South Ossetia

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The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (November 2008)

South Ossetia (Georgia) Хуссар Ирыстон / Khussar Iryston (Ossetic) სამხრეთ ოსეთი / Samkhreti Oseti (Georgian) Южная Осетия / Yuzhnaya Osetiya (Russian)
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: National Anthem of South Ossetia
Map of South Ossetia
South Ossetia (green circled in red) and Europe (grey)
Capital		Tskhinvali 42°14′N 43°58′E / 42.233°N 43.967°E / 42.233; 43.967
Official languages		Ossetic, Georgian Russian1
Recognised regional languages		Georgian
Government
-	President	Eduard Kokoity
-	Prime Minister	Aslanbek Bulatsev
Independence from Georgia
-	Declared	28 November 1991
-	Recognition (by the Russian Federation)	26 August 2008
Area
-	Total	3,900 km2  1,506 sq mi
-	Water (%)	negligible
Population
-	2000 estimate	70,000
-	Density	18/km2  46.6/sq mi
Currency		Russian ruble (RUB)
Time zone		(UTC+3)
Drives on the		right
1	Russian language is "official language of government authorities, public administration and local self-government".

South Ossetia (pronounced /ɒˈsɛtɪə/^[1] or /ɒˈsiːʃə/^[2]; Ossetic: Хуссар Ирыстон, Xussar Iryston; Russian: Южная Осетия, Yuzhnaya Osetiya; Georgian: სამხრეთი ოსეთი, Samxreti Oseti) is a disputed region in the South Caucasus. Since its declaration of independence from Georgia in 1991 during the Georgian-Ossetian conflict,^[3] it is governed by the Republic of South Ossetia (recognised only by Russian Federation and Nicaragua, both in 2008; see International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia), which claims the territory of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the former Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Georgia does not recognize the secession of the province and considers it to be a part of the Shida Kartli region within its sovereign territory.

The contemporaneously de facto independent republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, as well as Transnistria, recognized each other's independence on 17 November 2006.

Since the Russian-Georgian war of 2008, Russia and Nicaragua have recognised South Ossetia's independence. The first member of the United Nations to recognize South Ossetia was the Russian Federation on 26 August 2008, followed by Nicaragua on 5 September. However, the European Union, NATO, along many other countries consider the territory of South Ossetia a part of Georgia and do not recognize South Ossetia as an independent state.^{[4][5][6][7][8]}

Since 28 August 2008, Georgia has been considering South Ossetia to be "Russian-occupied territory."^[9]

Three days after Russia's recognition of South Ossetia as an independent nation, a South Ossetian official announced that the region would soon be absorbed into Russia and Russia will open military bases there.^[10] However, Eduard Kokoity, the current president of South Ossetia, later stated that South Ossetia would not forgo its independence by joining Russia.^[11]

[edit] Political status

Map of Georgia highlighting South Ossetia (purple) and Abkhazia (green)

The European Union, Council of the European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and most UN member countries do not recognize South Ossetia as an independent state. The de facto republic governed by the secessionist government held a second independence referendum^[12] on 12 November 2006, after its first referendum in 1992 was not recognized by most governments as valid.^[13] According to the Tskhinvali election authorities, the referendum turned out a majority for independence from Georgia where 99% of South Ossetian voters supported independence and the turnout for the vote was 95%^[14]. The referendum was monitored by a team of 34 international observers from Germany, Austria, Poland, Sweden and other countries at 78 polling stations.^[15] However, it was not recognized internationally by the UN, European Union, OSCE, NATO and the Russian Federation, given the lack of ethnic Georgian participation and the legality of such a referendum without recognition from the Georgian government in Tbilisi.^[16] The European Union, OSCE and NATO condemned the referendum.

Parallel to the secessionist held referendum and elections, the Ossetian opposition movement (People of South Ossetia for Peace) to Eduard Kokoity, the current President of South Ossetia, organized their own elections in which Georgian and some Ossetian inhabitants of the region voted in favour of Dmitry Sanakoyev as the alternative President of South Ossetia.^[17] The alternative elections of Sanakoyev claimed full support of the ethnic Georgian population.

In April 2007, Georgia created the Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia^{[18][19][20][21]} and staffed by ethnic Ossetian members of the separatist movement. Dmitry Sanakoyev was assigned as the leader of the Entity. It was intended that this provisional administration would negotiate with central Georgian authorities regarding its final status and conflict resolution.^[22] On 10 May 2007, Sanakoyev was appointed by the President of Georgia as the Head of South Ossetian Provisional Administrative Entity.

