Lou Reed

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Lou Reed
Reed in 2007, age 65
Reed in 2007, age 65
Background information
Birth name Lewis Allan Reed
Born March 2, 1942 (1942-03-02) (age 67)
Origin Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Genre(s) Experimental rock, Glam rock, Art rock, Protopunk
Occupation(s) Singer-songwriter, Guitarist, Record producer, Photographer
Instrument(s) Vocals, Guitar, Guitar synthesizer, Bass synthesizer, Keyboard, Piano, Harmonica
Years active 1958–present
Label(s) Matador, MGM, RCA, Sire
Associated acts The Velvet Underground, John Cale, Nico, David Bowie
Website www.loureed.org

Lewis Allan "Lou" Reed[1] (born March 2, 1942) is an American rock musician best known as the guitarist, vocalist and principal songwriter of The Velvet Underground as well as a successful solo artist whose career has spanned several decades. The band gained little mainstream attention during their career, but became one of the most influential of their era.[2] As the Velvet Underground's main songwriter, Reed analyzed subjects of personal experience that rarely had been examined so openly in rock and roll, including a variety of sexual topics and drug culture and use. As a guitarist, he was a pioneer of many guitar effects including distortion, high volume feedback, and nonstandard tunings.

Reed began a long and eclectic solo career in 1971. He had a hit the following year with "Walk on the Wild Side", though for more than a decade he seemed to wilfully evade the mainstream commercial success its chart status offered him.[3] One of rock's most volatile personalities, Reed's work as a solo artist has frustrated critics wishing for a return of The Velvet Underground. The most notable example is 1975's infamous double LP of recorded feedback loops, Metal Machine Music, upon which Reed later commented: "No one is supposed to be able to do a thing like that and survive." By the late 1980s, however, he had garnered recognition as an elder statesman of rock.

Contents

[edit] Early life

Lou Reed was born into a Jewish family in 1942 at Beth El Hospital in Brooklyn and grew up in Freeport, New York. Contrary to some sources, his birth name was Lewis Allan Reed, not Louis Firbanks[4] (that name was a joke started by Lester Bangs for Creem magazine). He developed an early interest in rock and roll and rhythm and blues, and during high school played in a number of bands. His first recording was as a member of a doo wop-style group called The Shades.

Reed received electroconvulsive therapy in his teen years in response to his homosexual behavior; in his dark 1974 song, "Kill Your Sons", he revisited the experience. In an interview, Reed said of the experience:

“ They put the thing down your throat so you don't swallow your tongue, and they put electrodes on your head. That's what was recommended in Rockland County to discourage homosexual feelings. The effect is that you lose your memory and become a vegetable. You can't read a book because you get to page seventeen and have to go right back to page one again.[5] ”

Reed began attending Syracuse University, where he hosted a late-night radio program on WAER called "Excursions On A Wobbly Rail" (titled after a song by pianist Cecil Taylor[6]), which typically featured doo wop, rhythm and blues and jazz, particularly the free jazz developed in the mid-1950s. Many of Reed's innovative guitar techniques were inspired by jazz saxophonists, notably Ornette Coleman. Reed graduated from the Syracuse College of Arts and Sciences with a Bachelors of the Arts degree in June 1964.

Noted poet Delmore Schwartz, then in the last years of his life, taught at Syracuse and befriended Reed, who in 1966 dedicated to Schwartz the song "European Son", from the Velvet Underground's debut album The Velvet Underground and Nico. [7] Later, in 1982, Reed recorded "My House", as a tribute to his late mentor: "My Dedalus to your Bloom was such a perfect wit." Schwartz's influence on the aspiring writer seems to have been through encouragement, but Reed also credits him for insisting on use of colloquial language in his writing. He said later his goals as a writer were "to bring the sensitivities of the novel to rock music" or to write the Great American Novel in a record album[8].

[edit] Career

[edit] Staff songwriter at Pickwick Records

In 1963, Reed moved to New York City, and began working as an in-house songwriter for Pickwick Records. In 1964, he scored a minor hit with the single "The Ostrich", a parodic novelty song of popular "dance songs" such as "The Twist" that included lines such as "put your head on the floor and have somebody step on it." His employers had felt the song had hit record potential, and arranged for a band to be assembled around Reed to promote the recording. The ad hoc group, called The Primitives, included Welsh musician John Cale, who had recently moved to New York to study music and was playing viola in composer La Monte Young's Theater of Eternal Music along with Tony Conrad. Cale and Conrad were both surprised to find that for "The Ostrich" Reed tuned each string of his guitar to the same note. This technique created a drone effect similar to their experimentation in Young's avant garde ensemble. Disappointed with Reed's performance, Cale was nevertheless impressed by Reed's early repertoire (including "Heroin"), and a partnership began to evolve.

