Solar updraft tower

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 It has been suggested that super chimney be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)
This article is about a type of power plant. For other uses, see Solar tower (disambiguation).
Schematic presentation of a Solar updraft tower

The solar updraft tower is a proposed type of renewable-energy power plant. It combines three old and proven technologies: the chimney effect, the greenhouse effect, and the wind turbine. Air is heated in a very large greenhouse-like structure around the base of a tall chimney, and the resulting convection causes the air to rise and escape through the tower. The air current in the greenhouse to the chimney drives turbines, which produce electricity. A successful research prototype operated in Spain in the 1980s.

Contents

[edit] Description

The generating ability of a solar updraft power plant depends primarily on two factors: the size of the collector area and chimney height. With a larger collector area, a greater volume of air is warmed to flow up the chimney; collector areas as large as 7 km in diameter have been considered. With a larger chimney height, the pressure difference increases the stack effect; chimneys as tall as 1000 m have been considered.

Heat can be stored inside the collector area greenhouse to be used to warm the air later on. Water, with its relatively high specific heat capacity, can be filled in tubes placed under the collector increasing the energy storage as needed.[1]

Turbines can be installed in a ring around the base of the tower, with a horizontal axis, as planned for the Australian project and seen in the diagram above; or—as in the prototype in Spain—a single vertical axis turbine can be installed inside the chimney.

Carbon dioxide is emitted only negligibly while operating, but is emitted more significantly during manufacture of its construction materials, particularly cement. Net energy payback is estimated to be 2–3 years.[1]

A solar updraft tower power station would consume a significant area of land if it were designed to generate as much electricity as is produced by modern power stations using conventional technology. Construction would be most likely in hot areas with large amounts of very low-value land, such as deserts, or otherwise degraded land.

A small-scale solar updraft tower may be an attractive option for remote regions in developing countries.[2][3] The relatively low-tech approach could allow local resources and labour to be used for its construction and maintenance.

[edit] History

In 1903, Catalan Colonel of the spanish army Isidoro Cabanyes first proposed a solar chimney power plant in the magazine La energía eléctrica.[4] One of the earliest descriptions of a solar chimney power plant was written in 1931 by a German author, Hanns Günther.[5] Beginning in 1975, Robert E. Lucier applied for patents on a solar chimney electric power generator; between 1978 and 1981 these patents (since expired) were granted in Australia,[6] Canada,[7] Israel,[8] and the USA.[9]

[edit] Prototype in Spain

In 1982 a small-scale experimental model of a solar chimney power plant was built under the direction of German engineer Jörg Schlaich in Manzanares, Ciudad Real, 150 km south of Madrid, Spain; the project was funded by the German government.[10][11]

The chimney had a height of 195 metres and a diameter of 10 metres with a collection area (greenhouse) of 46,000 m² (about 11 acres, or 244 m diameter) obtaining a maximum power output of about 50 kW. However, this was an experimental setup that was not intended for power generation. Instead, different materials were used for testing such as single or double glazing or plastic (which turned out not to be durable enough), and one section was used as an actual greenhouse, growing plants under the glass. During its operation, optimization data was collected on a second-by-second basis with 180 sensors measuring inside and outside temperature, humidity and wind speed. [12]

For the choice of materials, it was taken into consideration that such an inefficient but cheap plant would be ideal for third world countries with lots of space - the method is inefficient for land use but very efficient economically because of the low operating cost. So cheap materials were used on purpose to see how they would perform, such as a chimney built with iron plating only 1.25 mm thin and held up with guy ropes. For a commercial plant, a reinforced concrete tower would be a better choice.

This pilot power plant operated for approximately eight years but the chimney guy rods were not protected against corrosion and not expected to last longer than the intended test period of three years. So, not surprisingly, after eight years they had rusted through and broke in a storm, causing the tower to fall over. The plant was decommissioned in 1989. [13]

Based on the test results, it was estimated that a 100 MW plant would require a 1000 m tower and a greenhouse of 20 km2. Because the costs lie mainly in construction and not in operation (free 'fuel', little maintenance and only 7 personnel), the cost per energy is largely determined by interest rates and years of operation, varying from 5 eurocent per kWh for 4% and 20 years to 15 eurocent per kWh for 12% and 40 years.[14]