On July 13, 2007, Georgia set up a state commission, chaired by the Prime Minister Zurab Noghaideli, to develop South Ossetia's autonomous status within the Georgian state. According to the Georgian officials, the status was to be elaborated within the framework of "an all-inclusive dialogue" with all the forces and communities within the Ossetian society.^[23]

Russian Presidential Decree No. 1261 recognising South Ossetian independence

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (March 2009)

At about midnight (Tbilisi/Moscow/Tskhinvali time, EST +8) of 8 August, 2008, ^[24], on the same day as the 2008 Olympic Games officially commenced, Georgian armed forces moved forward to South Ossetia to take control of Tskhinvali and "restore constitutional order in the entire region". The Georgian operation started eight hours after Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili pledged a ceasefire to South Ossetians, and included hours of artillery bombardment of Tskhinvali, during which, according to Amnesty International, "over 100 civilian houses were hit". ^[25]. 13 Russian servicemen of the peacekeeping force stationed in the city under UN mandate were killed during the first hours, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated on 8 August.^[26] Russian troops moved into South Ossetia as part of a "peace enforcement" operation, pushing the Georgian army out of South Ossetia and moving farther, occupying Gori, Kareli, Kaspi and Igoeti in Georgia proper. Parallel to these events Russian forces also entered western Georgia from another breakaway region of Abkhazia occupying Zugdidi, Senaki and the major Georgian port of Poti. Following the end of hostilities, the Federation Council of Russia called an extraordinary session for 25 August 2008 to discuss recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.^[27] On 25 August the Federation Council unanimously voted to ask the Russian President to recognise independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia.^[28] The Russian parliament voted in favour of this motion the following day. This unilateral recognition by Russia was met by condemnation from Western countries and other members of the United Nations (France, Germany, Great Britain, United States, etc), NATO, OSCE, the European Council due to the violation of Georgia's territorial integrity, United Nations numerous resolutions.^{[5][6][29][30]} This was in stark contrast to their swift recognition of Kosovo not long before. On 29 August, Georgia severed diplomatic relations with Russia over the conflict.^[31]

On August 30, 2008, Tarzan Kokoity, the Deputy Speaker of South Ossetia's parliament, announced that the region would "soon" be absorbed into Russia, so that South and North Ossetians could live together in "one united Russian state".^[10] Russian and South Ossetian forces began giving residents in Akhalgori, the biggest town in the predominantly ethnic Georgian eastern part of South Ossetia, the choice of accepting Russian citizenship or leaving.^[32] The EU's diplomatic response to the news was delayed by disagreements between Eastern European states and the UK wanting a harsher response and Germany, France, and other states' desire not to isolate Russia.^[33] Former US envoy Richard Holbrooke said the conflict could encourage separatist movements in other former Soviet states along Russia's western border.^[34]

On September 5, 2008, Nicaragua became the second country — the first being Russia — to recognize South Ossetia and Abkhazia. ^[35]

On September 11, 2008, Eduard Kokoity stated, “We are not going to say no to our independence, which has been achieved at the expense of many lives; South Ossetia has no plans to join Russia." Civil Georgia has said that this statement contradicts previous ones made by Kokoity earlier that day, when he indicated that South Ossetia would join North Ossetia in the Russian Federation.^[10]

According to Russian daily Vremya Novostei on November 11, 2008, Lebanon may consider recognizing the two Georgian separatist republics as independent. Saad Hariri, leader of the Lebanese parliamentary majority, was quoted as saying: "The recognition issue will be decided at the top level of government. We are about to start establishing contacts with South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Delegations of our businessmen will soon be sent there."^[36] Lebanese sources didn't confirm the consideration to recognize. ^[37]

[edit] History

[edit] Medieval and early modern period

The Ossetians are originally descendants of the Alans, a Sarmatian tribe. They became Christians during the early Middle Ages, under Byzantine, Georgian and since 1767 Russian influences. Under Mongol rule, they were pushed out of their medieval homeland south of the Don River in present-day Russia and part migrated towards and over the Caucasus mountains (into the kingdom of Georgia and into the lands of present-day North Ossetia-Alania),^[38] where they formed three distinct territorial entities. Digor in the west came under the influence of the neighboring Kabard people, who introduced Islam. Kudar in the south became what is now South Ossetia, part of the historical Georgian principality of Samachablo^[39] where Ossetians found refuge from Mongol invaders. Iron in the north became what is now North Ossetia, under Russian rule from 1767. The vast majority of the Ossetians are Orthodox Christians; there is also a significant Muslim minority.

