Meteora

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This article is about the Greek Orthodox monasteries. For the Linkin Park album, see Meteora (album).
Metéora*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The monastery Agia Triada (Holy Trinity) viewed from the east.
State Party  Greece
Type Mixed
Criteria i, ii, iv, v, vii
Reference 455
Region** Europe
Coordinates 39°42′N 21°37′E / 39.7°N 21.617°E / 39.7; 21.617
Inscription history
Inscription 1988  (12th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.

The Metéora (Greek: Μετέωρα, "suspended rocks", "suspended in the air" or "in the heavens above") is one of the largest and most important complexes of Eastern Orthodox monasteries in Greece, second only to Mount Athos.[1] The nearest town is Kalambaka, Greece. The monasteries are built on natural sandstone rock pillars, at the northwestern edge of the Plain of Thessaly near the Peneios river and Pindus Mountains, in central Greece. The Metéora is home to six monasteries and is included on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Metéora's criteria[2] for the UNESCO World Heritage Site are I, II, IV, V and VII.[3]

Contents

[edit] History

Although it is unknown when the monasteries of Metéora were established, as early as the 11th century AD hermit monks were believed to be living among the caves and cutouts in the rocks.[1] By the late 11th or early 12th century a rudimentary monastic state had formed called the Skete of Stagoi and was centered around the church of Theotokos (mother of God), which still stands today.[1] The hermit monks, seeking a retreat from the expanding Turkish occupation, found the inaccessible rock pillars of Meteora to be an ideal refuge. Although more than 20 monasteries were built, beginning in the 14th century,[1] only six remain today. These six are: 'Great Meteoron (or Transfiguration), Varlaam, St. Stephen, Holy Trinity, St. Nicholas Anapausas and Rousanou. There is a common belief that St. Athanasios (founder of the first monastery) did not scale the rock, but was carried there by an eagle.[4] Access to the monasteries was originally extremely difficult, requiring either long ladders lashed together or large nets used to haul up both goods and people. This required quite a leap of faith – the ropes were replaced, so the story goes, only "when the Lord let them break,".[5] In the words of UNESCO, "The net in which intrepid pilgrims were hoisted up vertically alongside the 373-meter cliff where the Varlaam monastery dominates the valley symbolizes the fragility of a traditional way of life that is threatened with extinction."[6] In the 1920s there was an improvement in the arrangements. Steps were cut into the rock, making the complex accessible via a bridge from the nearby plateau. During World War II the site was bombed and many art treasures were stolen. Only six of the monasteries remain today.[6] Of these six, five are inhabited by men, one by women. Each monastery has fewer than 10 inhabitants. The monasteries are now amongst the most popular tourist sites in the world and now serve primarily as museums.

Beside the Pindhos Mountains, at the western region of the Thessaly plain in the middle of northern Greece, these sandstone rocks rise from the ground. Since the 9th century, an ascetic group of monks moved up to the ancient pinnacles. The rocks are composed of a mixture of sandstone and conglomerate. They were formed about 60 million years ago. A series of earth movements pushed the seabed upwards, creating a high plateau and causing many fault lines to appear in the thick layer of sandstone.

Continuous weathering by water, wind and extremes of temperature turned them into huge rock pillars, marked by horizontal lines which geologists maintain were made by the waters of a prehistoric sea. Greek historian Herodotus wrote in the fifth century BC that local people believed the plain of Thessaly had once been a sea. If this was accurate, there was most probably an inundation at the end of the last Ice Age, around 8000 BC. However, he failed to mention the rocks of Metéora, and nor are they recorded in the writings of other ancient Greek authors. This has led to the belief that the pinnacles did not exist 2000 years ago; a theory dismissed by modern geologists. The first people to inhabit Metéora were hermits, who lived in hollows and fissures in the rock towers, some of which reach 1800ft (550m) above the plain. This great height, combined with the sheerness of the cliff walls, kept away all but the most determined visitors. Initially the hermits led a life of solitude, meeting only on Sundays and special days to worship and pray in a chapel built at the foot of a rock known as Dhoupiani.

By the end of the 12th century, an ascetic community had flocked to Metéora. At the end of the 14th century, the Byzantine Empire's 800-year reign over northern Greece was being increasingly threatened by Turkish raiders who wanted control over the fertile plain of Thessaly.

Until the 17th century, the primary means of conveying goods and people from these eyries was by means of baskets and ropes.[7]

In 1344, Athanasios Koinovitis from Mount Athos brought a group of followers to Metéora. From 1356 to 1372, he founded the great Meteoron monastery on Broad Rock, which were perfect for the monks; they were safe from political upheaval and had complete control of the entry to the monastery. The only means of reaching it was by climbing a long ladder, which was drawn up whenever the monks felt threatened.

