FairTax

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The FairTax is a proposed change to the federal tax laws of the United States that would replace all federal income taxes[1] with a single national retail sales tax. The plan has been introduced into the United States Congress as the Fair Tax Act (H.R. 25/S. 296). The tax would be levied once at the point of purchase on all new goods and services for personal consumption. The proposal also calls for a monthly payment to all family households of lawful U.S. residents as an advance rebate, or 'prebate', of tax on purchases up to the poverty level.[2][3] The sales tax rate, as defined in the legislation, is 23 percent of the total payment including the tax ($23 of every $100 spent in total—calculated similar to income taxes). This would be equivalent to a 30 percent traditional U.S. sales tax ($23 on top of every $77 spent before taxes).[4]

With the rebate taken into consideration, the FairTax would be progressive on consumption,[3] but would also be regressive on income at higher income levels (as consumption falls as a percentage of income).[5][6] Opponents argue this would accordingly decrease the tax burden on high income earners and increase it on the middle class.[4][7] Supporters contend that the plan would decrease tax burdens by broadening the tax base, effectively taxing wealth, and increasing purchasing power.[8][9] The plan's supporters also argue that a consumption tax would have a positive effect on savings and investment, that it would ease tax compliance, and that the tax would result in increased economic growth, incentives for international business to locate in the U.S., and increased U.S. competitiveness in international trade.[10][11][12] Opponents contend that a consumption tax of this size would be extremely difficult to collect, and would lead to pervasive tax evasion.[4][5] They also argue that the proposed sales tax rate would raise less revenue than the current tax system, leading to an increased budget deficit.[4][13]

In recent years, a tax reform movement has formed behind the FairTax proposal.[14] Increased support was created after talk radio personality Neal Boortz and Georgia Congressman John Linder published The FairTax Book in 2005 and additional visibility was gained in the 2008 presidential campaign. A number of congressional committees have heard testimony on the bill; however, it has not moved from committee since its introduction in 1999 and has yet to have any effect on the tax system. The plan is expected to increase cost transparency for funding the federal government, and supporters believe it would have positive effects on civil liberties, the environment, and advantages with taxing illegal activity and illegal immigrants.[10][15] There are concerns regarding the proposed repeal of the Sixteenth Amendment, removal of tax deduction incentives, transition effects on after-tax savings, effect to the income tax industry, incentives on credit use, and the loss of tax advantages to state and local bonds.

Contents

[edit] Legislative overview and history

Rep John Linder holding the 132 page Fair Tax Act in contrast to over 60,000 pages of U.S. tax code.

The Fair Tax Act is designed to replace all federal income taxes (including the alternative minimum tax, corporate income taxes, and capital gains taxes), payroll taxes (including Social Security and Medicare taxes), gift taxes, and estate taxes with a national retail sales tax. The legislation would remove the Internal Revenue Service (after three years), and establish an Excise Tax Bureau and a Sales Tax Bureau in the Department of the Treasury.[16] The states are granted the primary authority for the collection of sales tax revenues and the remittance of such revenues to the Treasury. The plan was created by Americans For Fair Taxation, an advocacy group formed to change the tax system. The group states that, together with economists, it developed the plan and the name "Fair Tax", based on interviews, polls, and focus groups of the general public.[4] Since the term "fair" is subjective, the name of the plan has been criticized as deceptive marketing by some, while being touted as true to its name by others. The FairTax legislation has been introduced by Georgia Republican John Linder in the House and by Georgia Republican Senator Saxby Chambliss in the Senate.

Linder first introduced the Fair Tax Act (H.R. 2525) on July 14, 1999 to the 106th United States Congress and has reintroduced a substantially similar bill in each subsequent session of Congress. The bill attracted a total of 56 House and Senate cosponsors in the 108th Congress (H.R. 25/S. 1493),[17][18] 61 in the 109th Congress (H.R. 25/S. 25),[19][20] 76 in the 110th Congress (H.R. 25/S. 1025),[21][22] and 54 in the 111th United States Congress (H.R. 25/S. 296).[23][24] Former Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert (Republican) has cosponsored the bill but it has not received support from the Democratic leadership, which now controls Congress.[20][21][25] Democratic Representative Collin Peterson of Minnesota and Democratic Senator Zell Miller of Georgia cosponsored and introduced the bill in the 108th Congress, but Peterson is no longer cosponsoring the bill and Miller has left the Senate.[17][18] In the 109th and 110th Congress, Representative Dan Boren has been the only Democrat to cosponsor the bill.[19][21] A number of congressional committees have heard testimony on the FairTax, but it has not moved from committee since its introduction in 1999. The legislation was also discussed with President George W. Bush and his Secretary of the Treasury Henry M. Paulson.[26]

To become law, the bill will need to be included in a final version of tax legislation from the U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means, pass both the House and the Senate, and finally be signed by the President. In 2005, President Bush established an advisory panel on tax reform, chaired by former senators Connie Mack III and John Breaux. As part of its task, the panel examined several national sales tax variants including aspects of the FairTax and noted several concerns. These included uncertainties as to the revenue that would be generated, and difficulties of enforcement and administration, which made this type of tax undesirable to recommend in their final report.[7] The FairTax received visibility in the 2008 presidential election on the issue of taxes and the IRS, with several candidates supporting the bill.[27][28] President Barack Obama does not support the bill,[29] arguing for more progressive changes to the income and payroll tax systems.