[edit] Ciudad Real Torre Solar

There is a proposal to construct a solar updraft tower in Ciudad Real, Spain entitled Ciudad Real Torre Solar. If built, it would be the first of its kind in the European Union[15] and would stand 750 metres tall[16] – nearly twice as tall as the current tallest structure in the EU, the Belmont TV Mast[17] – covering an area of 350 hectares.[18] It is expected to output 40 MW of electricity.[19]

[edit] Australian proposal

EnviroMission has since 2001[20] proposed to build a solar updraft tower power generating station known as Solar Tower Buronga at a location near Buronga, New South Wales.[21] Technical details of the project are difficult to obtain[22] and the present status of the project is uncertain.[23]

On 18 March 2007, the company board announced a merger with the US-based SolarMission Technologies, Inc.,[24] but the relationship was terminated on November 1, 2007.

[edit] Botswana test facility

Based on the need for plans for long-term energy strategies, Botswana's Ministry of Science and Technology designed and built a small-scale solar chimney system for research. This chimney ran from 7 October until 22 November 2005. It had an inside diameter of 2 m and a height of 22m and was manufactured from glass reinforced polyester material, with a collection base area of approximately 160 m2. The roof was made of a 5 mm thick clear glass that was supported by a steel framework. [25]

[edit] Namibian proposal

In mid 2008 the Namibian government approved a proposal for the construction of a 400 MW solar chimney called the 'Greentower'. The tower is planned to be 1.5 km tall and 280 m in diameter, and the base will consist of a 37 km2 greenhouse in which cash crops can be grown. [26]

[edit] Conversion rate of solar energy to electrical energy

The solar updraft tower has power conversion rate considerably lower than many other designs in the (high temperature) solar thermal group of collectors. The low conversion rate of the Solar Tower is balanced to some extent by the low investment cost per square metre of solar collection.[27]

According to model calculations, a simple updraft power plant with an output of 200 MW would need a collector 7 kilometres in diameter (total area of about 38 km²) and a 1000-metre-high chimney.[1] One 200MW power station will provide enough electricity for around 200,000 typical households and will abate over 900,000 tons of greenhouse producing gases from entering the environment annually. The 38 km² collecting area is expected to extract about 0.5 percent, or 5 W/m² of 1 kW/m², of the solar power that falls upon it. Note that in comparison, concentrating thermal (CSP) or photovoltaic (CPV) solar power plants have an efficiency ranging from 20-40%. Because no data is available to test these models on a large-scale updraft tower there remains uncertainty about the reliability of these calculations.[28]

The performance of an updraft tower may be degraded by factors such as atmospheric winds,[29][30] by drag induced by bracings used for supporting the chimney,[31] and by reflection off the top of the greenhouse canopy.

Location is also a factor. A Solar updraft power plant located at high latitudes such as in Canada, could produce up to 85 per cent of the output of a similar plant located closer to the equator, but only if the collection area is sloped significantly southward.[32]

It is possible to combine the land use of a solar updraft tower with other uses, in order to make it more cost effective, and in some cases, to increase its total power output. Examples are the positioning of solar collectors or Photovoltaics underneath the updraft tower collector[33]. This could be combined with agricultural use.

[edit] Related and adapted ideas

  • The Vortex engine proposal replaces the physical chimney by a vortex of twisting air.
  • The solar chimney could be constructed up a mountainside using inclined terrain for support; this could draw power from updraft out of a thermal inversion and improve urban air quality.[34]
  • The inverse of the solar updraft tower is the downdraft-driven energy tower. Evaporation of sprayed water at the top of the tower would cause a downdraft by cooling the air and driving wind turbines at the bottom of the tower.
  • The solar cyclone distiller [35] could adapt the collector-tower system to provide large-scale seawater desalination.

[edit] Financial feasibility

This section discusses only the classical design of a Solar updraft tower: more exotic variations are not considered.

A solar updraft power station would require a very large initial capital outlay, which may be offset[citation needed] by relatively low operating cost.[1] Like other renewable power sources there would be no cost for fuel. A disadvantage of a solar updraft tower is the much lower conversion efficiency than concentrating solar power stations have, thus requiring a larger collector area and leading to higher cost of construction[36] and maintenance.[13]

 This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article; suggestions may be found on the talk page. (December 2007)

Financial comparisons between solar updraft towers and concentrating solar technologies contrast a larger, simpler structure against a smaller, more complex structure. The "better" of the two methods is the subject of much speculation and debate.