In 1517, Nectarios and Theophanes built the monastery of Varlaám, which was reputed to house the finger of St John[disambiguation needed] and the shoulder blade of St Andrew.

[edit] Geology

Studies suggest that the pinnacles are formed about 60 million years ago during the Tertiary Period.[8] Weathering and earthquakes then shaped them into their present shape.

[edit] Climate

The climate in the region varies greatly according to the time of year. It may be sweltering during summertime, but extremely cold in wintertime. Rainfall is generally heavy all year round, especially at higher altitudes, but the driest time of the year is during summer [8].

[edit] List of Monasteries

All of these monasteries are located at Metéora in Greece, and most are perched on high cliffs and accessible by staircases cut into the rock formations. They were created to serve monks and nuns following the teachings of the Greek Orthodox Church. Much of the architecture of these buildings is Athonite[9] in origin.

The Holy Monastery of Great Meteoron – This is the largest of the monasteries located at Metéora. It was erected in the mid-14th century AD and was the subject of restoration and embellishment projects in 1483 and 1552. The building serves as the main museum for tourists. The Katholikon (main church), consecrated in honour of the Transfiguration of Jesus was erected in the middle of 14th c. and 1387/88 and decorated in 1483 and 1552.[10]

The Holy Monastery of Varlaam – The Holy Monastery of Varlaam is the second largest monastery in the Metéora complex. It was built in 1541 and embellished in 1548. A church, dedicated to the Three Bishops, is in the Athonite type (cross-in-square with dome and choirs), with spacious esonarthex (lite) is surrounded by a dome. It was built in 1541/42 and decorated in 1548, while the esonarthex was decorated in 1566. The old refectory is used as a museum while North of the Church we can see the parekklesion of the Three Bishops built in 1627 and decorated in 1637.[11]

The Holy Monastery of Rousanou/St. Barbara[12] - This was founded in the middle of 16th century AD and decorated in 1560.

The Holy Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas - Built in the 16th century AD, this is a small church. It was decorated by the Cretan painter Theophanis Strelitzas, in 1527.

The Holy Monastery of St. Stephen - This small church was built in the 16th century and decorated in 1545. This monastery rests on the plain rather than on a cliff. It was damaged by the Nazis during WWII who believed it was harboring insurgents. It was abandoned. Nuns took it over and reconstructed it.[13]

The Monastery of Holy Trinity - This monastery is on top of the cliffs. It was built in 1475 and was remodeled many times in 1684, 1689, 1692, 1741. This monastery was a filming location in the 1981 James Bond movie "For Your Eyes Only."[14]

[edit] Literature, music and film inspired by Meteora



[edit] Gallery

The Varlaam monastery on its rock pedestal.

The monastery Agiou Stephanou (Saint Stephen's) is inhabited by nuns only.

The Rousanou, the Nikolaos and the Grand Meteora monasteries.

The Rousanou monastery by Vaggelis Vlahos.

The Grand Meteoro monastery by Vaggelis Vlahos.

The Holy Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas

[edit] Sources

  • Reader's Digest. Strange Worlds Amazing Places (1994), 432 pp. Published: Reader's Digest Association Limited, London. ISBN 0 276-42111 6

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Sofianos, D.Z.: "Metéora". Holy Monastery of Great Meteoro, 1991.
  2. ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/ retrieved November 7, 2007
  3. ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/455/documents/ retrieved November 2, 2007
  4. ^ http://www.frommers.com/destinations/themeteora/1665010001.html retrieved March 20
  5. ^ http://travelwithachallenge.com/Greece-Meteora.htm retrieved November 9, 2007
  6. ^ a b http://www.sacred-destinations.com/greece/meteora-monasteries.htm retrieved November 3, 2007
  7. ^ http://www.newsfinder.org/site/more/meteora_connecting_with_heaven/ retrieved September 11, 2007
  8. ^ a b Meteora - Greece
  9. ^ Referring to Mt. Athos
  10. ^ http://www.meteora-greece.com/greatmeteoron.htm retrieved November 2, 2007
  11. ^ http://www.meteora-greece.com/varlaam.htm retrieved November 2, 2007
  12. ^ Meteora - Greece
  13. ^ http://pr.tennessee.edu/alumnus/fall95/greece.html retrieved September 11, 2007
  14. ^ a b Internet Movie DataBase

[edit] External links

Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Meteora
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Coordinates: 39°42′51″N 21°37′52″E / 39.71417°N 21.63111°E / 39.71417; 21.63111

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