[edit] Tax rate

The sales tax rate, as defined in the legislation, is 23 percent of the total payment including the tax ($23 of every $100 spent in total—calculated similar to income taxes). This would be equivalent to a 30 percent traditional U.S. sales tax ($23 on top of every $77 spent before taxes).[4] The effective tax rate for any household would be variable due to the fixed monthly tax rebates that are used to "untax" purchases up to the poverty level.[3] The tax would be levied on all U.S. retail sales for personal consumption on new goods and services. Critics argue that the sales tax rate defined in the legislation would not be revenue neutral (that is, it would collect significantly less for the government than the current tax regime), and thus would increase the budget deficit, given the current amount of government spending.[4]

[edit] Sales tax rate

The FairTax legislation would apply a 23 percent federal retail sales tax on the total transaction value of a purchase; in other words, consumers pay to the government 23 cents of every dollar spent in total (sometimes called tax-inclusive, as income taxes are calculated). The assessed tax rate is 30 percent if the FairTax is applied to the pre-tax price of a good like traditional U.S. state sales taxes (sometimes called tax-exclusive).[4] The tax would be levied once at the final retail sale for personal consumption on new goods and services. A good would be considered "used" and not taxable if a consumer already owns it before the FairTax takes effect or if the FairTax has been paid previously on the good, which may be different than the item being sold previously. Exports and intermediate business transactions would not be taxed, nor would savings, investments, or education tuition expenses as they would be considered an investment (rather than final consumption).[30] Personal services such as health care, legal services, financial services, haircuts, and auto repairs would be subject to the FairTax, as would renting apartments and other real property.[4] In comparison, the current tax system also taxes such consumption indirectly by taxing the income used for purchase. State sales taxes generally exempt certain goods and services in an effort to reduce the tax burden on low-income families. The FairTax would use a monthly "prebate" system instead of the common state exclusions. The FairTax would apply to Internet purchases and would tax retail international purchases (such as a boat or car) that are imported to the United States (collected by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection).[30]

[edit] Effective tax rate

For more details on this topic, see Distribution of the FairTax burden.

The effective tax rate for a family household would be variable due to the fixed monthly tax rebates. The rebates would have the greatest effect at low spending levels, where they could lower a household's effective rate to zero or a negative rate.[31] At higher spending levels, the rebate has less effect, and a household's effective tax rate would approach 23 percent of total spending. For example, a household of three persons spending $30,000 a year on taxable items would devote about 6 percent of total spending to the FairTax after the rebate. A household spending $125,000 on taxable items would spend around 19 percent on the FairTax.[4] The lowest effective tax rate under the FairTax could be negative due to the rebate. This could occur when a household spends less and pays less in taxes than the average poverty level spending for a similar household size. The household's rebate would exceed actual taxes paid by that household. Buying or otherwise receiving used items can also contribute towards a lower rate. The total amount of spending and the proportion of spending allocated to taxable items would determine a household's effective tax rate.[31]

[edit] Monthly tax rebate

Proposed 2008 FairTax prebate schedule[32]
One adult household Two adult household
Family
Size		 Annual
Consumption
Allowance		 Annual
Prebate		 Monthly
Prebate		 Family
Size		 Annual
Consumption
Allowance		 Annual
Prebate		 Monthly
Prebate
1 person $10,400 $2,392 $199 couple $20,800 $4,784 $399
and 1 child $14,000 $3,200 $268 and 1 child $24,400 $5,612 $468
and 2 children $17,600 $4,048 $337 and 2 children $28,000 $6,440 $537
and 3 children $21,200 $4,876 $406 and 3 children $31,600 $7,268 $606
and 4 children $24,800 $5,704 $475 and 4 children $35,200 $8,096 $675
and 5 children $28,400 $6,532 $544 and 5 children $38,800 $8,924 $744
and 6 children $32,000 $7,360 $613 and 6 children $42,400 $9,752 $813
Note: Alaska and Hawaii have different poverty levels and would have different FairTax prebates.

Under the FairTax, family households of lawful U.S. residents would receive a "Family Consumption Allowance" (FCA) based on family size (regardless of income) that is equal to the estimated total FairTax paid on poverty level spending according to the poverty guidelines published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.[2] The FCA is a tax rebate (known as a "prebate" as it would be an advance) paid in twelve monthly installments, adjusted for inflation. The rebate is meant to eliminate the taxation of household necessities and make the plan progressive.[4] Households would register once a year with their sales tax administering authority, providing the names and social security numbers of each household member.[2] The Social Security Administration would disburse the monthly rebate payments in the form of a paper check via U.S. Mail, an electronic funds transfer to a bank account, or a “smartcard” that can be used like a debit card.[2]

Opponents of the plan criticize this tax rebate due to its costs. Economists at the Beacon Hill Institute estimated the overall rebate cost to be $489 billion (assuming 100 percent participation).[33] In addition, economist Bruce Bartlett has argued that the rebate would create a large opportunity for fraud,[34] treats children disparately, and would constitute a welfare payment regardless of need.[35]

The President's Advisory Panel for Federal Tax Reform cited the rebate as one of their chief concerns when analyzing their national sales tax, stating that it would be the largest entitlement program in American history, and contending that it would "make most American families dependent on monthly checks from the federal government".[7][36] Estimated by the advisory panel at approximately $600 billion, "the Prebate program would cost more than all budgeted spending in 2006 on the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, and Interior combined."[7] Proponents point out that income tax deductions, tax preferences, loopholes, credits, etc. under the current system was estimated at $945 billion by the Joint Committee on Taxation.[33] They argue this is $456 billion more than the FairTax "entitlement" (tax refund) would spend to cover each person's tax expenses up to the poverty level. In addition, it was estimated for 2005 that the Internal Revenue Service was already sending out $270 billion in refund checks.[33]

[edit] Presentation of tax rate

Sales and income taxes behave differently due to differing definitions of tax base, which can make comparisons between the two confusing. For direct rate comparisons between sales and income taxes, one rate must be manipulated to look like the other. A 30% sales tax rate approximates a 23% income tax rate after adjustment. Under an income tax formula, taxes to be paid are included in the base on which the tax rate is imposed (known as tax-inclusive). If an individual's gross income is $100 and the income tax rate is 23 percent, taxes owed equals $23. Traditional state sales taxes are imposed on a tax base equal to the pre-tax portion of a good's price (known as tax-exclusive). A good priced at $77 with a 30 percent sales tax rate yields $23 in taxes owed. To adjust an inclusive rate to an exclusive rate, divide the given rate by one minus that rate (i.e. .23 / .77 = .30).

