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Raw foodism (or rawism) is a lifestyle promoting the consumption of un-cooked, un-processed, and often organic foods as a large percentage of the diet. If 75-100% of a person's total food consumption is raw food, he/she is considered a raw foodist or living foodist.^[1][2] Raw foodists typically believe that the greater the percentage of raw food in the diet, the greater the health benefits. Raw foodism or a raw food diet is usually equated with raw veganism in which only raw plant foods are eaten,^[3] but other raw foodists emphasize raw meat and other raw animal products.^[4] Depending on the type of lifestyle and results desired, raw food diets may include a selectıon of raw fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds (including sprouted whole grains such as gaba rice), eggs, fish (such as sashimi), meat (such as carpaccio), and non-pasteurized/non-homogenized dairy products (such as raw milk, raw cheese and raw yogurt). Raw foodists can be divided between those that advocate raw vegetarianism or raw veganism, those that advocate a raw omnivorous diet, and those that advocate a diet of only raw animal foods (carnivorous).

Adherents of raw foodism believe that consumption of uncooked foods encourages weight loss and prevents and/or heals many forms of sickness and chronic diseases.^[5] Some medical studies have indicated that different forms of raw food diets may lead to various health problems, while other studies have shown positive health outcomes with such diets.

Contents 1 Diets 1.1 Raw veganism 1.2 Raw vegetarianism 1.3 Raw animal food diets 1.4 Food preparation 1.5 Avoiding poisoning 2 Background 2.1 History 2.2 Beliefs 3 Raw food movement 4 Research 4.1 Early 20th century 4.2 Recent research 4.3 Potential harmful effects of cooked foods 5 Criticism and controversies 5.1 Food poisoning 5.2 Nutritional deficiencies 5.3 Human evolution 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading

[edit] Diets

Raw foodism can include any diet that eats primarily unheated food, or food warmed to a temperature less than 104 °F (40 °C) to 115 °F (46 °C). The most popular raw food diet is a raw vegan diet, but other forms include animal products and/or meat.

[edit] Raw veganism

A raw vegan diet consists of unprocessed, raw plant foods that have not been heated above 115 °F (46 °C). “Raw foodists” believe that foods cooked above this temperature have lost much of their nutritional value and are harmful to the body. Typical foods include fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds and sprouted grains and legumes.

Some raw vegans can be subdivided into fruitarians, juicearians, or sproutarians.^[6] Fruitarians eat primarily or exclusively fruits and nuts. Juicearians process their raw plant foods into juice. Sproutarians eat primarily or exclusively sprouted food, such as bean sprouts.

Personal claims have been made following a raw vegan diet, including weight loss, more energy, clear skin and improved overall health.^[7] David Wolfe and Tonya Kay are notable adherents of raw veganism.

[edit] Raw vegetarianism

Raw Vegetarianism is a diet that excludes meat, (including game and slaughter by-products like gelatin), fish (including shellfish and other sea animals) and poultry, but allows dairy and eggs. Common foods include fruit, vegetables, sprouts, nuts, seeds, grains, legumes, dairy, eggs and honey. There are several variants of this diet.^[8] This diet is less common than raw veganism.^[7]

[edit] Raw animal food diets

Included in raw animal food diets are any food that can be eaten raw, such as uncooked, unprocessed meats/organ-meats/eggs, raw dairy, and aged, raw animal foods such as century eggs, rotting (fermenting) meat/fish/shellfish/kefir, as well as, to a much higher extent, vegetables/fruits/nuts/sprouts, but generally not raw grains, raw beans, raw soy etc., because of digestibility and toxicity issues and also because paleolists tend to reject neolithic or domesticated foods. Raw foods on such diets have not been heated at temperatures above 104 °F (40 °C). "Raw Animal Foodists" believe that foods cooked above this temperature have lost much of their nutritional value and are harmful to the body.^[9] Smoked meats are frowned upon by many Raw-Omnivores.^[10] Some make a distinction between hot-smoked and cold-smoked.

