Cross processing
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Cross processing (sometimes abbreviated to xpro) is the procedure of deliberately processing photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film. The effect was discovered independently by many different photographers often by mistake in the days of C-22 and E-4 . It has been used a lot for fashion advertising and band photography. In more recent years it has become more synonymous with the Lomography movement.
Cross processing usually involves one of the two following methods:
- Processing positive color reversal film in C-41 chemicals, resulting in a negative image on a colorless base
- Processing negative color print film in E-6 chemicals, resulting in a positive image but with the orange base of a normally processed color negative
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[edit] Processes
Traditionally, cross processing color slide film in C-41 process chemicals is most common. Some commercial-level photography/darkroom merchants will perform this developing process. However, cross processing can take place in many other forms, such as negative color print film and/or positive color reversal film in a black and white developer.
Other interesting effects can be obtained by bleaching color films processed in black and white chemistry using an hydrochloric acid dichromate mixture or using potassium triiodide (KI3) solution. If these bleached films are then re-exposed to light and re-processed in their intended color chemistry, subtle, relatively low contrast, pastel effects are obtained.
[edit] Characteristics
Color cross processed photographs are often characterized by unnatural colors and high contrast. The results of cross processing differ from case to case, as the results are determined by many factors such as the make and type of the film used, the amount of light exposed onto the film and the chemical used to develop the film.
Cross processing effects can be simulated in digital photography by a number of techniques involving the manipulation of contrast/brightness, hue/saturation and curves in image editors such as Adobe Photoshop or GIMP; however, they lack the unpredictable nature of regular cross processed images.
[edit] Films
Although it is very subjective which films are most appropriate for cross processing, some have become much more popular than others, one of the most popular for cross processing is the now discontinued Agfa Precisa, other popular films include Fuji Astia and Provia 100. Among Fujichrome films, Sensia at ASA-100 will often exhibit a magenta shift, ASA-200 shifts towards blue or green. Underexposure also causes a strong magenta cast.
[edit] Examples of cross-processing
- Tony Scott's 2005 film "Domino" was shot on color-reversal stock and cross-processed[1]. Intentionally "blown out" and frequently shot at 6 fps, the film has a smeary, high-contrast look with a red-tendency.
- James Eaves and Johannes Roberts' 2004 film Hellbreeder was shot on color reversal stock and then cross processed[citation needed].
[edit] See also
[edit] References
[edit] External links
- Expired Slide Film and Cross Processing
- Examples of cross processing from Flickr
- Cross processing tricks
- Cross processing in Photoshop tutorial
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