The FairTax statutory rate, unlike most U.S. state-level sales taxes, is calculated on a tax base that includes the amount of FairTax paid. A final price of $100 includes $23 of taxes. Congressman John Linder has stated that the FairTax would be implemented as an inclusive tax, which would include the tax in the retail price, not added on at checkout—an item on the shelf for five dollars would be five dollars total.[26][37] The receipt would display the tax as 23 percent of the total.[38] Linder states the FairTax is presented as a 23 percent tax rate for easy comparison to income tax rates (the taxes it would be replacing). The plan's opponents call the semantics deceptive. FactCheck called the presentation misleading, saying that it hides the real truth of the tax rate.[39] Bruce Bartlett stated that polls show tax reform support is extremely sensitive to the proposed rate,[35] and called the presentation confusing and deceptive based on the conventional method of calculating sales taxes.[40] Proponents believe it is both inaccurate and misleading to say that an income tax is 23 percent and the FairTax is 30 percent as it implies that the sales tax burden is higher, when in fact the burden of the two taxes is precisely the same. A common reverse comparison is for supporters to quote the income tax system exclusively; a 25 percent income tax and 7.65 percent FICA tax, a total 33 percent inclusive tax, is equal to a 50 percent exclusive tax.

[edit] Revenue neutrality

Main article: Revenue neutrality of the FairTax

A key question surrounding the FairTax is whether the tax has the ability to be revenue-neutral; that is, whether the tax would result in an increase or reduction in overall federal tax revenues. Economists, advisory groups, and political advocacy groups disagree about the tax rate required for the FairTax to be truly revenue-neutral. Various analysts use different assumptions, time-frames, and methods resulting in dramatically different tax rates making direct comparison among the studies difficult. The choice between static or dynamic scoring further complicates any estimate of revenue-neutral rates.[41]

A 2006 study published in Tax Notes by the Beacon Hill Institute at Suffolk University and Dr. Laurence Kotlikoff estimated the FairTax would be revenue-neutral for the tax year 2007 at a rate of 23.82 percent (31.27 percent tax-exclusive) assuming full taxpayer compliance.[42] The study states that purchasing power is transferred to state and local taxpayers from state and local governments. To recapture the lost revenue, state and local governments would have to raise taxes in order to continue collecting the same real revenues from their taxpayers.[36][42] The Argus Group and Arduin, Laffer & Moore Econometrics each published an analysis that defended the 23 percent rate.[43][44][45] While proponents of the FairTax concede that the above studies did not explicitly account for tax evasion, they also claim that the studies did not altogether ignore tax evasion under the FairTax. These studies presumably incorporated some degree of tax evasion in their calculations by using National Income and Product Account based figures, which is argued to understate total household consumption.[42] The studies also did not account for capital gains that may be realized by the U.S. government if consumer prices were allowed to rise, which would reduce the real value of nominal U.S. government debt.[42] Nor did these studies account for any increased economic growth that many economists researching the plan believe would occur.[42][45][46][47]

In contrast to the above studies, William Gale of the Brookings Institution published a study in Tax Notes that estimated a rate of 28.2 percent (39.3 percent tax-exclusive) for 2007 assuming full taxpayer compliance and an average rate of 31 percent (44 percent tax-exclusive) from 2006-2015 (assumes that the Bush tax-cuts expire on schedule and accounts for the replacement of an additional $3 trillion collected through the Alternative Minimum Tax).[4][13][48] The study also concluded that if the tax base were eroded by 10 percent due to tax evasion, tax avoidance, and/or legislative adjustments, the average rate would be 34 percent (53 percent tax-exclusive) for the 10 year period. A dynamic analysis in 2008 by the Baker Institute For Public Policy concluded that a 28 percent (38.9 percent tax-exclusive) rate would be revenue neutral for 2006.[49] The President's Advisory Panel for Federal Tax Reform performed a 2006 analysis to replace the individual and corporate income tax with a retail sales tax and found the rate to be 25 percent (34 percent tax-exclusive) assuming 15 percent tax evasion, and 33 percent (49 percent tax-exclusive) with 30 percent tax evasion.[7] The rate would need to be substantially higher to replace the additional taxes replaced by the FairTax (payroll, estate, and gift taxes). Some proponents of the FairTax have criticized the President's Advisory Panel's study as having allegedly altered the terms of the FairTax, using unsound methodology, and/or failing to fully explain their calculations.[33][42][50]

[edit] Distribution of tax burden

Main article: Distribution of the FairTax burden
Boston University study of the FairTax. Lower rates claimed on workers from a larger tax base, replacing regressive taxes, and wealth taxation.
President's Advisory Panel's analysis of a hybrid National Sales Tax. Higher rates claimed on the middle-class for an income tax replacement (excludes payroll, estate, and gift taxes replaced under the FairTax).

The FairTax's effect on the distribution of taxation or tax incidence (the effect on the distribution of economic welfare) is a point of dispute. The plan's supporters argue that the tax would broaden the tax base, that it would be progressive, and that it would decrease tax burdens and start taxing wealth. Opponents argue that a national sales tax would be inherently regressive and would decrease tax burdens paid by high-income individuals.[4][51] Households at the lower end of the income scale spend almost all their income, while households at the higher end are more likely to devote a portion of income to saving; households at the extreme high end of consumption often finance their purchases out of savings, not income.[5][35] Income earned and saved would not be taxed immediately under the proposal. In other words, savings would be spent at some point in the future and taxed according to that consumption.