Those who eat a raw omnivorous diet usually choose to obtain their meats from free-range and grass-fed sources. This greatly diminishes the risk of harmful bacteria. A study by Cornell University has determined that grass-fed animals have far fewer E. coli (approx. 300 times less) than their grain fed counterparts.^[11] Also in the same study, the amount of E. coli they do have is much less likely to survive our first line defense against infection, gastric acid. Grass-fed meat also contains more nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids, than grain-finished meat.^{[11][12][13][14]} Other studies show that E. coli O157:H7, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and other dangerous pathogens have been repeatedly isolated from both grass and grain fed livestock and there are conflicting results regarding whether the levels of pathogens are higher, lower, or the same when animals are fed grass- or grain-based diets.^[15]

Examples of raw animal food diets include the Primal Diet,^[16][17][18] Anopsology (otherwise known as "Instinctive Eating" or "Instincto"), and the Raw, Palaeolithic diet^[19][20] ("otherwise known as the "Raw Meat Diet").^[21]

The Primal Diet,^[17][18] is a diet consisting of fatty meats, organ meats, dairy, honey, minimal fruit and vegetable juices and coconut cream, all raw. The founder of the Primal Diet is Aajonus Vonderplanitz. Vonderplanitz has estimated that there are 20,000 followers of his raw-meat-heavy Primal Diet in North America, alone.^[22] Books by Vonderplanitz include "The Recipe for Living Without Disease"^[23] and "We Want To Live".^[24]

There are also those who follow the "Raw Meat Diet", otherwise known as the "Raw, Paleolithic Diet",^[20][25] which is a raw version of the (cooked) Paleolithic Diet, incorporating large amounts of raw animal foods such as raw meats/organ-meats, raw seafood, raw eggs, and some raw plant-foods, but usually avoiding non-Paleo foods such as raw dairy, grains and legumes.^[20][26]

The Nenet tribe of Siberia eat a traditional diet consisting of mostly raw meats/organ-meats and raw berries. In a Washington Post article, it is noted as to how much healthier the people of this tribe are, by comparison to Westerners on their processed diets.^[27]

Those Inuit people that still follow their traditional diet eat a partially raw diet, including large amounts of raw meats/organ-meats and aged raw foods in the form of caribou and fish, among other foods.^[28][29]

[edit] Food preparation

Many foods in raw food diets are simple to prepare, such as fruits, salads, meat, and dairy. Other foods can require considerable advanced planning to prepare for eating. Rice and some other grains, for example, require sprouting or overnight soaking to become digestible. Many raw foodists believe it is best to soak nuts and seeds before eating them, in order to activate their enzymes, and deactivate enzyme inhibitors.^[30]

Preparation of gourmet raw food recipes usually call for a blender, food processor, juicer, and dehydrator.^[31] Depending on the recipe, some food (such as crackers, breads and cookies) may need to be dehydrated. These processes, which produce foods with the taste and texture of cooked food, are lengthy. Some raw foodists dispense with these foods, feeling that there is no need to emulate the other non-raw diets.

Freezing food is acceptable, even though freezing lowers enzyme activity. This view is only held by some raw-foodists, with many raw-foodists actually viewing freezing as harmful,^[32][33] though not as unhealthy as cooking.

Several raw food preparation books have been published including Raw: The Uncook Book: New Vegetarian Food for Life by Juliano Brotman and Erika Lenkert (Regan Books, 1999), Raw by Charlie Trotter, Roxanne Klein, Jason Smith, and Tim Turner (Ten Speed Press, 2003), Raw Food/Real World: 100 Recipes to Get the Glow by Matthew Kenney and Sarma Melngailis (William Morrow, 2005) and RAWvolution: Gourmet Living Cuisine by Matt Amsden (William Morrow, 2006).