[edit] South Ossetia as a part of the Soviet Union

Former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast is grey. Note that its borders do not exactly match any of the current official administrative region of Georgia.

The modern-day South Ossetia joined Russia in 1801, along with Georgia proper, and absorbed into the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, South Ossetia became a part of the Menshevik Georgian Democratic Republic, while the North Ossetia became a part of the Terek Soviet Republic. "The Georgian Menshevik government accused Ossetians of cooperating with Russian Bolsheviks. A series of Ossetian rebellions took place between 1918 and 1920 during which claims were made to an independent territory. Violence broke out in 1920 when Georgian Mensheviks sent National Guards and regular army units to Tskhinvali to crush the uprisings. Ossetian sources claim that about 5,000 Ossetians were killed and more than 13,000 subsequently died from hunger and epidemics"^[40]

The Soviet Georgian government established by the Russian 11th Red Army in 1921 created the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast (i.e., province) in April 1922. Although the Ossetians had their own language (Ossetian), Russian and Georgian were administrative/state languages.^[41] Under the rule of Georgia's government during Soviet times, it enjoyed some degree of autonomy including speaking the Ossetian language and teaching it in schools.^[41]

[edit] Georgian-Ossetian conflict

[edit] 1989–2008

Map of South Ossetia, November 2004

Hatched shading shows Georgian-controlled areas in South Ossetia in June 2007, according to JPKF.^[42]

The monument to the victims of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict in Tskhinvali

The tensions in the region began to rise amid the rising nationalism among both Georgians and Ossetians in 1989. Before this, the two communities of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast of Georgian SSR had been living in peace with each other except for the 1918-1920 events. Both ethnicities have had a high level of interaction and high rates of intermarriages.

The influential South Ossetian Popular Front (Ademon Nykhas) was created in 1988. On 10 November 1989, the South Ossetian regional council asked the Georgian Supreme Council (in Russian: Верховный Совет Грузии) for the region to be upgraded to that of "autonomous republic". In 1989 the Georgian Supreme Council established Georgian as the principal language countrywide.^[40]

The Georgian Supreme Council adopted a law barring regional parties in summer 1990. This was interpreted by Ossetians as a move against Ademon Nykhas and led to Ossetians proclaiming South Ossetia as the South Ossetian Democratic Republic on September 20, 1990,^[43][44] fully sovereign within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Ossetians boycotted subsequent Georgian parliamentary elections and held their own contest in December. The Georgian government headed by Zviad Gamsakhurdia declared this election illegitimate and abolished South Ossetia's autonomous status altogether on 11 December 1990.^[40]

Violent conflict broke out towards the end of 1991 during which many South Ossetian villages were attacked and burned down as were Georgian houses and schools in Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia. As a result, approximately 1,000 died and about 100,000 ethnic Ossetians fled the territory and Georgia proper, most across the border into North Ossetia. A further 23,000 ethnic Georgians fled South Ossetia and settled in other parts of Georgia.^[45] Many South Ossetians were resettled in uninhabited areas of North Ossetia from which the Ingush had been expelled by Stalin in 1944, leading to conflicts between Ossetians and Ingush over the right of residence in former Ingush territory.

The western part of South Ossetia was affected by the 1991 Racha-Java earthquake, which killed 200 and left 300 families homeless.

In 1992, Georgia accepted a ceasefire to avoid a large scale confrontation with Russia. The government of Georgia and South Ossetian separatists reached an agreement to avoid the use of force against one another, and Georgia pledged not to impose sanctions against South Ossetia. However, the Georgian government still retained control over substantial portions of South Ossetia, including the town of Akhalgori.^[46] A peacekeeping force of Ossetians, Russians and Georgians was established. On 6 November 1992, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) set up a Mission in Georgia to monitor the peacekeeping operation. From then until mid-2004 South Ossetia was generally peaceful. In June 2004, serious tensions began to rise as the Georgian authorities strengthened their efforts to bring the region back under Tbilisi rule, and established an alternative government pro-Georgian government for South Ossetia in Tbilisi. ^[47] Hostage takings, shootouts and occasional bombings left dozens dead and wounded. A ceasefire deal was reached on 13 August though it was repeatedly violated. Presently the situation is tense with war escalating. Moscow and Tskhinvali viewed the recent Georgian military build-up with concern.