A family of four (a couple with two children) earning $25,000 and spending this on taxable goods and services, would consume 100 percent of their income. A higher income family of four making $100,000, spending $75,000 and saving $25,000, would devote 75 percent of their income for the year on taxable goods and services. Therefore, according to economist William G. Gale, the percentage of income taxed is regressive.[5] When presented with an estimated effective tax rate, the low-income family above would pay a tax rate of 0 percent on the 100 percent of consumption. The higher income family would pay a tax rate of 15 percent on the 75 percent of consumption (with the other 25 percent taxed at a later point in time, as savings is tax-deferred).[31] Thus, according to economist Laurence Kotlikoff, the effective tax rate is progressive on consumption.[3] A person spending at the poverty level would have an effective tax rate of 0 percent, whereas someone spending at four times the poverty level would have an effective tax rate of 17.2 percent.[31]

Kotlikoff states that the FairTax could make the tax system much more progressive and generationally equitable,[3] and argues that taxing consumption is effectively the same as taxing wages plus taxing wealth.[3] Studies by Kotlikoff and Daivd Rapson state that the FairTax would significantly reduce marginal taxes on work and saving, lowering overall average remaining lifetime tax burdens on current and future workers.[8][52] A study by Kotlikoff and Sabine Jokisch concluded that the long term effects of the FairTax would reward low-income households with 26.3 percent more purchasing power, middle-income households with 12.4 percent more purchasing power, and high-income households with 5 percent more purchasing power.[9] The Beacon Hill Institute reported that the FairTax would make the federal tax system more progressive and would benefit the average individual in almost all expenditures deciles.[6] In another study, they state the FairTax would offer the broadest tax base (an increase of over 2 trillion), which allows the FairTax to have a lower tax rate than current tax law.[53]

Gale analyzed a national sales tax (though different from the FairTax in several aspects[6][43]) and reported that the overall tax burden on middle-income Americans would increase while the tax burden on the top 1 percent would drop.[5] A study by the Beacon Hill Institute reported that the FairTax may have a negative effect on the well-being of mid-income earners for several years after implementation.[47] According to the President's Advisory Panel for Federal Tax Reform report, which compared the individual and corporate income tax (excluding other taxes the FairTax replaces) to a sales tax with rebate,[7][33] the percentage of federal taxes paid by those earning from $15,000–$50,000 would rise from 3.6 percent to 6.7 percent, while the burden on those earning more than $200,000 would fall from 53.5 percent to 45.9 percent.[7] The report states that the top 5 percent of earners would see their burden decrease from 58.6 percent to 37.4 percent.[7][54] FairTax supporters argue that replacing the regressive payroll tax (a 15.3 percent total tax—not included in the Tax Panel study[7][55]) greatly changes the tax distribution, and that the FairTax would relieve the tax burden on middle-class workers.[3][50]

[edit] Predicted effects

Main article: Predicted effects of the FairTax

The predicted effects of the FairTax are a source of disagreement among economists and other analysts.[39][40][51] According to Money magazine, while many economists and tax experts support the idea of a consumption tax, many of them view the FairTax proposal as having serious problems with evasion and revenue neutrality.[4] Some economists argue that a consumption tax (the FairTax is one such tax) would have a positive effect on economic growth, incentives for international business to locate in the U.S., and increased U.S. international competitiveness (border tax adjustment in global trade).[10][11][12] The FairTax would be tax-free on mortgage interest (up to a basic interest rate) and donations, but some economists and law makers have concerns about losing tax incentives on home ownership and charitable contributions.[56] There is also concern about the effect on the income tax industry and the difficulty of repealing the Sixteenth Amendment (to prevent Congress from re-introducing an income tax).[57]

[edit] Economic

For more details on this topic, see Predicted effects of the FairTax: Economic effects

Americans For Fair Taxation states the FairTax would boost the United States economy and offer a letter signed by eighty economists, including Nobel Laureate Vernon L. Smith, that have endorsed the plan.[11] The Beacon Hill Institute estimated that within five years real GDP would increase 10.7% over the current system, domestic investment by 86.3%, capital stock by 9.3%, employment by 9.9%, real wages by 10.2%, and consumption by 1.8%.[47] Arduin, Laffer & Moore Econometrics projected the economy as measured by GDP would be 2.4% higher in the first year and 11.3% higher by the 10th year than it would otherwise be.[45] Economists Laurence Kotlikoff and Sabine Jokisch reported the incentive to work and save would increase; by 2030, the economy’s capital stock would increase by 43.7% over the current system, output by 9.4%, and real wages by 11.5%.[9] Economist John Golob estimates a consumption tax, like the FairTax, would bring long-term interest rates down by 25–35%.[58] An analysis in 2008 by the Baker Institute For Public Policy indicated that the plan would generate significant overall macroeconomic improvement in both the short and long-term, but warned of transitional issues.[49]

FairTax proponents argue that the proposal would provide tax burden visibility and reduce compliance and efficiency costs by 90%, returning a large share of money to the productive economy.[3] The Beacon Hill Institute concluded that the FairTax would save $346.51 billion in administrative costs and would be a much more efficient taxation system.[59] Bill Archer, former head of the House Ways and Means Committee, asked Princeton University Econometrics to survey 500 European and Asian companies regarding the effect on their business decisions if the United States enacted the FairTax. 400 of those companies stated they would build their next plant in the United States, and 100 companies said they would move their corporate headquarters to the United States.[60] Supporters argue that the U.S. has the highest combined statutory corporate income tax rate among OECD countries along with being the only country with no border adjustment element in its tax system.[61][62] Proponents state that because the FairTax eliminates corporate income taxes and is automatically border adjustable, the competitive tax advantage of foreign producers would be eliminated, immediately boosting U.S. competitiveness overseas and at home.[63]

Opponents offer a study commissioned by the National Retail Federation in 2000 that found a national sales tax bill filed by Billy Tauzin, the Individual Tax Freedom Act (H.R. 2717), would bring a three-year decline in the economy, a four-year decline in employment and an eight-year decline in consumer spending.[64] Wall Street Journal columnist James Taranto states the FairTax is unsuited to take advantage of supply-side effects and would create a powerful disincentive to spend money.[51] John Linder states an estimated $11 trillion is held in foreign accounts (largely for tax purposes), which he states would be repatriated back to U.S. banks if the FairTax were enacted, becoming available to U.S. capital markets, bringing down interest rates, and otherwise promoting economic growth in the United States.[10] Attorney Allen Buckley states that a tremendous amount of wealth was already repatriated under law changes in 2004 and 2005.[65] Buckley also argues that if the tax rate was significantly higher, the FairTax would discourage the consumption of new goods and hurt economic growth.[65]

[edit] Transition

For more details on this topic, see Predicted effects of the FairTax: Transition effects
Stability of the Tax Base: A comparison of Personal Consumption Expenditures and Adjusted Gross Income.