[edit] Avoiding poisoning

As the consumption of raw foods gains popularity, some unsafe foods have re-entered the diets of humans. The following should be consumed with caution:

• Buckwheat greens are toxic when raw, particularly if juiced or eaten in large quantities by fair skinned individuals. The chemical component fagopyrin is known to cause severe photosensitivity and other dermatological complaints.^[34]
• Kidney beans, including sprouts, are toxic when raw, due to the chemical phytohaemagglutinin.^[35]
• Alfalfa sprouts contain the toxin canavanine.
• Some types of raw cassava or cassava flour can be toxic.
• Raw eggs contain avidin, a vitamin B7 or biotin inhibitor, which can cause “egg white injury”. As many as 24 egg whites would have to be eaten to inactivate biotin. Avidin is denatured by heat .^[36][37]
• Raw seeds of the genus lathyrus (peas), can cause lathyrism.
• Raw brassica species can contain glucosinolate.
• Apricot kernels contain amygdalin, which contains the toxin cyanide.
• Raw parsnips contain furanocoumarin.
• Raw foods, particularly raw meat, may contain harmful bacteria and their associated bacterial toxins.^[38][39] Other parasites and viruses may also be present, such as toxoplasma,^[40] trichinella,^[41] or rotavirus,^[42] which may cause serious foodborne illnesses.
• Raw milk may contain Mycobacteria bovis (which can cause non-pulmonary tuberculosis)

[edit] Background

[edit] History

Raw foods gained prominence in the West throughout the 1900s, as proponents such as Ann Wigmore and Herbert Shelton stated that a diet of raw fruits and vegetables is the ideal diet for humans.^[43] Artturi Virtanen (1895-1973), showed that enzymes in uncooked foods are released in the mouth when vegetables are chewed.^[44] Raw foodists extrapolate from such research the supposition that these enzymes interact with other substances, notably the enzymes produced by the body itself, to aid in the digestion process. Research does not support the idea that enzymes in foods somehow survive the stomach - (pepsin in the stomach quickly breaks down nearly all proteins, including enzymes).^{[citation needed]} However, promoters of raw foods, such as the Weston-Price Foundation, support the idea that, since no digestive juices are secreted in the upper stomach, the enzymes in the raw foods last for about 30 minutes in the upper-stomach before being destroyed in the lower stomach, thus giving them enough time to break down the raw foods, to some extent.^[45]

Leslie Kenton's book, Raw Energy-Eat Your Way to Radiant Health, in 1984 popularized food such as sprouts, seeds, and fresh vegetable juices.^[46] The book brought together research into raw foodism and its support of health, citing examples such as the sprouted seed enriched diets of the long lived Hunza people, as well as Max Gerson's claim of a raw juice-based cancer cure. The book advocates a diet of 75% raw food in order to prevent degenerative diseases, slow the effects of aging, provide enhanced energy, and boost emotional balance.

[edit] Beliefs

Common beliefs held by raw foodists:

• Raw foods include digestive enzymes (such as amylases, proteases, and lipases) which aid digestion, meaning that the body's own enzymes may work unimpeded in regulating the body's metabolic processes, and heating food above 104-120 degrees Fahrenheit degrades or destroys these enzymes in food.^[47] Eating food without enzymes makes digestion more difficult, which could lead to toxicity in the body and cause excess consumption of food, obesity and chronic disease, such as metabolic syndrome, which some studies suggest affects up to 25% of the U.S. population.^[48] Digestive enzymes are a limited resource in the body and eating cooked foods will deplete these enzymes.^{[citation needed]}
• Raw foods include bacteria and other micro-organisms that affect the immune system and digestion by populating the digestive tract with beneficial gut flora, see also Probiotics and Prebiotics. These are generally killed by cooking. In addition, many Raw-Foodists, particularly Primal-Dieters, are believers in the hygiene hypothesis, a concept which focuses on the health benefits of exposure to parasites and harmful bacteria which builds natural resistance.
• Raw foods have higher nutrient values than foods which have been cooked. In addition, processed food and convenience food often contain excitotoxins (flavor enhancers) which can cause excitotoxicity. Foods with added chemicals, preservatives, additives, colouring agents/dyes of any kind are frowned upon by raw-foodists.
• Wild foods (or natural foods) are more nutritious than domesticated foods or industrially produced foods.
• Cooked foods contain harmful toxins which cause chronic disease and other problems,^[49] Heating oils and fats can produce trace amounts of trans fats.^[50] Heating sugars with proteins or fats can produce advanced glycation end products ("glycotoxins", see also Maillard reaction).^[51]
• Raw foods like fruits and vegetables are high in antioxidants and thus help to stifle signs of aging.^[52]
• Eating cooked foods can lead to acidosis.^[53]
• Raw Foodists believe that opioid peptides, present in cooked foods, are not only harmful but highly addictive.^[54]