[edit] The Velvet Underground

Main article: The Velvet Underground

Reed and Cale lived together on the Lower East Side, and, adding Reed's college acquaintances guitarist Sterling Morrison and drummer Maureen Tucker to the group, they formed The Velvet Underground. Though internally unstable (Cale left in 1968; Reed in 1970) and never achieving significant commercial success, the band has a long-standing reputation as one of the most influential underground bands in rock history.[9]

The group caught the attention of notable artist Andy Warhol, who raised their profile immeasurably, if not improving their immediate fortunes. One of Warhol's first contributions to the band's success was securing them a steady spot as the house band at Max's Kansas City.[10] Warhol's associates inspired many of Reed's songs as he fell into a thriving, multifaceted artistic scene. Reed rarely gives an interview without paying homage to Warhol as a mentor figure. Still, conflict emerged when Warhol had the idea for the group to take on as "chanteuse" the European former model Nico. Reed and the others registered their objection by titling their debut album The Velvet Underground and Nico. Despite his initial resistance, Reed wrote several songs for Nico to sing, and the two were briefly lovers (as were Nico and Cale later). At the time, this album reached #171 on the charts.

Today, however, it is considered one of the most influential rock albums ever produced, influencing glam rock, punk, post punk, gothic rock, shoegazing and more. Rolling Stone has it listed as the 13th best rock album of all time. Brian Eno once famously stated that although few people bought the album, most of those who did were inspired to form their own band.[11]

By the time the band recorded White Light/White Heat, Nico had quit and Warhol was fired, both against the wishes of Cale. Warhol's replacement as manager, Steve Sesnick, convinced Reed to drive Cale out of the band. Morrison and Tucker were discomfited by Reed's tactics but continued with the group. Cale's replacement was Doug Yule, whom Reed would often facetiously introduce as his younger brother. The group now took on a more pop-oriented sound and acted more as a vehicle for Reed to develop his songwriting craft. The group released two more albums with this line up: 1969's The Velvet Underground and 1970's Loaded. The latter included two of the group's most commercially successful songs, "Rock and Roll" and "Sweet Jane". Reed left the Velvet Underground in August 1970; the band disintegrated as core members Sterling Morrison and Maureen Tucker departed in August 1971 and early 1972, respectively. Doug Yule continued until early 1973 and released one more studio album, Squeeze, under the Velvet Underground name.

After the band's move to Atlantic's Cotillion label, their new manager pushed Reed to change the subject matter of his songs to lighter topics in hopes of resulting in more accessible and mainstream music. The band's album Loaded had taken more time to record than the previous three albums together and was written and produced to be "loaded with hits", but had not broken the band through to a wider audience. Reed briefly retired to his parents' home on Long Island.

[edit] Solo career

[edit] 1970s

After quitting the Velvet Underground in August 1970, Reed took a job at his father's tax accounting firm as a typist, by his own account earning $40 a week. A year later, however, he signed a recording contract with RCA and recorded his first solo album in London with top session musicians including Steve Howe and Rick Wakeman, members of the progressive rock group Yes. The album, simply titled Lou Reed, contained smoothly produced, re-recorded versions of unreleased Velvet Underground songs, some of which were originally recorded by the Velvets for Loaded but shelved (see the Peel Slowly and See box set). This first solo album was overlooked by most pop-music critics (although Stephen Holden in Rolling Stone called it "almost perfect") and it did not sell in significant numbers.

In 1972 Reed released the glam rock record Transformer. David Bowie and Mick Ronson co-produced the album and introduced Reed to a wider popular audience (specifically in the UK). The hit single "Walk on the Wild Side" was both a salute and swipe at the misfits, hustlers, and transvestites in Andy Warhol's Factory. The song's cleverly transgressive lyrics evaded radio censorship. Though musically somewhat atypical for Reed, it eventually became his signature song. The song came about as a result of his commission to compose a soundtrack to a theatrical adaptation of Nelson Algren's novel of the same name, though the play failed to materialize. Ronson's arrangements brought out new aspects of Reed's songs; "Perfect Day", for example, features delicate strings and soaring dynamics. It was rediscovered in the 1990s and allowed Reed to drop "Walk on the Wild Side" from his concerts.