During the transition, many or most of the employees of the IRS (105,978 in 2005)[66] would face loss of employment.[42] The Beacon Hill Institute estimate is that the federal government would be able to cut $8 billion from the IRS budget of $11.01 billion (in 2007), reducing the size of federal tax administration by 73%.[42] In addition, income tax preparers (many seasonal), tax lawyers, tax compliance staff in medium-to-large businesses, and software companies which sell tax preparation software could face significant drops, changes, or loss of employment. The bill would maintain the IRS for three years after implementation before completely decommissioning the agency, providing employees time to find other employment.[16]

In the period before the FairTax is implemented, there could be a strong incentive for individuals to buy goods without the sales tax using credit. After the FairTax is in effect, the credit could be paid off using untaxed payroll. If credit incentives do not change, opponents of the FairTax worry it could exacerbate an existing consumer debt problem.[67] Proponents of the FairTax state that this effect could also allow individuals to pay off their existing (pre-FairTax) debt more quickly,[10] and studies suggest lower interest rates after FairTax passage.[58]

Individuals under the current system who accumulated savings from ordinary income (by choosing not to spend their money when the income was earned) paid taxes on that income before it was placed in savings (such as a Roth IRA or CD). When individuals spend above the poverty level with money saved under the current system, that spending would be subject to the FairTax. People living through the transition may find both their earnings and their spending taxed.[68] Critics have stated that the FairTax would result in unfair double taxation for savers and suggest it does not address the transition effect on some taxpayers who have accumulated significant savings from after-tax dollars, especially retirees who have finished their careers and switched to spending down their life savings.[36][68] Supporters of the plan argue that the current system is no different, since compliance costs and "hidden taxes" embedded in the prices of goods and services cause savings to be "taxed" a second time already when spent.[68] The rebates would supplement accrued savings, covering taxes up to the poverty level. The income taxes on capital gains, estates, social security and pension benefits would be eliminated under FairTax. In addition, the FairTax legislation adjusts Social Security benefits for changes in the price level, so a percentage increase in prices would result in an equal percentage increase to Social Security income.[16] Supporters suggest these changes would offset paying the FairTax under transition conditions.[10]

[edit] Other indirect effects

For more details on this topic, see Predicted effects of the FairTax: Other indirect effects

The FairTax would be tax free on mortgage interest up to the federal borrowing rate for like-term instruments as determined by the Treasury,[69] but since several areas would be tax free under the FairTax plan, it could decrease the incentive to spend more on homes in favor of savings, education, or other investments. An analysis in 2008 by the Baker Institute For Public Policy concluded that the FairTax would have significant transitional issues for the housing sector since the investment would no longer be tax-favored.[49] In a 2007 study, the Beacon Hill Institute concluded that total charitable giving would increase under the FairTax, although increases in giving would not be distributed proportionately amongst the various types of charitable organizations.[70] The FairTax may also affect state and local government debt as the federal income tax system provides tax advantages to municipal bonds.[71] Proponents believe environmental benefits would result from the FairTax through environmental economics and the re-use and re-sale of used goods.[72] Former Senator Mike Gravel states the significant reduction of paperwork for IRS compliance and tax forms is estimated to save about 300,000 trees each year.[72] Advocates argue the FairTax would provide an incentive for illegal immigrants to legalize as they would otherwise not receive the rebate.[2][10] Proponents also believe that the FairTax would have positive effects on civil liberties that are sometimes charged against the income tax system, such as social inequality, economic inequality, financial privacy, self-incrimination, unreasonable search and seizure, burden of proof, and due process.[15][73]

If the FairTax bill were passed, permanent elimination of income taxation would not be guaranteed; the FairTax bill would repeal much of the existing tax code, but the Sixteenth Amendment would remain in place. The elimination of the possibility that income taxation would return requires a repeal of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution along with expressly prohibiting a federal income tax.[57] This is referred to as an "aggressive repeal". Separate income taxes enforced by individual states would be unaffected by the federal repeal. Since passing the FairTax would only require a simple majority in each house of the United States Congress along with the signature of the President, whereas enactment of a constitutional amendment must be approved by two thirds of each house of the Congress, and three-quarters of the individual U.S. states, it is possible that passage of the FairTax bill would simply add another taxation system. If a new income tax bill were passed after the FairTax passage, a hybrid system could develop; albeit, there is nothing preventing a bill for a hybrid system today. In the 111th Congress, John Linder introduced a sunset provision in H.R. 25 that would require the repeal of the Sixteenth Amendment within 8 years after the implementation of the FairTax or the FairTax goes away.[74] Critics have also argued that a tax on state government consumption could be unconstitutional.[65]

[edit] Changes in the retail economy

See also: Tax: Economics of taxation, Effect of taxes and subsidies on price

Since the FairTax would not tax used goods, the value would be determined by the supply and demand in relation to new goods.[75] The price differential/margins between used and new goods would stay consistent, as the cost and value of used goods are in direct relationship to the cost and value of the new goods. Because the U.S. tax system has a hidden effect on prices, it is expected that moving to the FairTax would decrease production costs from the removal of business taxes and compliance costs, which is predicted to offset a portion of the FairTax effect on prices.[10]

[edit] Value of used goods

Since the FairTax would not tax used goods, some critics have argued that this would create a differential between the price of new and used goods, which may take years to equalize.[35] Such a differential would certainly influence the sale of new goods like vehicles and homes. Similarly, some supporters have claimed that this would create an incentive to buy used goods, creating environmental benefits of re-use and re-sale.[72] Conversely, it is argued that like the income tax system that contains embedded tax cost (see Theories of retail pricing),[76] used goods would contain the embedded FairTax cost.[68] While the FairTax would not be applied to the retail sales of used goods, the inherent value of a used good includes the taxes paid when the good was sold at retail. The value is determined by the supply and demand in relation to new goods.[75] The price differential / margins between used and new goods should stay consistent, as the cost and value of used goods are in direct relationship to the cost and value of the new goods.