[edit] Raw food movement

Early proponents include Johnny Love-Wisdom, Ann Wigmore and Viktoras Kulvinskas (co-founders of the Hippocrates Health Institute), Arnold Ehret (author and advocate of fasting), A Hovannessian and Norman W. Walker (who advocated the consumption of juices).

Notable contemporary proponents include several published authors and lecturers such as Aajonus Vonderplanitz,^[18] David Wolfe, Shazzie, Carol Alt, Gabriel Cousens, Brian Clement and Tonya Kay.

Celebrities following Raw-Animal-Food diets include Mel Gibson (who follows the "Tiger Diet"), and Uma Thurman.^[55] Other raw-foodist celebrities include Kathy Lenon, Demi Moore, Woody Harrelson James Brolin, Frankie Laine, Jason Mraz, and Laura Dern.

Currently, there exist many proponents of the Raw Foods lifestyle, that have resources available on proper nutrition and transitional lifestyle diet changes, including Carol Alt, Doug Graham,^[56] Joseph Mercola, Aajonus Vonderplanitz,^[18] Shazzie, Kate Magic Wood, Norman W. Walker, Kim Cohen^[57], David Wolfe and Tonya Kay. Vast resources, including forums, recipes, personal testimony, nutritional guides, medical information, and products, exist online as well and are available for anyone interested in researching Raw Foods.

Interest in the "Raw Foods Movement" continues to grow today^[58] and is especially prevalent in the UK,^[21] Germany,^[59] Australia and the western United States,^[60] like California.^[61] Restaurants catering to a raw food diet have opened in large cities,^[62] and numerous all-raw cookbooks have been published.^[63]

Supercharge Me is a feature length documentary film about the raw foods diet, made by Jenna Norwood, a former public relations consultant turned independent filmmaker, health educator and raw food chef.^[64] In the film, inspired by Morgan Spurlock's Super Size Me, Jenna ate only raw foods - i.e. uncooked fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds - for thirty days, to document the effect it would have on her health.

[edit] Research

[edit] Early 20th century

Early researchers such as E.B. Forbes and Dr. Edward Howell^[65][66]argued that cooked food weakened the teeth^[67] and destroyed enzymes which they surmised were a critical component of good health.

The dentist Weston Price visited numerous hunter-gatherer tribes around the world in the 1930s, and noted that the healthiest native-tribes he saw all incorporated significant amounts of enzyme-rich raw animal and raw plant foods in their diets.^[68][69]

[edit] Recent research

To date, scientific literature describing health and nutrition aspects of raw foods or living foods diets is limited and most studies focus on vegetarian diets, most of which excluded all animal products and derived the majority of calories from uncooked plant matter.^[70] Certain studies have indicated detrimental health effects stemming from raw vegetarian and raw omnivorous diets.^[71][72][73] A 2005 study has shown that a raw vegetarian diet is associated with a lower bone density.^[74] One study of raw omnivorous diets shows amenorrhea and underweightness in women.^[75] Another one indicates an increased risk of dental erosion with a raw food diet.^[76]