Though Transformer would prove to be Reed's commercial and critical pinnacle, there was no small amount of resentment in Reed devoted to the shadow the record cast over the rest of his career. A public argument between Bowie and Reed ended their working relationship for several years, though the subject of the argument is not known. The two reconciled some years later, and Reed performed with Bowie at the latter's 50th birthday concert at Madison Square Garden in 1997. The two would not formally collaborate again until 2003's The Raven. Reed followed Transformer with the darker Berlin, which tells the story of two junkies in love in the city of the same name. The songs variously concern domestic abuse ("Caroline Says I", "Caroline Says II"), drug addiction ("How Do You Think It Feels"), adultery and prostitution ("The Kids"), and suicide ("The Bed").

As he had done with Berlin after Transformer, in 1975 Reed responded to his glam rock success with a commercial failure, a double album of electronically generated audio feedback, Metal Machine Music. Critics interpreted it as a gesture of contempt, an attempt to break his contract with RCA or to alienate his less sophisticated fans. But Reed claimed that the album was a genuine artistic effort, even suggesting that quotations of classical music could be found buried in the feedback. Bangs declared it "genius", though also as psychologically disturbing. The album was reportedly returned to stores by the thousands after a few weeks.[12] Though later admitting that the liner notes' list of instruments is fictitious and intended as parody, Reed maintains that MMM was and is a serious album. In the 2000s it was adapted for orchestral performance by the German ensemble Zeitkratzer.

By contrast, 1976's Coney Island Baby was mainly a warm and mellow album, though for its characters Reed still drew on the underworld of city life. At this time his lover was a transgender woman, Rachel, mentioned in the dedication of "Coney Island Baby" and appearing in the photos on the cover of Reed's 1977 "best of" album, Walk on the Wild Side: The Best of Lou Reed. While Rock and Roll Heart, his 1976 debut for his new record label Arista, fell short of expectations, Street Hassle (1978) was a return to form in the midst of the punk scene he had helped to inspire. But ironically Reed was dismissive of punk and ...'disclaimed any identity with punk '"Its... [r]idiculous I'm too literate to be into punk rock...The whole CBGB's, new Max's thing that everyone's into and what's going on in London - you don't seriously think I'm responsible for what's mostly rubbish?'[13]''The Bells (1979) featured jazz great Don Cherry, and was followed by Growing Up in Public with guitarist Chuck Hammer the following year. Around this period he also appeared as a sleazy record producer in Paul Simon's film One Trick Pony. Reed also played several unannounced one-off concerts in tiny downtown Manhattan clubs with the likes of Cale, Patti Smith, and David Byrne during the period, but full reconciliation between Cale and Reed was implausible. Cale later wrote the song "Woman" about Reed on his album BlackAcetate.

[edit] 1980s

In 1980, Reed married British designer Sylvia Morales.[14] They were divorced more than a decade later. While together, Morales inspired some of Reed's strongest love songs, particularly "Think it Over" from 1980's Growing Up in Public and "Women" from 1982's The Blue Mask. After Legendary Hearts (1983) and New Sensations (1984) fared adequately on the charts, Reed was sufficiently rehabilitated as a public figure to become spokesman for Honda scooters. In 1986, he joined the Amnesty International A Conspiracy of Hope Tour and was outspoken about New York's political issues and personalities on the 1989 album New York, commenting on crime, AIDS, Jesse Jackson, Kurt Waldheim, and Pope John Paul II.

Reed also took movie roles that echoed aspects of his personality—or at least his reputation. He played "metaphysical folk singer" Auden (a satire of Bob Dylan) in the 1983 Allan Arkush film Get Crazy, for which he wrote and performed the song "Little Sister". Reed also provided the singing voice for the character Mok in the 1983 film Rock & Rule and wrote the songs "My Name Is Mok" and "Triumph" for the film's soundtrack.

Following Warhol's death after routine surgery in 1987, Reed again collaborated with John Cale on 1990's Songs for Drella (Drella - Warhol's nickname - is a blend of the words "Dracula" and "Cinderella"). The album marked an end to a 22-year estrangement. The album took the shape of a Warhol biography; on the album, Reed sings of his love for his late friend, but also criticizes both the doctors who were unable to save Warhol's life and Warhol's would-be assassin, Valerie Solanas.

[edit] 1990s

Lou Reed performing at the Arlene Schinitzer Concert Hall in Portland, Oregon.