[edit] Theories of retail pricing

A supply and demand diagram illustrating taxes' effect on prices.

Based on a study conducted by Dale Jorgenson, proponents state that production cost of domestic goods and services could decrease by approximately 22 percent on average after embedded tax costs are removed, leaving the sale nearly the same after taxes.[77] Jorgenson's research included all income and payroll taxes in the embedded tax estimation, which assumes employee take-home pay (net income) remains unchanged from pre-FairTax levels.[4][78] Price and wage changes after the FairTax would largely depend on the response of the Federal Reserve monetary authorities.[26][35][79] Non-accommodation of the money supply would suggest retail prices and take home pay stay the same—embedded taxes are replaced by the FairTax. Full accommodation would suggest prices and incomes rise by the exclusive rate (i.e. 30 percent)—embedded taxes become windfall gains. Partial accommodation would suggest a varying degree in-between.[26][79]

If businesses provided employees with gross pay (including income tax withholding and the employee share of payroll taxes),[42] Arduin, Laffer & Moore Econometrics estimated production costs could decrease by a minimum of 11.55% (partial accommodation).[45] This reduction would be from the removal of the remaining embedded costs, including corporate taxes, compliance costs, and the employer share of payroll taxes. This decrease would offset a portion of the FairTax amount reflected in retail prices, which proponents suggest as the most likely scenario.[26] Bruce Bartlett states that it is unlikely that nominal wages would be reduced, which he believes would result in a recession, but that the Federal Reserve would likely increase the money supply to accommodate price increases.[35] David Tuerck states "The monetary authorities would have to consider how the degree of accommodation, varying from none to full, would affect the overall economy and how it would affect the well-being of various groups such as retirees."[79]

Social Security benefits would be adjusted for any price changes due to FairTax implementation.[16] The Beacon Hill Institute states that it would not matter, apart from transition issues, whether prices fall or rise—the relative tax burden and tax rate remains the same.[42] Decreases in production cost would not fully apply to imported products; so according to proponents, it would provide tax advantages for domestic production and increase U.S. competitiveness in global trade (see Border adjustability). To ease the transition, U.S. retailers will receive a tax credit equal to the FairTax on their inventory to allow for quick cost reduction. Retailers would also receive an administrative fee equal to the greater of $200 or 0.25 percent of the remitted tax as compensation for compliance costs,[80] which amounts to around $5 billion.

[edit] Effects on tax code compliance

FairTax supporters state that the black market is largely untaxed under the current tax system. Economists estimate the underground economy in the United States to be between one and three trillion dollars annually.[81][82] By imposing a sales tax, supporters argue that black market activity would be taxed when proceeds from such activity are spent on legal consumption.[83] For example, the sale of illegal narcotics would remain untaxed (instead of being guilty of income tax evasion, drug dealers would be guilty of failing to submit sales tax), but they would face taxation when they used drug proceeds to buy consumer goods such as food, clothing, and cars. By taxing this previously untaxed money, FairTax supporters argue that non-filers would be paying part of their share of what would otherwise be uncollected income and payroll taxes.[10][84]

Other economists and analysts have argued that the underground economy would continue to bear the same tax burden as before.[85] They state that replacing the current tax system with a consumption tax would not change the tax revenue generated from the underground economy—while illicit income is not taxed directly, spending of income from illicit activity results in business income and wages that are taxed.[12][83][84] This raises the price of goods bought using illicit income, and indirectly taxes the underground economy.

[edit] Tax compliance and evasion

"No, No! Not That Way"—Political cartoon from 1933 commenting on a general sales tax over an income tax.

Proponents state the FairTax would reduce the number of tax filers by about 86 percent (from 100 million to 14 million) and reduce the filing complexity to a simplified state sales tax form.[50] The Economist reported on empirical research that supports the claim that simplified tax systems lead to greater compliance.[86] The Government Accountability Office (GAO), among others, have specifically identified the negative relationship between compliance costs and the number of focal points for collection.[87] Under the FairTax, the federal government would be able to concentrate tax enforcement efforts on a single tax. Retailers would receive an administrative fee equal to the greater of $200 or 0.25 percent of the remitted tax as compensation for compliance costs.[80] In addition, supporters state that the overwhelming majority of purchases occur in major retail outlets, which are very unlikely to evade the FairTax and risk losing their business licenses.[42] Economic Census figures for 2002 show that 48.5 percent of merchandise sales are made by just 688 businesses ("Big-Box" retailers). 85.7 percent of all sales are made by 92,334 businesses, which is 3.6 percent of American companies. In the service sector, approximately 80 percent of sales are made by 1.2 percent of U.S. businesses.[26]

The FairTax is a national tax, but can be administered by the states rather than a federal agency,[88] which may have a bearing on compliance as the states' own agencies could monitor and audit businesses within that state. The 0.25 percent retained by the states amounts to $5 billion the states would have available for enforcement and administration. For example, California should receive over $500 million for enforcement and administration, which is more than the $327 million budget for the state's sales and excise taxes.[89] Because the federal money paid to the states would be a percentage of the total revenue collected, John Linder claims the states would have an incentive to maximize collections.[10] Proponents believe that states that choose to conform to the federal tax base would have advantages in enforcement, information sharing, and clear interstate revenue allocation rules.[87][88] A study by the Beacon Hill Institute concluded that, on average, states could more than halve their sales tax rates and that state economies would benefit greatly from adopting a state-level FairTax.[87]

FairTax opponents state that compliance decreases when taxes are not automatically withheld from citizens, and that massive tax evasion could result by collecting at just one point in the economic system.[35] Compliance rates can also fall when taxed entities, rather than a third party, self-report their tax liability. For example, ordinary personal income taxes can be automatically withheld and are reported to the government by a third party. Taxes without withholding and with self-reporting, such as the FairTax, can see higher evasion rates. In other countries, similar VAT taxes have an average evasion rate of 20%.[33] Economist Jane Gravelle of the Congressional Research Service found studies showing that evasion rates of sales taxes are often above 10%, even when the sales tax rate is in the single digits.[84] Tax publications by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), IMF, and Brookings Institution have suggested that the upper limit for a sales tax is about 10% before incentives for evasion become too great to control.[35] According to the GAO, 80% of state tax officials opposed a national sales tax as an intrusion on their tax base.[35] Opponents also raise concerns of legal tax avoidance by spending and consuming outside of the U.S. (imported goods would be subject to collection by the U.S. Customs Service).[90]

