SPQR
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SPQR is an initialism from a Latin phrase, Senatus Populusque Romanus ("The Senate and the People of Rome" or "The Senate and Roman People"), referring to the government of the ancient Roman Republic, and used as an official signature of the government. It appears on coins, at the end of documents made public by inscription in stone or metal, in dedications of monuments and public works, and was emblazoned on the standards of the Roman legions. The phrase appears many hundreds of times in Roman political, legal and historical literature, including the speeches of Marcus Tullius Cicero and the history of Titus Livius. Since the meaning and the words never vary, except for the spelling and inflection of populus in literature, Latin dictionaries classify it as a formula.
SPQR is the motto of the city of Rome and appears in the city's coat of arms, as well as on many of the city's civic buildings and manhole covers.
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[edit] Historical context
The date of origin of the phrase is not known, but its meaning places it generally in the Roman Republic. The two legal entities mentioned are the Senatus and the Populus Romanus. The populus is sovereign and the combination is so as well, but the Senate alone is not. Under the monarchy neither was sovereign. The phrase can be dated therefore to no earlier than the foundation of the Republic.
This signature continued in use under the Roman Empire. The emperors were considered the representatives of the people even though the senatus consulta, or decrees of the Senate, were made at the pleasure of the emperor.
Populus Romanus in Roman literature is a phrase meaning the government of the Republic. When the Romans named governments of other countries they used populus in the singular or plural, such as populi Priscorum Latinorum, "the governments of the Old Latins". Romanus is the established adjective used to distinguish the Romans, as in civis Romanus, "Roman citizen". The locative, Romae, "at Rome", was never used for that purpose. The Roman people appear very often in law and history in such phrases as dignitas, maiestas, auctoritas, libertas populi Romani, the "dignity, majesty, authority, freedom of the Roman people." They were a populus liber, "a free people." There was an exercitus, imperium, iudicia, honores, consules, voluntas of this same populus: "the army, rule, judgments, offices, consuls and will of the Roman people". They appear in early Latin as Popolus and Poplus, so the habit of thinking of themselves as free and sovereign was quite ingrained.
The Romans believed that all authority came from the people. It could be said that similar language seen in more modern political and social revolutions directly comes from this usage. People in this sense meant the whole government. The latter, however, was essentially divided into the aristocratic Senate, whose will was executed by the consuls and praetors, and the comitia centuriata, "committees of the hundreds", whose will came to be safeguarded by the Tribunes.
During the regime of Benito Mussolini, SPQR was emblazoned on a number of public buildings and manhole covers in an attempt to promote his dictatorship as a "New Roman Empire."
[edit] Modern variants
The usage has been revived in modern times, throughout Europe and beyond. SPQ- is sometimes used as an assertion of municipal pride and civic rights. Reggio Emilia has SPQR in its coat of arms, standing for "Senatus Populusque Regiensis". There have been reports of SPQ- from:
- Amsterdam, Netherlands, SPQA at one of the major theatres and some of the bridges[1]
- Antwerp, Belgium, SPQA on the Antwerp City Hall[2]
- Benevento, Italy, SPQB on manhole covers[3]
- Bremen, Germany, SPQB in the Town Hall of Bremen[4]
- Bruges, Belgium, SPQB on its coat of arms[5]
- Bucharest, Romania, SPQR on the Lupa Capitolina statue in the Roman Square
- Brussels, Belgium, SPQB found repeatedly on the Law Courts of Brussels[6], and over the main stage of La Monnaie/De Munt opera house
- Dublin, Ireland, SPQH on the Royal Exchange built in 1769
- Florence, Italy, SPQF[3]
- Florianópolis, Brazil, SPQF[3]
- Hamburg, Germany, SPQH on a door in the Hamburg Rathaus[7]
- Hasselt, Belgium, SPQH
- Iaşi, Romania, SPQR on the Palace of Culture[8]
- Leeuwarden, Netherlands, SPQL on the mayor's chain of office[9]
- Liverpool, England, SPQL on various gold doors in St George's Hall[10]
- London, England, SPQL[11]
- Lübeck, Germany, SPQL on the Holstentor[12]
- Lucerne, Switzerland
- Modica, Italy, SPQM is on the coat of arms
- Olomouc, Czech Republic, SPQO on its coat of arms[3]
- Palermo, Italy, SPQP[13]
- Siena, Italy, SPQS[14]
- Solothurn, Switzerland, on the Cathedral of St Ursus and Victor
- Terracina, Italy, SPQT[15]
- Tivoli, Italy, SPQT[16]
- Verviers, Belgium, SPQV on the Grand Theatre[17]
- Vienna, Austria[3]
There is an international Roman revivalist organization, Nova Roma, whose use-protected trade mark is also the famous four letters.
[edit] Gallery
 |
 The inscription in the Arch of Titus |
 Modern coat of arms of Rome |
 Manhole cover in Rome with SPQR inscription |
[edit] References
- ^ Heraldic symbols of Amsterdam, Livius, 2 December 2006
- ^ http://www.flickr.com/photos/woesinger/353095889/
- ^ a b c d e "Rome - Historical Flags (Italy)", CRW Flags, 14 November 2003
- ^ http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2003/whc03-27com-inf08ae.pdf
- ^ http://www.ngw.nl/int/bel/b/brugge.htm
- ^ http://www.eupedia.com/gallery/showphoto.php/photo/1360/cat/views/limit/views
- ^ (German) http://www.nefershapiland.de/Hamburg%201.htm
- ^ http://www.balkanology.com/romania/
- ^ (Dutch) http://www.gemeentearchief.nl/html/nl/564/Ambtsketen_burgemeester
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2007/04/19/st_georges_hall_opening_feature.shtml
- ^ http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/65DC8039-12C4-4AC4-8DAD-16F1608E99B7/0/cityarms.PDF
- ^ http://www.flickr.com/photos/robertbue/526774794/
- ^ http://flickr.com/photos/mypixbox/2090276640/
- ^ http://www.flickr.com/photos/rut/2688830684/
- ^ O. A. W. Dilke and Margaret S. Dilke (October 1961). "Terracina and the Pomptine Marshes". Greece & Rome (Cambridge University Press) II:8 (2): 172–178. ISSN 00173835. OCLC 51206579.
- ^ http://www.tibursuperbum.it/eng/escursioni/passeggiate/Pomata.htm
- ^ (French) http://www.bestofverviers.be/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=186:le-grand-theatre-de-verviers&catid=15:nos-lieux&Itemid=23
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: SPQR |
- Instances of "Roman Senate and People" in www.Perseus.edu
- Lewis & Short dictionary entry for populus on www.Perseus.edu
- Polybius on the Senate and People (6.16)