Georgian Snipers in South Ossetia

The Georgian government protests against the continually increasing Russian economic and political presence in the region and against the uncontrolled military of the South Ossetian side. It also considers the peacekeeping force to be non-neutral and demanded its replacement.^[48] This criticism was supported, by the U.S. senator Richard Lugar^[49] EU South Caucasus envoy Peter Semneby said later that "Russia's actions in the Georgia spy row have damaged its credibility as a neutral peacekeeper in the EU's Black Sea neighbourhood."^[50] Most recently, Joseph Biden (Chairman, U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee), Richard Lugar, and Mel Martinez sponsored a resolution accusing Russia of attempting to undermine Georgia's territorial integrity and called for replacing the Russian-manned peacekeeping force operating under CIS mandate.^[51]

[edit] 2008 War

Russian soldiers and South Ossetian militiamen in Java during the war

South Ossetian military parade in Tskhinvali after the war

The prelude to the conflict began with violent clashes on Wednesday, 6 August 2008 with both sides claiming having been fired upon by the other. The Georgian interior ministry claimed Georgian forces had returned fire only after South Ossetian positions shelled Georgian-controlled villages and accused the South Ossetian side of "trying to create an illusion of serious escalation, an illusion of war."^[52] South Ossetia denied provoking the conflict.^[53][54]

Over the course of several days in early August, the Georgians secretly concentrated a significant number of troops and equipment, including the full 2th, 3th and 4th Infantry Brigades, the Artillery Brigade, the elements of the 1th Infantry Brigade, the separate Gori Tank Battalion, among others, - all in all, up to 16,000 men - in the Georgian enclaves in the South Ossetian conflict zone, under cover of providing support for the exchange of fire with Ossetian formations." ^{[55][neutrality disputed]}

On 7 August, Georgian and Ossetian forces agreed on a ceasefire^[56].

However, in the first hours of 8 August 2008, Georgia launched a massive attack, which started the 2008 South Ossetia war. After a prolonged artillery onslaught, Georgian troops with tanks and air support entered South Ossetian-controlled territory.^{[57] [58] [59]} On the same day, twelve Russian peacekeepers were killed and nearly 150 injured.^[60]

At least one former Georgian government official has testified that Georgia started the war with the approval of the United States government. Erosi Kitsmarishvili, Georgia's former ambassador to Moscow and a confidant of President Mikheil Saakashvili, testified to the Parliament of Georgia that Georgian officials told him in April 2008 that they planned to start a war in Abkhazia, one of two breakaway regions at issue in the war, and had received a green light from the United States government to do so. He said the Georgian government later decided to start the war in South Ossetia, the other region, and continue into Abkhazia.^[61]

The Russian Prime-Minister Vladimir Putin said that the Russian Government condemns the "aggressive actions" by Georgian troops in South Ossetia^[62] and that, under such circumstances, it would be "legitimate and even necessary" for Russia to retaliate.^[63] Heavy fighting was reported in Tskhinvali for most of 8 August, with Georgian forces attempting to push Ossetians slowly from the city.^[64] The following day, Russia deployed forces into South Ossetia to remove Georgian forces from South Ossetia. Additionally, Russia targeted Georgia's military infrastructure to reduce Georgia's ability to conduct another incursion.

On 22 August, following a negotiated cease-fire between Georgia and Russia, Russia pulled its forces back to Russia and South Ossetia, leaving military contingents disbursed throughout various areas as observation and security posts. These were withdrawn by 8 October.

[edit] Politics

Until the armed conflict of August 2008, South Ossetia consisted of a checkerboard of Georgian-inhabited and Ossetian-inhabited towns and villages.^[65] The largely Ossetian capital city of Tskhinvali and most of the other Ossetian-inhabited communities were governed by the separatist government, while the Georgian-inhabited villages and towns were administered by the Georgian government. This close proximity and the intermixing of the two communities has made the Georgian–Ossetian conflict particularly dangerous, since any attempt to create an ethnically pure territory would involve population transfers on a large scale.