Economists from the University of Tennessee concluded that while there would be many desirable macroeconomic effects, adoption of a national retail sales tax would also have serious effects on state and local government finances.[91] Economist Bruce Bartlett stated that if the states did not conform to the FairTax, they would have massive confusion and complication as to what is taxed by the state and what is taxed by the federal government.[35] In addition, sales taxes have long exempted all but a few services because of the enormous difficulty in taxing intangibles—Bartlett suggests that the state may not have sufficient incentive to enforce the tax.[40] University of Michigan economist Joel Slemrod argues that states would face significant issues in enforcing the tax. "Even at an average rate of around five percent, state sales taxes are difficult to administer."[92] University of Virginia School of Law professor George Yin states that the FairTax could have evasion issues with export and import transactions.[36] The President's Advisory Panel for Federal Tax Reform reported that if the federal government were to cease taxing income, states might choose to shift their revenue-raising to income.[7] Absent the Internal Revenue Service, it would be more difficult for the states to maintain viable income tax systems.[7][91]

[edit] Underground economy

Opponents of the FairTax argue that imposing a national retail sales tax would drive transactions underground and create a vast underground economy.[4] Under a retail sales tax system, the purchase of intermediate goods and services that are factors of production are not taxed, since those goods would produce a final retail good that would be taxed. Individuals and businesses may be able to manipulate the tax system by claiming that purchases are for intermediate goods, when in fact they are final purchases that should be taxed. Proponents point out that a business is required to have a registered seller's certificate on file, and must keep complete records of all transactions for six years. Businesses must also record all taxable goods bought for seven years. They are required to report these sales every month (see Personal vs. business purchases).[38] The government could also stipulate that all retail sellers provide buyers with a written receipt, regardless of transaction type (cash, credit, etc.), which would create a paper trail for evasion with risk of having the buyer turn them in (the FairTax authorizes a reward for reporting tax cheats).[50]

While many economists and tax experts support a consumption tax, problems could arise with using a retail sales tax rather than a value added tax (VAT).[4][35] A VAT imposes a tax at every intermediate step of production, so the goods reach the final consumer with much of the tax already in the price, along with some extra overhead. The retail seller has little incentive to conceal retail sales, since he has already paid much of the good's tax. Retailers are unlikely to subsidize the consumer's tax evasion by concealing sales. In contrast, a retailer has paid no tax on goods under a sales tax system. This provides an incentive for retailers to conceal sales and engage in "tax arbitrage" by sharing some of the illicit tax savings with the final consumer. Laurence Kotlikoff has stated that the government could compel firms to report, via 1099-type forms, their sales to other firms, which would provide the same records that arise under a VAT.[50] In the United States, a general sales tax is imposed in 45 states plus the District of Columbia (accounting for over 97 percent of both population and economic output), which proponents argue provides a large infrastructure for taxing sales that many countries do not have.

[edit] Personal versus business purchases

Businesses would be required to submit monthly or quarterly reports (depending on sales volume) of taxable sales and sales tax collected on their monthly sales tax return. During audits, the business would have to produce invoices for the "business purchases" that they did not pay sales tax on, and would have to be able to show that they were genuine business expenses.[38] Advocates state the significant 86% reduction in collection points would greatly increase the likelihood of business audits, making tax evasion behavior much more risky.[50] Additionally, the FairTax legislation has several fines and penalties for non-compliance and authorizes a mechanism for reporting tax cheats and obtaining a reward.[38] To prevent businesses from purchasing everything for their employees, in a family business for example, goods and services bought by the business for the employees that are not strictly for business use would be taxable.[38] Health insurance or medical expenses would be an example where the business would have to pay the FairTax on these purchases. Taxable property and services purchased by a qualified non-profit or religious organization "for business purposes" would not be taxable.[93]

[edit] FairTax movement

Grassroots supporters organize in Orlando, Florida for a FairTax rally on July 28, 2006.

The origins of the FairTax began with a group of businessmen from Houston, Texas, who initially financed what has become the political advocacy group Americans For Fair Taxation (AFFT), which has grown into a large tax reform movement.[14][26] This organization, founded in 1994, claims to have spent over $20 million in research,[94] marketing, lobbying, and organizing efforts over a ten year period and is seeking to raise over $100 million more to promote the plan. AFFT includes a staff in Houston and a large group of volunteers who are working to get the FairTax enacted. Bruce Bartlett has charged that the FairTax was devised by the Church of Scientology in the early 1990s.[40] Representative John Linder told the Atlanta Journal-Constitution that Bartlett confused the FairTax movement with the Scientology-affiliated Citizens for an Alternative Tax System.[95] Leo Linbeck, AFFT Chairman and CEO, stated "As a founder of Americans For Fair Taxation, I can state categorically, however, that Scientology played no role in the founding, research or crafting of the legislation giving expression to the FairTax."[94]

Much support has been achieved by talk radio personality Neal Boortz.[96] Boortz's book (co-authored by Georgia Congressman John Linder) entitled The FairTax Book, explains the proposal and spent time atop the New York Times Best Seller list. Boortz stated that he donates his share of the proceeds to charity to promote the book.[96] In addition, Boortz and Linder have organized several FairTax rallies to publicize support for the plan. Other media personalities have also assisted in growing grassroots support including radio and former TV talk show host Larry Elder, radio host and former Senatorial candidate Herman Cain, Fox News and radio host Sean Hannity, and ABC News co-anchor John Stossel.[97] The FairTax received additional visibility as one of the issues in the 2008 presidential election. At a debate on June 30, 2007, several Republican candidates were asked about their position on the FairTax and many responded that they would sign the bill into law if elected.[27] The most vocal promoters of the FairTax in the election are former Republican candidate Mike Huckabee and former Democratic candidate Mike Gravel. The Internet, blogosphere, and electronic mailing lists like Yahoo! Groups have contributed to informing, organizing, and gaining support for the FairTax. The tax was also supported in the Tea Parties of April 15 (Tax Day), 2009, especially on the Sean Hannity Show of the Fox News Channel where Boortz and Huckabee appeared as well.

