporated the symbol into clothing and pins. According to a series of interviews by journalist Michael Azerrad, the straight edge "X" can be traced to the Teen Idles' brief U.S. West Coast tour in 1980.[2] The Teen Idles were scheduled to play at San Francisco's Mabuhay Gardens, but when the band arrived, club management discovered that the entire band was under the legal drinking age and therefore should be denied entry to the club. As a compromise, management marked each of the Idles' hands with a large black "X" as a warning to the club's staff not to serve alcohol to the band. Upon returning to Washington, D.C., the band suggested this same system to local clubs as a means to allow teenagers in to see musical performances without being served alcohol. The mark soon became associated with the straight edge lifestyle. In recent years, more music venues have slowly been adopting this system.
A variation involving a trio of X's (xXx) originated in artwork created by Minor Threat's drummer, Jeff Nelson, in which he replaced the three stars in the band's hometown Washington, DC flag with Xs.[3] The term is sometimes abbreviated by including an X with the abbreviation of the term "straight edge" to give "sXe". By analogy, hardcore punk is sometimes abbreviated to "hXc". The X symbol can be used as a way to signify a band or person is Straight Edge, by adding the letter to the front and back, for example, the band 'xFilesx'.
[edit] History
William Tsitsos writes that straight edge has gone through three different eras since its creation in 1980.[4] Associated with punk rock, the early years of the straight edge subculture are now called the old school era.
[edit] Old school (1970s and early 1980s)
Straight edge sentiments can be found in songs by the early-1970s band The Modern Lovers, particularly within their songs "I'm Straight" and "She Cracked".[citation needed][5] An additional example of what may be considered a proto-straight-edge song is "Keep It Clean" by first wave English punk band The Vibrators. However, straight edge was most closely associated with punk rock, particularly the faster subgenre of hardcore punk which developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and partly characterized by shouting rather than sung vocals.[6] Straight edge people of this early "old school" era often associated with the original punk ideals such as individualism, disdain for work and school, and paradoxically live-for-the-moment attitudes.[4]
Although straight edge started on the east coast of the United States in Washington D.C. and New York, it quickly spread through the US and Canada.[7] By the 1980s, bands on the west coast of the United States, such as America's Hardcore (A.H.C.), Stalag 13, Justice League and Uniform Choice, were gaining popularity. In the early stages of this subculture’s history, concerts often consisted of non-straight-edge punk bands along with straight edge bands. However, circumstances soon changed and the old school era would eventually be viewed as the time "before the two scenes separated".[6] Old school straight edge bands included: the Washington D.C. bands Minor Threat, State of Alert (S.O.A.), Government Issue and Teen Idles, Reno, Nevada's 7 Seconds, Boston's SSD, DYS and Negative FX, California bands as mentioned above, and New York City bands such as Cause for Alarm and The Abused.
[edit] Youth crew (Mid 1980s)
During the youth crew era, which started in the mid 1980s, the influence of music on the straight edge scene seemed to be at an all-time high. The new branches of straight edge that came about during this era seemed to originate from ideas presented in songs. Notable youth crew bands included: Gorilla Biscuits, Judge, Bold, Youth of Today, Chain Of Strength and Slapshot.
Starting in the mid-1980s, the band Youth of Today became associated with the straight edge movement, and their song "Youth Crew" expressed a desire to unite the scene into a movement.[8] The most identifiable theme that arose during the youth crew era was an association of straight edge with vegetarianism. In 1988, Youth of Today released the song "No More", which initiated this new theme within the subculture. Lead singer Ray Cappo displayed his vegan views in the lyrics: "Meat-eating, flesh-eating, think about it. So callous this crime we commit". [9] This began a trend of animal rights and veganism within straight edge that would reach its peak in the 1990s.
[edit] 1990s
By the early 1990s, militant straight edge was a well-known presence in the scene - the term militant meaning someone who is dedicated and outspoken, but also believed to be narrow-minded, judgmental, and potentially violent.[10] The militant straight edger was characterized by the following: less tolerance for non-straight-edge people, more outward pride in being straight edge, more outspokenness, and the willingness to resort to violence in order to promote clean living.[10]
It was also around this time that veganism would became a major part of the lives of many straight edge individuals and was reflected by bands such as Earth Crisis and Path of Resistance that promoted militant straight edge and animal rights messages.
In the mid-1990s, a number of bands advocating social justice, animal liberation, veganism, and straight edge practices displayed a stronger metal influence. Bands from this era include Mouthpiece, Culture, Earth Crisis, Chorus of Disapproval, Undertow and Strife.
[edit] 2000s
After the 1990s, some of the more controversial aspects that surrounded straight edge began to disappear, partly in response to media reports portraying the movement as a type of gang. [11] In the 2000s, straight edge and non-straight-edge bands have played concerts together regularly. Some of these new era straight edge bands include Allegiance, Black My Heart, Casey Jones, Champion, Embrace Today, The First Step, xFilesx, Have Heart, Righteous Jams, Down to Nothing and Throwdown.
[edit] References
- ^ "Minor Threat Straight Edge Lyrics". LyricsDomain.com. 2008-06-17. http://www.lyricsdomain.com/13/minor_threat/straight_edge.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-12.
- ^ Azerrad, Michael(2002). Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground 1981-1991. Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-31678-753-1
- ^ "Minor Threat Sleevage". Sleevage.com. 2007-03-19. http://sleevage.com/minor-threat-minor-threat/. Retrieved on 2008-08-12.
- ^ a b Tsitsos, William (1999-10). "Rules of Rebellion: Slamdancing, Moshing, and the American Alternative Scene". Popular Music, 18(3), 403
- ^ see statements by Henry Rollins and Ian MacKaye in Michael Azerrad's Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground 1981–1991. 2002, Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-31678-753-1
- ^ a b Haenfler, Ross (2006). Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change (p. 11). Piscataway: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-81353-851-3
- ^ Bartlett, Thomas (2006-09-29). "Studying Rock’s Clean, Mean Movement". The Chronicle of Higher Education, A16.
- ^ Haenfler, Ross (2006). Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change (p. 12). Piscataway: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-81353-851-3
- ^ Youth of Today (1988). "No More". On We're Not In This Alone [LP/CD]. New York: Caroline Records (1988).
- ^ a b Haenfler, Ross (2006). Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change (p. 88). Piscataway: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-81353-851-3
- ^ "Inside Straight Edge". National Geographic Society. 2008-05-14. http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/inside/3442/Overview. Retrieved on 2008-08-06.
[edit] Further reading
- The Straight Edge Movement, by Sam McPheeters, Dave Stein, Jason O'Toole, and Brian Baker, Buzz 1987
- Wood, Robert T. (2006). Straight Edge Youth: The Complexity and Contradictions of a Subculture. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-3127-8
- Out of Step: Faces of Straight Edge, by Raymond McCrea Jones, Empire Press 2007, Philadelphia, PA. ISBN 13:978-0-615-15884-6 Official Website
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
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