In 1990, following a 20-year hiatus, the Velvet Underground reformed for a Cartier benefit in France. Reed released his sixteenth solo record, Magic and Loss in 1992, an album about mortality, inspired by the death of two close friends from cancer. In 1993, the Velvet Underground again reunited and toured throughout Europe, though plans for a North American tour were cancelled following another falling out between Reed and Cale. In 1994, Reed appeared in A Celebration: The Music of Pete Townshend and The Who, also known as Daltrey Sings Townshend. This was a two-night concert at Carnegie Hall produced by Roger Daltrey of English rock band The Who in celebration of his fiftieth birthday. In 1994, a CD and a VHS video were issued, and in 1998 a DVD was released. Reed performed a radically rearranged version of "Now And Then" from Psychoderelict.

In 1996, the Velvet Underground were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. At the induction ceremony, Reed performed a song entitled "Last Night I Said Goodbye to My Friend" alongside former bandmates John Cale and Maureen Tucker, in dedication to Velvet Underground guitarist Sterling Morrison, who had died the previous August. Reed has since been nominated for the Rock Hall as a solo artist twice, in 2000 and 2001, but has not been inducted.[15]

In 1997, over 30 artists covered "Perfect Day" for the BBC's "Children in Need" appeal. 1996's Set the Twilight Reeling received a lukewarm reception, but 2000's Ecstasy - including several tracks originally written for the "Time Rocker" piece - drew praise from most critics, including Robert Christgau. In 1996, Lou Reed contributed songs and music to Time Rocker, an avant-garde theatrical interpretation of H.G. Wells's The Time Machine staged by theater director Robert Wilson. The piece premiered in the Thalia Theater in Hamburg, Germany, and was later also shown at The Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York.[16]

Since the late 1990s, Reed has been romantically linked to the musician, multi-media and performance artist Laurie Anderson, and the two have collaborated on a number of recordings together. Anderson contributed to "Call On Me" from Reed's project The Raven, to the tracks "Rouge" and "Rock Minuet" from Reed's Ecstasy, and to "Hang On To Your Emotions" from Reed's Set the Twilight Reeling. Reed contributed to "In Our Sleep" from Anderson's Bright Red and to "One Beautiful Evening" from Anderson's Life on a String. They were married on April 12, 2008[17].

[edit] 2000s

In May 2000, Reed performed before Pope John Paul II at the Great Jubilee Concert in Rome. In 2000, a new collaboration with Robert Wilson called Poe-Try was staged at the Thalia Theater in Germany. As with the previous collaboration Time Rocker, Poe-Try was also inspired by the works of a 19th century writer: Edgar Allan Poe. Lou became obsessed with Poe after producer and long-time friend Hal Willner had suggested him to read some of Poe's text at a Halloween benefit he was curating at St. Ann's Episcopal Church in Brooklyn.[18] For this new collaboration with Robert Willson, Lou Reed reworked and even rewrote some of Poe's text as well as included some new songs based on the theme explored in the texts. In 2001, Reed made a cameo appearance in the movie adaptation of Prozac Nation. On October 6, 2001 the New York Times published a Lou Reed poem called Laurie Sadly Listening in which he reflects upon the events of 9/11.[19]

Incorrect reports of Reed's death were broadcast by numerous US radio stations in 2001, caused by a hoax email (purporting to be from Reuters) which said he had died of an overdose. In 2003, he released a 2-CD set, The Raven, based on "Poe-Try". Besides Lou Reed and his band, the album featured a wide range of actors and musicians including singers David Bowie, Laurie Anderson, Kate McGarrigle & Anna McGarrigle, The Blind Boys of Alabama and Antony Hegarty, saxophonist and long-time idol Ornette Coleman, and actors Elizabeth Ashley, Steve Buscemi, Willem Dafoe, Amanda Plummer, Fisher Stevens and Kate Valk. The album consisted of songs written by Reed and spoken word performances of reworked and rewritten texts of Edgar Allan Poe by the actors, set to electronic music composed by Reed. At the same time a 1-CD version of the albums, focusing on the music, was also released.

A few months after the release of The Raven, a new 2-CD Best Of-set was released, entitled NYC Man (The Ultimate Collection 1967-2003), which featured an unreleased version of the song "Who am I" and a selection of career spanning tracks that had been selected, remastered and sequenced under Lou's own supervision. In April 2003, Lou Reed embarked on a new world tour supporting both new and released material, with a band including celliste Jane Scarpantoni and singer Antony Hegarty. During some of the concerts for this tour, the band was joined by Master Ren Guangyi, Lou's personal Tai Chi instructor, performing Tai Chi movements to the music on stage. This tour was documented in the 2004 double disc live album Animal Serenade, recorded live at The Wiltern in Los Angeles.

