Constrictor knot
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Constrictor knot | |
 Left: Constrictor knot Right: Double constrictor knot |
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| Names | Constrictor knot, Gunner's knot |
|---|---|
| Category | Binding |
| Related | Clove hitch, Transom knot, Strangle knot, Miller's knot, Boa knot |
| ABoK | #176, #355, #364, #1188, #1189, #1249, #1250, #1251, #1252, #2489, #2560, #3441, #3700, #3853 |
The Constrictor knot is one of the most effective binding knots.[1][2][3] Simple and secure, it is a harsh knot which can be difficult or impossible to untie once tightened. It is made similarly to a clove hitch but with one end passed under the other, forming an overhand knot under a riding turn. The Double constrictor knot is an even more robust variation having two riding turns.
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[edit] History
First called "Constrictor knot" in Clifford Ashley's 1944 work The Ashley Book of Knots, this knot likely dates back much further.[4] Although Ashley apparently believed he had invented this knot more than 25 years earlier,[1] research suggests that he was not the originator. Regardless of its exact origin, there is little doubt that Ashley popularized the Constrictor knot and led to it being much more well known today than in the past.[5]
The first known description of the Constrictor knot occurs in Tom Bowling's 1866 work, The Book of Knots where it was called the "Gunner's knot". Bowling described it in relation to the Clove hitch, which he illustrated and called the "Builder's knot". He wrote, "The Gunner's knot (of which we do not give a diagram) only differs from the builder's knot, by the ends of the cords being simply knotted before being brought from under the loop which crosses them." Oddly, when J. T. Burgess copied from Bowling, he changed this text to merely state "when the ends are knotted, the builder's knot becomes the Gunner's Knot."[6] Although this Clove hitch with knotted ends is a workable binding knot, Burgess was not actually describing the Constrictor knot. In 1917, A. Hyatt Verrill illustrated Burgess' Clove hitch variation in Knots, Splices and Rope Work.[7]
The Constrictor knot was described but not pictured as the "timmerknut" ("timber knot") in the 1916 Swedish book Om Knutar ("On Knots") by Hjalmar Öhrvall.[8] Finnish girl scout leader Martta Ropponen presented the knot in her 1931 scouting handbook Solmukirja ("Knot Book"),[9] the first published work known to contain an illustration of the Constrictor knot.[4] Cyrus L. Day relates that, "she had never seen it in Finland, she wrote to me in 1954, but had learned about it from a Spaniard named Raphael Gaston, who called it a whip knot, and told her it was used in the mountains of Spain by muleteers and herdsmen."[5] The Finnish name "ruoskasolmu" ("whip knot") was a translation from Esperanto, the language Ropponen used to correspond with Gaston.[4]
[edit] Tying
The method shown below is the most basic way to tie the knot, but it can also be tied in the bight and slipped over the end of an object to be bound.
- Make a turn around the object and bring the working end back over the standing part.
- Continue around behind the object.
- Pass the working end over the standing part and then under the riding turn and standing part, forming an overhand knot under a riding turn.
- Be sure the ends emerge between the two turns as shown. Pull firmly on the ends to tighten.
[edit] Variations
[edit] Double constrictor knot
If a stronger and even more secure knot is required an extra riding turn can be added to the basic knot to form a Double constrictor knot. It is particularly useful when tying the knot with very slippery twine, especially when waxed.[2] Adding more than one extra riding turn does not add to its security and makes the knot more difficult to tighten evenly.
- Make a turn around the object and bring the working end back over the standing part.
- Make a second turn following the same path as the first
- Pass the working end over the standing part, then thread it back under the standing part and both riding turns, forming an overhand knot under two riding turns.
- Be sure the ends emerge between the turns as shown. The Double constrictor may require more careful dressing to distribute the tension throughout the knot. After working up fairly tight, pull firmly on the ends to finish.