[edit] See also

FairTax
Part of the U.S. Taxation series
FairTax subarticles

• Distribution of the burden
• Predicted effects
• Revenue neutrality
• The FairTax Book
• Americans For Fair Taxation
v • d • e


[edit] Notes

  1. ^ The taxes that would be replaced include personal income taxes (including the alternative minimum tax), corporate income taxes, capital gains taxes, payroll taxes (including Social Security and Medicare taxes), gift taxes, and estate taxes.
  2. ^ a b c d e Fair Tax Act, 2007, Chapter 3
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Kotlikoff, 2005
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Regnier, 2005
  5. ^ a b c d e Gale, 1998
  6. ^ a b c Tuerk et al, 2007
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tax Reform Panel Report, Ch. 9
  8. ^ a b Kotlikoff and Rapson, 2006
  9. ^ a b c Kotlikoff and Jokisch, 2007
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j The FairTax Book
  11. ^ a b c Open Letter to the President
  12. ^ a b c Auerbach, 2005
  13. ^ a b Gale, 2005
  14. ^ a b Linbeck statement, 2005
  15. ^ a b Sipos, 2007
  16. ^ a b c d Fair Tax Act, 2007, Title III
  17. ^ a b H.R.25 108th Cosponsors
  18. ^ a b S.1493 108th Cosponsors
  19. ^ a b H.R.25 109th Cosponsors
  20. ^ a b S.25 109th Cosponsors
  21. ^ a b c H.R.25 110th Cosponsors
  22. ^ S.1025 110th Cosponsors
  23. ^ H.R.25 111th Cosponsors
  24. ^ S.296 111th Cosponsors
  25. ^ Bender, 2005
  26. ^ a b c d e f g Boortz and Linder, 2008
  27. ^ a b Davis, 2007
  28. ^ CBS News, 2007
  29. ^ Obama, 2008
  30. ^ a b Fair Tax Act, 2007
  31. ^ a b c d Walby, 2005
  32. ^ 2008 prebate
  33. ^ a b c d e f Rebuttal to Tax Panel Report, 2006
  34. ^ Bartlett, 2007
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bartlett, 2007, Tax Notes
  36. ^ a b c d Yin, 2006, Fla. L. Rev.
  37. ^ Linder and Boortz, 2007
  38. ^ a b c d e Fair Tax Act, 2007, Chapter 5
  39. ^ a b Miller, 2007
  40. ^ a b c d Bartlett, 2007, Wall Street Journal
  41. ^ Gingrich and Ferrara, 2005
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bachman et al, 2006
  43. ^ a b Burton and Mastromarco, 1998
  44. ^ Burton and Mastromarco, 1998a
  45. ^ a b c d Arduin, Laffer & Moore Econometrics, 2006
  46. ^ Altig et al, 2001
  47. ^ a b c Tuerk et al, 2007
  48. ^ Esenwein, 2005
  49. ^ a b c Diamond and Zodrow, 2008
  50. ^ a b c d e f Kotlikoff, 2008
  51. ^ a b c Taranto, 2007
  52. ^ Kotlikoff and Rapson, 2006
  53. ^ Tuerk et al, 2007
  54. ^ Zodrow and McClure, 2006
  55. ^ Payroll taxes include a 12.4 percent Social Security tax on wages up to $97,500 and a 2.9 percent Medicare tax, a 15.3 percent total tax that is often split between employee and employer.
  56. ^ Giuliani, 2007
  57. ^ a b Vance, 2005
  58. ^ a b Golob, 1995
  59. ^ Tuerk et al, 2007
  60. ^ Gaver, 2006
  61. ^ Hodge and Atkins, 2005
  62. ^ Linbeck, 2006a
  63. ^ Linbeck, 2007
  64. ^ Vargas, 2005
  65. ^ a b c Buckley, 2008
  66. ^ IRS Labor Force, 2005
  67. ^ Household Debt, 2006
  68. ^ a b c d Taranto, 2007a
  69. ^ Fair Tax Act, 2007, Chapter 8
  70. ^ Tuerck et al, 2007
  71. ^ Types of Bonds
  72. ^ a b c Gravel, 2007
  73. ^ Edwards, 2002
  74. ^ Fair Tax Act, 2009, Title IV
  75. ^ a b Landsburg, 1998
  76. ^ Forbes, 2007
  77. ^ Jorgenson, 1998 - The study concludes that producer prices would drop between 15 percent and 26 percent (depending on the type of good/service).
  78. ^ Boortz, 2005
  79. ^ a b c Tuerck, 2008
  80. ^ a b Fair Tax Act, 2007, Chapter 2
  81. ^ McTague, 2005
  82. ^ Schlosser, 2004
  83. ^ a b Taranto, 2007
  84. ^ a b c American Enterprise Institute, 2007
  85. ^ Moffatt, 2006
  86. ^ The Economist, 2005
  87. ^ a b c Tuerck at el, 2007
  88. ^ a b Fair Tax Act, 2007, Chapter 4
  89. ^ California Legislative Analyst's Office
  90. ^ Karvounis, 2007
  91. ^ a b Fox and Murray, 2005
  92. ^ Slemrod, 2005
  93. ^ Fair Tax Act, 2007, Chapter 7
  94. ^ a b Linbeck, 2007
  95. ^ Galloway, 2007
  96. ^ a b Boortz, 2005
  97. ^ Boortz, 2006

[edit] References

  • Landsburg, Steven (1998). Price Theory and Applications (4th edition (Hardcover) ed.). South-Western Educational Publishing. ISBN 0-538-88206-9. 
  • Schlosser, Eric (2004-04-01). Reefer Madness: Sex, Drugs, and Cheap Labor in the American Black Market (Reprint ed.). Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0618446704. 

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

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