2003 also saw the release of Lou's first book of photographs, called Emotions in Action. This work actually was made up out of 2 books, a larger A4-paper sized called "Emotions" and a smaller one called "Actions" which was laid into the hard cover of the former. After Hours: a Tribute to the Music of Lou Reed was released by Wampus Multimedia in 2003. In 2004, a Groovefinder remix of his song, "Satellite of Love" (called "Satellite of Love '04") was released. It reached #10 in the UK singles chart. Also in 2004, Lou Reed contributed vocals and guitar to the track "Fistful of love" on I Am a Bird Now by Antony and the Johnsons. In 2005, Reed did a spoken word text on Danish rock band Kashmir's album No Balance Palace.

In January 2006, a second book of photographs called "Lou Reed's New York" was released.[20] At the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, Reed performed "White Light/White Heat" with The Raconteurs. Later in the night, while co-presenting the award for Best Rock Video with Pink, he exclaimed, apparently unscripted, that "MTV should be playing more rock n' roll".

In October 2006, Lou Reed appeared at Hal Willner's Leonard Cohen tribute show "Came So Far For Beauty" in Dublin, beside the cast of Laurie Anderson, Nick Cave, Antony, Jarvis Cocker, Beth Orton, and others. According to the reports, he transformed Cohen's "The Stranger Song" into metal rock[21]. He also performed "One Of Us Cannot Be Wrong" and two duets - "Joan of Arc", Cohen's song about Nico[citation needed], with Cohen's former back-up singer Julie Christensen, thus re-casting Cohen's duet with her from 1994 Cohen Live album, and "Memories" - which also refers to Nico - in a duet with Anjani Thomas. The tracks are available on unofficial recordings made by Cohen fans.

In December 2006, much to everyone's surprise, Lou Reed played a first series of show at St. Ann's Warehouse, Brooklyn, New York, based on his now legendary 1973 Berlin song cycle. Reed was reunited on stage with guitarist Steve Hunter, who played on the original album as well as on Rock 'n' Roll Animal, as well as joined by singers Antony Hegarty and Sharon Jones, pianist Rupert Christie, a horn and string section and the Brooklyn Youth Chorus. The show was being produced by Bob Ezrin, who also produced the original album, and Hal Willner. The stage was designed by painter Julian Schnabel and a film about protagonist 'Caroline' directed by his daughter, Lola Schnabel, was being projected to the stage. A live recording of these concerts was also published as a film (directed by Julian Schnabel) which was released spring 2008. The show was also played at the Sydney Festival in January 2007 and throughout Europe during June and July 2007. The album of the concert, entitled Berlin: Live At St. Ann's Warehouse, was released in 2008.

In April 2007, he released 'Hudson River Wind Meditations', his first record of ambient meditation music. The record was released on the Sounds True record label and contains four tracks that were said to have been composed just for himself as a guidance for Tai Chi exercise and meditation. In May 2007 Reed performed the narration for a screening of Guy Maddin's silent film The Brand Upon the Brain. In June 2007, he performed live at the Traffic Festival 2007 in Turin, Italy, a five-day free event organized by the town.

In August 2007, Reed went into the studio with The Killers in New York City to record 'Tranquilize', a duet with Brandon Flowers for The Killers' b-side/rarities album, called Sawdust. During that month, he also recorded guitar for the Lucibel Crater song 'Threadbare Funeral', which appears on their full-length CD The Family Album. In October 2007, Lou Reed gave a special performance in the Recitement song 'Passengers'. 'Recitement' is a CD that combines music with spoken word. The album was composed by Stephen Emmer and produced by Tony Visconti. Hollandcentraal was inspired by this piece of music and literature, which spawned a concept for a music video. On October 1st, 2008, Reed joined Richard Barone via projected video on a spoken/sung duet of Reed's "I'll Be Your Mirror," with cellist Jane Scarpantoni, in Barone's "FRONTMAN: A Musical Reading" at Carnegie Hall.