A Solar Tower is expected to have less of a requirement for standby capacity from traditional energy sources than wind power does. Various types of thermal storage mechanisms (such as a heat-absorbing surface material or salt water ponds) could be incorporated to smooth out power yields over the day/night cycle. Most renewable power systems (wind, solar-electrical) are variable, and a typical national electrical grid requires a combination of base, variable and on-demand power sources for stability. However, since distributed generation by intermittent power sources provides "smoothing" of the rate of change, this issue of variability can also be addressed by a large interconnected electrical super grid, incorporating wind farms, hydroelectric, and solar power stations.[37]

There is still a great amount of uncertainty and debate on what the cost of production for electricity would be for a solar updraft tower and whether a tower (large or small) can be made profitable. Schlaich et al.[1] estimate a cost of electricity between 7 (for a 200 MW plant) and 21 (for a 5 MW plant) euro cents per kWh, but other estimates indicate that the electricity cannot possibly be cheaper than 25-35 cents per kWh.[38] Compare this to LECs of approximately 5 US cents per KWh for a 100 MW plant, wind or natural gas.[39] No reliable electricity cost figures will exist until such time as actual data are available on a utility scale power plant, since cost predictions for a time scale of 25 years or more are unreliable.[40]

[edit] See also

Super Chimney

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e Schlaich J, Bergermann R, Schiel W, Weinrebe G (2005). "Design of Commercial Solar Updraft Tower Systems—Utilization of Solar Induced Convective Flows for Power Generation" (PDF). Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 127 (1): 117–124. doi:10.1115/1.1823493. http://www.sbp.de/de/html/contact/download/The_Solar_Updraft.pdf. 
  2. ^ Onyangoa FN, Ochieng RM (0000). "The potential of solar chimney for application in rural areas of developing countries". Fuel 00 (0): 000–000. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2006.04.029. 
  3. ^ Dai YJ, Huang HB, Wang RZ (2003). "Case study of solar chimney power plants in Northwestern regions of China". Renewable Energy 28 (8): 1295–1304. doi:10.1016/S0960-1481(02)00227-6. 
  4. ^ (Spanish) Lorenzo (in Spanish) (PDF). Las chimeneas solares:De una propuesta española en 1903 a la Central de Manzanares. De Los Archivos Históricos De La Energía Solar. http://www.fotovoltaica.com/chimenea.pdf. 
  5. ^ Günther, Hanns (1931). In hundert Jahren - Die künftige Energieversorgung der Welt. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde. 
  6. ^ AU patent 499934B, "Apparatus for converting Solar to Electrical Energy"
  7. ^ CA patent 1023564, "Utilization of Solar Energy"
  8. ^ IL patent 50721, "System and Apparatus for Converting Solar Heat to Electrical Energy"
  9. ^ US patent 4275309, "System for converting solar heat to electrical energy"
  10. ^ Haaf W, Friedrich K, Mayr G, Schlaich J (1983). "Solar Chimneys. Part 1: Principle and Construction of the Pilot Plant in Manzanares". International Journal of Solar Energy 2 (1): 3–20. 
  11. ^ Haaf W (1984). "Solar Chimneys - Part II: Preliminary Test Results from the Manzanares Pilot Plant". International Journal of Solar Energy 2 (2): 141–161. 
  12. ^ Schlaich J, Schiel W (2001), "Solar Chimneys", in RA Meyers (ed), Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, 3rd Edition, Academic Press, London. ISBN 0-12-227410-5 downloadPDF (180 KB)
  13. ^ a b Mills D (2004). "Advances in solar thermal electricity technology". Solar Energy 76 (1-3): 19–31. doi:10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00102-6. 
  14. ^ "The Solar Chimney" by Jörg Schlaich, 1995
  15. ^ (Spanish) Muñoz-Lacuna, J.V. (2006-02-13). "Ciudad Real tendrá una torre solar que doblará en alturaa las Torres Gemelas". lasprovincias.es. http://www.lasprovincias.es/valencia/pg060213/prensa/noticias/Espana/200602/13/VAL-ESP-051.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-26. 
  16. ^ "Diagrams - SkyscraperPage.com". SkyscraperPage.com. 2007. http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?26629863. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. 
  17. ^ "Belmont Transmitter". A.T.V (Aerials and Television). http://www.aerialsandtv.com/belmonttx.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-26. 