The political dispute has yet to be resolved and the South Ossetian separatist authorities govern the region with effective independence from Tbilisi. Although talks have been held periodically between the two sides, little progress was made under the government of Eduard Shevardnadze (1993–2003). His successor Mikheil Saakashvili (elected 2004) made the reassertion of Georgian governmental authority a political priority. Having successfully put an end to the de facto independence of the southwestern province of Ajaria in May 2004, he pledged to seek a similar solution in South Ossetia. After the 2004 clashes, the Georgian government has intensified its efforts to bring the problem to international attention. On 25 January 2005, President Saakashvili presented a Georgian vision for resolving the South Ossetian conflict at the PACE session in Strasbourg. Late in October, the U.S. Government and the OSCE expressed their support to the Georgian action plan presented by Prime Minister Zurab Noghaideli at the OSCE Permanent Council at Vienna on 27 October 2005. On 6 December, the OSCE Ministerial Council in Ljubljana adopted a resolution supporting the Georgian peace plan^[66] which was subsequently rejected by the South Ossetian de facto authorities.

In 2009, South Ossetia was ranked near the bottom of Freedom House's list of repressive countries and disputed territories, together with countries like China, Cuba or Zimbabwe.^[67]

[edit] Republic of South Ossetia

On September 11, 2006, the South Ossetian Information and Press Committee announced that the republic would hold an independence referendum^[12] (the first referendum had not been recognized by the international community as valid in 1992^[68]) on 12 November 2006. The voters would decide on whether or not South Ossetia "should preserve its present de facto status of an independent state". Georgia denounced the move as a "political absurdity". However, on 13 September 2006, the Council of Europe (CoE) Secretary General Terry Davis commented on the problem, stating that it would be unlikely that anyone would accept the results of this referendum and instead urged South Ossetian government to engage in the negotiations with Georgia.^[69] On 13 September 2006 European Union Special Representative to the South Caucasus, Peter Semneby, while visiting Moscow, said: "results of the South Ossetian independence referendum will have no meaning for the European Union".^[70] Peter Semneby also added that this referendum would not contribute to the peaceful conflict resolution process in South Ossetia.

South Ossetians nearly unanimously approved a referendum on 12 November 2006 opting for independence from Georgia. The referendum was hugely popular, winning between 98 and 99 percent of the ballots, flag waving and celebration marked were seen across South Ossetia, but elsewhere observers were less enthusiastic. International critics claimed that the move could worsen regional tensions, and the Tbilisi government thoroughly discounted the results.

The People of South Ossetia for Peace was founded in October 2006 by the ethnic Ossetians who were outspoken critics and presented a serious opposition to secessionist authorities of Eduard Kokoity.

The group headed by the former defence minister and then prime minister of secessionist government Dmitry Sanakoyev organized the so-called alternative presidential election, on 12 November 2006– parallel to those held by the secessionist authorities in Tskhinvali.^[17] High voter turnout was reported by the alternative electoral commission, which estimated over 42,000 voters from both Ossetian (Java district and Tskhinvali) and Georgian (Eredvi, Tamarasheni, etc.) communities of South Ossetia and Sanakoyev reportedly received 96% of the votes. Another referendum was organized shortly after asking for the start of negotiations with Georgia on a federal arrangement for South Ossetia received 94% support. However, People of South Ossetia for Peace turned down a request from a Georgian NGO, “Multinational Georgia”, to monitor it and the released results were very likely to be inflated.^[47]

According to the International Crisis Group, "Georgian government’s steps are non-violent and development-oriented but their implementation is unilateral and so assertive that they are contributing to a perceptible and dangerous rise in tensions".^[47]

Initially the entity of Sanakoyev was known as "the Alternative Government of South Ossetia", but during the course of 2007 the central authorities of Georgia decided to give it official status and on 13 April the formation of "Provisional Administration of South Ossetia" was announced.^[71] On 10 May 2007 Dmitry Sanakoyev was appointed head of the provisional administrative entity in South Ossetia.^[72]

An EU fact finding team visited the region in January 2007. Per Eklund, Head of the Delegation of the European Community to Georgia[5] said that “None of the two alternatives do we consider legitimate [in South Ossetia].”^[73]

[edit] Geography

Topographic map of South Ossetia. (Polish transcription)

South Ossetia covers an area of about 3,900 km² on the southern side of the Caucasus, separated by the mountains from the more populous North Ossetia (part of Russia) and extending southwards almost to the Mtkvari river in Georgia. It is extremely mountainous, with most of the region lying over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above sea level. Its economy is primarily agricultural, although less than 10% of South Ossetia's land area is cultivated. Cereals, fruit and vines are the major produce. Forestry and cattle industries are also maintained. A number of industrial facilities also exist, particularly around the capital Tskhinvali.