On April 12, 2008, Lou Reed married life partner Laurie Anderson in a private ceremony in Boulder, Colorado.[22]

[edit] Discography

[edit] With The Velvet Underground

Main article: The Velvet Underground discography

[edit] Solo

[edit] Studio albums

[edit] Live albums

[edit] Compilations

[edit] Singles

  • Walk on the Wild Side b/w Perfect Day (1972) US #16, UK #10
  • Satellite of Love b/w Vicious (1973)
  • I Love You, Suzanne (1984) US # - (Mainstream Rock Tracks #31)
  • No Money Down (1986) US # - (Mainstream Rock Tracks #19)
  • Dirty Blvd. (1989) US # - (Mainstream Rock Tracks #18, Modern Rock Tracks #1)
  • Busload of Faith (1989) US # - (Modern Rock Tracks #11)
  • Nobody But You (1990) US # - (Modern Rock Tracks #13)
  • What's Good (1992) US # - (Modern Rock Tracks #1)
  • Perfect Day (1997) [Children in Need '97] UK #1
  • Perfect Day (2000) [Various Artists (including Lou Reed)] UK #69
  • Satellite of Love 2004 b/w Satellite of Love (2004) UK #10
  • Tranquilize (2007) [The Killers feat Lou Reed] UK #13

[edit] Collaborations

[edit] Appearances

[edit] Appearances in film

[edit] References

  1. ^ Lou Reed - Walk on the Wild Side: The Stories Behind the Songs, Chris Roberts and Lou Reed, 2004, Hal Leonard, ISBN 0634080326
  2. ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (2000). "The Velvet Underground". http://www.rockhall.com/hof/inductee.asp?id=204. Retrieved on 2006-09-15. 
  3. ^ Richie Unterberger & Greg Prato (2005). "Lou Reed Biography". http://search.mercora.com/v6/ArtistMetaData.jsp?name=Lou+Reed. Retrieved on 2006-09-15. 
  4. ^ Lou Reed - Walk on the Wild Side: The Stories Behind the Songs, Chris Roberts and Lou Reed, 2004, Hal Leonard, ISBN 0634080326
  5. ^ Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk (1996)
  6. ^ David Fricke, liner notes for the Peel Slowly and See box set (Polydor, 1995)
  7. ^ "Velvet Underground and Nico" (1967), album cover notes and record label.
  8. ^ Interview in Rolling Stone Magazine Nov/Dec 1987: Twentieth Anniversary Issue
  9. ^ Black, Johnny. Time Machine: Velvet Underground (1997), Mojo Magazine
  10. ^ Andy Warhol and The Velvet Underground at Max's Kansas City
  11. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/release/fq4h/ BBC-Music Review
  12. ^ Lou Reed interview with Anthony DeCurtis at the 92nd Street Y New York on Sept 18, 2006
  13. ^ Waiting For The Man - A Biography of Lou Reed. Jeremy Reed,1994 Picador p.156
  14. ^ Sandall, Robert (9 February 2003). "Lou Reed: Walk on the mild side". The Sunday Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article860207.ece. Retrieved on 20 December 2008. 
  15. ^ Futurerockhall.com
  16. ^ NEXT WAVE FESTIVAL REVIEW/MUSIC; Echoes of H. G. Wells, Rhythms of Lou Reed - New York Times
  17. ^ Morning Memo: Lou Reed and Laurie Anderson Make it Legal
  18. ^ VH1.com : Lou Reed : Lou Reed's Obsession With Edgar Allan Poe Spawns The Raven - Rhapsody Music Downloads
  19. ^ [ http://www.bushwatch.com/auden.htm]
  20. ^ [http://www.artbook.com/3865211526.html Lou Reed's New York ]
  21. ^ "Came so Far For Beauty At The Point Theatre, Dublin, October 4 and 5, 2006", http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/dublin.html
  22. ^ "Laurie & Lou's big day", BBC Radio 6 Music (bbc.co.uk), May 1, 2008 (accessed May 6, 2008)

[edit] External links

Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lou Reed
Sister project Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lou Reed
v • d • e
Lou Reed
Studio albums
Collaborations
Live albums
Compilations
Box sets
Related articles
v • d • e
The Velvet Underground
John Cale · Sterling Morrison · Lou Reed · Maureen Tucker · Doug Yule
Willie Alexander · Angus MacLise · Walter Powers · Billy Yule
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilations
Songs
Related articles


Persondata
NAME Reed, Lou
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Singer-songwriter, guitarist, record producer, Photographer
DATE OF BIRTH March 2, 1942
PLACE OF BIRTH Brooklyn, New York
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Reed"
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