  18. ^ (Spanish) Plaza, Julio (2006-02-28). "La Torre Solar". HispaLibertas. http://www.hispalibertas.com/noticias/2006/02/28/la-torre-solar.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-26. 
  19. ^ (Spanish) "Torre Solar de 750 metros en Ciudad Real". Urbanity.es. 2006-02-13. http://urbanity.blogsome.com/2006/02/13/torre-solar-de-750-metros-en-ciudad-real/. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. 
  20. ^ Davey, R (2001-08-06). "New Green energy technology launches". Australian Securities Exchange. http://www.asx.com.au/asx/statistics/showSignalgDetail.do?issuerId=4715&announcementId=414439. Retrieved on 2007-03-31. 
  21. ^ Woody, Todd (2006-10-02). "Tower of Power". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2006/08/01/8382232/index.htm. Retrieved on 2007-03-09. 
  22. ^ Diesendorf, Mark (2007). Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, UNSW Press, p.176.
  23. ^ Woody, Todd (2006-10-26). "What's Next for the Aussie Solar Tower?". Business 2.0 Beta. http://blogs.business2.com/greenwombat/2006/10/whats_next_for_.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-09. 
  24. ^ "Merger to Build Solar Tower Opportunities" (PDF). EnvrioMission Ltd.. 2007-03-18. http://www.solarmissiontechnologies.com/announcements/EVM_CA_Merger_Announcement.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-10-31. 
  25. ^ Ketlogetswe, C (2007-02-21). "Solar chimney power generation project—The case for Botswana". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VMY-4NSWTYP-3&_user=2322062&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2322062&md5=2ef56b9798b0b646b437cc8657203a3b. Retrieved on 2008-10-17. 
  26. ^ Cloete, R (2008-07-25). "Solar tower sheds light on little-used technology". Engineering News Online. http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=137580. Retrieved on 2008-10-17. 
  27. ^ 3. Solar Energy SystemsPDF (1.24 MB) Status Report on Solar Trough Power Plants (1996)
  28. ^ Pretorius JP, Kröger DG (2006). "Critical evaluation of solar chimney power plant performance". Solar Energy 80 (5): 535–544. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.04.001. 
  29. ^ Serag-Eldin MA (2004). "Computing flow in a solar chimney plant subject to atmospheric winds". Proceedings of the ASME Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference 2004 2 B: 1153–1162. 
  30. ^ El-Haroun AA (2002). "The effect of wind speed at the top of the tower on the performance and energy generated from thermosyphon solar turbine". International Journal of Solar Energy 22 (1): 9–18. doi:10.1080/01425910212851. 
  31. ^ von Backström TW (2003). "Calculation of Pressure and Density in Solar Power Plant Chimneys". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125 (1): 127–129. doi:10.1115/1.1530198. 
  32. ^ Bilgen E, Rheault J (2005). "Solar chimney power plants for high latitudes". Solar Energy 79 (5): 449–458. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.01.003. 
  33. ^ - Glass roof of the prototype plant at Manzanares Pag.3
  34. ^ US patent 7026723, "Air filtering chimney to clean pollution from a city and generate electric power"
  35. ^ Kashiwa BA,Kashiwa CB (2008). "The solar cyclone: A solar chimney for harvesting atmospheric water". Energy 33: 331–339. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2007.06.003. 
  36. ^ Trieb, Franz; Ole Langniß and Helmut Klaiß (January 1997). "Solar electricity generation—A comparative view of technologies, costs and environmental impact" (PDF). Solar Energy (Elsevier Science Ltd) 59 (1-3): 89–99. doi:10.1016/S0038-092X(97)80946-2. http://jgalvez.web.cern.ch/jgalvez/Solar/Articles/TRIE0179.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-03-30. 
  37. ^ "Integration of Wind Energy into the Grid". European Wind Energy Association - EWEA. 2005-2007. http://www.ewea.org/index.php?id=196. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. 
  38. ^ ^  Zaslavsky, Dan (2006). "Energy Towers". PhysicaPlus - Online magazine of the Israel Physical Society (Israel Physical Society) (7). http://physicaplus.org.il/zope/home/en/1124811264/1137833043_en. Retrieved on 2007-03-30. 
  39. ^ Levelized Costs of Electricity Production by Technology California Energy Commission, 2003
  40. ^ Groenendaal, B.J. (July 2002). "Solar Thermal Power Technologies" (PDF). Monograph in the framework of the VLEEM Project. Energy research Centre of the Netherlands: ECN. http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2002/c02062.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-03-30. 

[edit] External links

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