[edit] Demographics

Before the Georgian-Ossetian conflict roughly two-thirds of the population of South Ossetia was Ossetian and 25-30% was Georgian. The eastern quarter of the country, around the town of Akhalgori, is predominantly Georgian, while the center and west are predominantly Ossete. Much of the mountainous north is scarcely inhabited. (See map at Languages of the Caucasus.)

Because the statistical office of Georgia was not able to conduct the 2002 Georgian census in South Ossetia, the present composition of the population of South Ossetia is unknown,^[74] although according to some estimates there were 45,000 ethnic Ossetians and 17,500 ethnic Georgians in South Ossetia in 2007.^[75]

[edit] Economy

Following a war with Georgia in the 1990s, South Ossetia has struggled economically. Employment and supplies are scarce. Additionally, Georgia cut off supplies of electricity to the region, which forced the South Ossetian government to run an electric cable through North Ossetia. The majority of the population survives on subsistence farming. Virtually the only significant economic asset that South Ossetia possesses is control of the Roki Tunnel that used to link Russia and Georgia, from which the South Ossetian government reportedly obtains as much as a third of its budget by levying customs duties on freight traffic.

In late 2006, a large international counterfeiting operation stretching from South Ossetia was revealed by U.S. Secret Service and Georgian police.^[76][77]

South Ossetian GDP was estimated at US$ 15 million (US$ 250 per capita) in a work published in 2002.^[78]

[edit] See also

• Ossetia
• Shida Kartli
• Samachablo
• Military of South Ossetia
• Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia

[edit] References

[edit] External links

This article's external links may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: South Ossetia

• The State Committee on Information and Press of Republic of South Ossetia
• Crisis profile, Georgia, Abkhazia, S. Ossetia From Reuters Alertnet
• BBC overview of South Ossetia
• South Ossetia at the Open Directory Project
• OCHA report on which side controls which regions of South Ossetia
• Special South Ossetia on Caucaz.com, Weekly Online about South Caucasus.
• Delegation of the European Community to Georgia
• (Russian) Ossetia—History, culture, politics, news
• International Crisis Group, Georgia’s South Ossetia Conflict: Make Haste Slowly, Europe Report N°183, 7 June 2007 (free registration needed to view the full report)
• Carnegie Centre Moscow, Special Issue of Pro et Contra on post-Soviet separatist conflicts, 2006)
• South Ossetian News
• CIVIL GEORGIA Daily News Online Magazine
• Centre for European Policy Studies/Nicu Popescu, Europe’s Unrecognised Neighbours: The EU in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, 2007)
• Alan Tskhurbayev (CRS No. 406 17-Aug-07), South Ossetians Caught Between Two "Presidents". Institute for War and Peace Reporting.
• (Russian) State news agency of the Republic of South Ossetia
• South Ossetia - A Land of No Crossroads
• Andriy TsaplienkoDocumentary about August 2004 conflict "The war between two neighbours" (Ukrainian)