Other medical studies on raw food diets have shown some positive and negative health outcomes.^[71] According to one medical trial, "long-term consumption of a 70% raw-plant-food diet is associated with favorable serum LDL cholesterol and triglycerides but also with elevated plasma homocysteine and low serum HDL cholesterol" as well as vitamin B-12 deficiency.^[77] Another study from Germany found that a "long-term strict raw food diet is associated with favourable plasma beta-carotene and low plasma lycopene concentrations."^[78] A study mentioned benefits of a Raw Vegan diet for lowering obesity and hypertension^[79] A study has also shown reduced fibromyalgia symptoms for those on a Raw Vegan Diet^[80] as well as reduced symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, according to another study^[81]

German research in 2003 showed significant benefits in reducing breast cancer risk when large amounts of raw vegetable matter are included in the diet. The authors attribute some of this effect to heat-labile phytonutrients.^[82]

One study on raw human milk (breast milk) showed that human infants absorbed human raw milk much better than heated(pasteurised) human milk.^[83] Another study showed a link between consumption of unpasteurised milk and a lowered prevalence of allergies.^[84]

[edit] Potential harmful effects of cooked foods

Raw food dieters claim that cooking food produces harmful chemical toxins. Some of these concerns are accepted by science but some are speculative. Registered dietician, Karen Schroeder says, "Neither the American Cancer Society (ACS) nor the National Cancer Institute (NCI) goes so far as to recommend a raw food diet to reduce the risk of cancer from these chemicals. Instead, they stress that following a healthful diet—one rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, both raw and cooked—is still the best known way to reduce cancer risk."^[85]

Several studies published since 1990 indicate that cooking muscle meat creates heterocyclic amines (HCAs), which are thought to increase cancer risk in humans. Researchers at the National Cancer Institute found that human subjects who ate beef rare or medium-rare had less than one third the risk of stomach cancer than those who ate beef medium-well or well-done.^[86] While eating muscle meat raw may be the only way to avoid HCAs fully, the National Cancer Institute states that cooking meat below 212 °F (100 °C) creates "negligible amounts" of HCAs. Also, microwaving meat before cooking may reduce HCAs by 90%.^[87]

Microwaving at high temperatures has been shown to significantly reduce the anti-infective factors in human milk.^[88][89] Microwaving has also been shown to cause the greatest decrease in all studied anti-oxidants in broccoli, compared to other cooking methods.^[90] Microwaving has been shown to reduce vitamin B12 levels in beef, pork and milk by 30-40%.^[91]

Nitrosamines, formed by cooking at high temperatures and preserving in salt and smoking, have been noted as being carcinogenic, being linked to colon cancer and stomach-cancer.^[92][93]

Cooking also creates toxins called Advanced glycation end products, otherwise known as AGEs.Many cells in the body (for example endothelial cells, smooth muscle or cells of the immune system) from tissue such as lung, liver, kidney or peripheral blood bear the Receptor for Advanced glycation end products (RAGE) that, when binding AGEs, contributes to age and diabetes-related chronic inflammatory diseases,^[94][95] such as atherosclerosis, renal failure,^[96][97][98] arthritis,^[99] myocardial infarction,^[100] macular degeneration,^[101] cardiovascular disease,^[102] nephropathy,^[103] retinopathy,^[104] or neuropathy.^[105] Excretion of dietary AGEs is reduced in diabetics and lowering AGE intake may greatly reduce the impact of AGEs in diabetic patients and possibly improve prognosis.^[106]

Acrylamide, a toxin found in roasted/baked/fried/grilled starchy foods, but not in boiled or raw foods, has been linked to endometrial, ovarian but not breast cancers.^[107] Ingested acrylamide is metabolised to a chemically reactive epoxide, glycidamide.^[108] The HEATOX(Heat Generated Food Toxins) project has published a report on acrylamide.^[109]

Also, toxic compounds called PAHs,^[110] or Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, present in cooked and processed foods as well as being a byproduct of fuel-burning and a known pollutant,^[111] are known to be carcinogenic.^[112][113]