[edit] Slipped Constrictor knot
This variation is useful if it is known beforehand that the constrictor will need to be released. Depending on the knotting material and how tightly it is cinched, the slipped form can still be very difficult to release.
- Make a turn around the object and bring the working end back over the standing part.
- Continue around behind the object.
- Pass a bight under the standing part and riding turn, instead of using the end itself.
- Be sure the bight and ends emerge between the two turns as shown. To release, tug on the working end so that the bight passes back through the knot.
[edit] Usage
The Constrictor knot is appropriate for situations where secure temporary or semi-permanent binding is needed. Made with small-stuff it is especially effective, as the binding force is concentrated over a smaller area. Tied over soft material, such as the neck of a bag, use hard stiff cord. Tied over a hard surface, use soft stretchy line. The Constrictor knot's severe bite, which makes it so effective, can damage or disfigure items it is tied around.[3] To exert extreme tension on the knot without injuring the hands fashion handles for the ends using Marlinespike hitches made around two rods.[2]
Constrictor knots can be for used for temporarily binding the fibres of a rope or strand end together while splicing or when cutting to length and before properly whipping the ends. Constrictor knots can also be quite effective as improvised hose clamps or cable ties. Noted master-rigger Brion Toss says of the Constrictor, "To know the knot is to constantly find uses for it...."[2]
[edit] Releasing
A heavily tightened Constrictor knot will likely jam. If the ends are still long enough, it may be possible to untie by pulling one end generally parallel to the bound object and a bit up away from it, and prying it into the opposite end's part to open the knot. The use of a pick, marlinespike, or some other tool able to be forced between parts can help.
If the ends have been trimmed short, or the knot is otherwise hopelessly jammed, it can be easily released by cutting the riding turn with a sharp knife. The knot will spring apart as soon as the riding turn is cut. If care is taken not to cut too deeply, the underlying wraps will protect the bound object from being damaged by the knife.[10]
[edit] Security
The Constrictor and Double Constrictor are both extremely secure when tied tightly around convex objects with cord scaled for the task at hand. If binding around a not fully convex, or square-edged, object arrange the knot so the overhand knot portion is stretched across a convex portion, or a corner, with the riding turn squarely on top of it.[2] In situations where the object leaves gaps under the knot and there are no corners, it is possible to finish the Constrictor knot off with an additional overhand knot, in the fashion of a Reef knot, to help stabilize it. Those recommendations aside, Constrictor knots do function best on fully convex objects.
If an item, such as a temporarily whipped rope, is going to be cut very close to where a Constrictor binds it a Boa knot may remain more stable.
[edit] References
- ^ a b Clifford W. Ashley, The Ashley Book of Knots (New York: Doubleday, 1944), 224-225.
- ^ a b c d e Brion Toss, The Complete Rigger's Apprentice (Camden, Maine: International Marine, 1998), 10-13.
- ^ a b Geoffrey Budworth, The Complete Book of Knots (London: Octopus, 1997), 136-139.
- ^ a b c Cyrus Lawrence Day, The Art of Knotting and Splicing, 4th ed. (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1986), 112.
- ^ a b Cyrus Lawrence Day, Quipus and Witches' Knots (Lawrence: The University of Kansas Press, 1967), 110-111.
- ^ Joseph Tom Burgess, Knots, Ties, and Splices (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1884), viii, 101.
- ^ A. Hyatt Verrill, Knots, Splices and Rope Work, Third Revised Edition (New York: Norman W. Henly Publishing Co., 1917; 2006 Dover republication), 33-35. (second revised edition online)
- ^ Hjalmar Öhrvall, Om Knutar, Second edition, (Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag, 1916), 78.(Online version)
- ^ Martta E. Ropponen, Kaarina Westling illustrator, Solmukirja, Suomen Partioliiton Kirjasia N:4 (Porvoo, Finland: WSOY, 1931), 58-59.
- ^ Geoffrey Budworth, The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Knots (London: Hermes House, 1999), 159.