Links to related articles v • d • e Administrative divisions of Georgia Autonomous republics Abkhazia1 · Adjara Regions Guria · Imereti2 · Kakheti · Kvemo Kartli · Mtskheta-Mtianeti2 · Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti2 · Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti · Samtskhe-Javakheti · Shida Kartli2 City with special status Tbilisi (capital) 1 Now constitutes the Republic of Abkhazia the independence of which has been recognised by Russia. 2 Parts of these regions constitute the Republic of South Ossetia, the independence of which has been recognised by Russia. v • d • e Countries and regions of the Caucasus      Abkhazia  Adygea  Adjara  Armenia  Azerbaijan  Chechnya  Dagestan  Georgia  Ingushetia  Karachay-Cherkessia  Kabardino-Balkaria  Krasnodar Krai  Nagorno-Karabakh  North Ossetia-Alania  Stavropol Krai  South Ossetia v • d • e Non-sovereign territories of Europe   Autonomous regions Russia Adygea · Bashkortostan · Chechnya · Chuvashia · Dagestan · Ingushetia · Kabardino-Balkaria · Kalmykia · Karachay-Cherkessia · Karelia · Komi Republic · Mari El · Mordovia · Nenets Autonomous Okrug · North Ossetia-Alania · Tatarstan · Udmurtia Elsewhere Adjara, Georgia · Åland Islands, Finland · Azores, Portugal · Crimea, Ukraine · Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy · Gagauzia, Moldova · Madeira,1 Portugal · Mount Athos, Greece · Nakhchivan,1 Azerbaijan · Sardinia, Italy · Sicily, Italy · Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Italy · Valle d'Aosta, Italy · Vojvodina, Serbia   Dependent territories Akrotiri and Dhekelia,1 UK · Faroe Islands, Denmark · Gibraltar, UK · Guernsey, UK · Isle of Man, UK · Jersey, UK   Unrecognized or partially recognized republics, territories or regions Abkhazia, Georgia1, 2 · Kosovo, Serbia3 · Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Azerbaijan1 · Northern Cyprus, Cyprus1, 4 South Ossetia, Georgia1, 2 · Transnistria, Moldova · 1 Entirely on another continent but having sociopolitical connections with Europe.  2 Recognized by Russia and Nicaragua.  3 Recognized by 56 UN member states.  4 Recognized only by Turkey. v • d • e Iranian-speaking nations and autonomous entities  Afghanistan •  China (Tashkurgan)1 •  Georgia ( South Ossetia)2 •  Iran •  Iraq ( Kurdistan) •  Russia ( North Ossetia-Alania, Dagestan) •  Pakistan (North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan) •  Tajikistan •  Uzbekistan (1) Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County, officially recognised minority in the People's Republic of China. (2) South Ossetia is a self-proclaimed republic within the internationally recognized borders of Georgia. It is presently only recognized by Russia and Nicaragua. v • d • e History of Europe Prehistoric Europe Paleolithic Europe · Neolithic Europe · Bronze Age Europe · Iron Age Europe Classical Antiquity Classical Greece · Roman Republic · Hellenistic period · Roman Empire · Late Antiquity · Early Christianity · Crisis of the 3rd century · Fall of the Roman Empire Middle Ages Early Middle Ages · Migration Period · Byzantine Empire · Christianization · High Middle Ages · Holy Roman Empire · Crusades · Feudalism · Late Middle Ages · Hundred Years' War · Renaissance Early Modern Europe Reformation · Age of Exploration · Age of Sail · Baroque · Thirty Years' War · Portuguese Empire · Spanish Empire · British Empire · Habsburg Empire Modern Europe Age of Enlightenment · Great Divergence · French Revolution · Napoleonic Wars · Nationalism · Revolutions of 1848 · Industrialisation · World War I · Interbellum · World War II · Cold War · European integration See also Genetic history of Europe · History of Western civilization · History of the Mediterranean region · Military history of Europe · Western art history · Maritime history of Europe · History of the European Union v • d • e Politics of Europe Sovereign states Albania · Andorra · Armenia1 · Austria · Azerbaijan2 · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus1 · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia2 · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Kazakhstan3 · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Republic of Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia3 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey2 · Ukraine · United Kingdom (England • Northern Ireland • Scotland • Wales) · Vatican City Dependencies, autonomies, other territories Abkhazia 2 · Adjara1 · Adygea · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Åland · Azores · Bashkortostan · Catalonia · Chechnya · Chuvashia · Crimea · Dagestan · Faroe Islands · Gagauzia · Gibraltar · Guernsey · Ingushetia · Jan Mayen · Jersey · Kabardino-Balkaria · Kalmykia · Karachay-Cherkessia · Republic of Karelia · Komi Republic · Kosovo · Madeira · Isle of Man · Mari El · Mordovia · Nagorno-Karabakh1 · Nakhchivan1 · North Ossetia-Alania · Northern Cyprus1 · South Ossetia 2 · Svalbard · Tatarstan · Transnistria · Udmurtia · Vojvodina Italics indicates an unrecognised or partially recognised country.  1 Entirely in Asia, but historically considered European.  2 Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the border definitions.  3 Transcontinental country.  v • d • e Elections and referendums in South Ossetia Presidential elections 1996 · 2001 · 2006 Referendums 1992 · 2006