One study, of five children, comparing the effects of consuming either pasteurized, or homogenized/pasteurized, or unpasteurized milk, showed that pasteurized and homogenized/pasteurized milk might have an increased ability to evoke allergic reactions in patients allergic to milk, but there was no difference when the milk was taken orally.^[114]

Protein digestibility generally improves by heating, soaking, germination and fermentation. However, reduced protein digestibility is primarily associated with excessive heat, as is found in ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.^[115] Frying chickpeas, oven-heating winged beans, or roasting cereals at 200-280°C (392-536°F) reduces protein digestibility.^[116]

Another study has shown that meat heated for 10 minutes at 130°C (266°F), showed a 1.5% decrease in protein digestibility.^[117] Similar heating of hake meat in the presence of potato starch, soy oil, and salt caused a 6% decrease in amino acid content.^[118][119]

There are various scientific reports, such as one by the Nutrition Society,^[120] which describe in detail the loss of vitamins and minerals caused by cooking.^{[121][122][123]}

[edit] Criticism and controversies

[edit] Food poisoning

Food poisoning is a health risk for all people eating raw foods, and increased demand for raw foods is associated with greater incidence of foodborne illness,^[124] especially for raw meat, fish, and shellfish.^[125][126] Outbreaks of gastroenteritis among consumers of raw and undercooked animal products (including smoked, pickled or dried animal products^[125]) are well-documented, and include raw meat,^{[125][127][128]} raw organ meat,^[127] raw fish (whether ocean-going or freshwater),^{[125][126][128]} shellfish,^[129] raw milk and products made from raw milk,^{[130][131][132]} and raw eggs.^[133]

Food poisoning attributed to contaminated raw produce has risen ten-fold since the 1970s.^[134] Salad, lettuce, juice, melon, sprouts, and berries were most frequently implicated in outbreaks.^[134]

Many raw plant foods have been contaminated by dangerous and even deadly microorganisms,^[135] including jalapeño and serrano peppers,^[135] alfalfa sprouts and other sprouted seeds,^[136][137] green onions,^[138] spinach,^[139] lettuce,^[139] orange juice,^[140] apple juice and other unpasteurized fruit juices.^[141]

Demand for unpasteurized, or raw, milk is growing among consumers concerned about chemicals, hormones and drugs.^[142] Some believe that pasteurization "kills" enzymes, proteins and beneficial bacteria.^[143] According to the FDA, health benefits claimed by raw milk advocates do not exist.^[144] "The small quantities of antibodies in milk are not absorbed in the human intestinal tract," says Barbara Ingham, Ph.D., associate professor and extension food scientist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. "There is no scientific evidence that raw milk contains an anti-arthritis factor or that it enhances resistance to other diseases."

It has been claimed by pro-raw-dairy advocates that government agencies are heavily biased against raw dairy, providing incomplete facts or erroneous statistics.^[145]

[edit] Nutritional deficiencies

Cooking tenderizes meat, softens plant foods, reduces water content, increases the proportion of edible material and makes food molecules more available to the body.^[146] A raw vegan diet may be deficient in calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12, iron, zinc and protein and calories.^[147]

Meat is cooked for four reasons: to make it safe to eat, easier to chew and digest (denatured proteins are more vulnerable to our digestive enzymes) and to make it more flavorful.^[148]

The bio-availability of some vitamins and antioxidants are increased by cooking.^[149][150] Cooking carrots and tomatoes increases the absorption of some of the antioxidants they contain. Many foods contain antinutrient factors (ANF) that are destroyed by cooking.^{[151][152][153]}

Care may be required in planning a raw food diet, especially for children.^[154] Raw foodists believe that with sufficient food energy, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals, variety and density, people of all ages can be successful at eating raw foods. Dr. Joel Fuhrman, author of Disease-Proof your Child, says there may not be enough vitamin B12, enough vitamin D and enough calories for a growing child on a totally raw vegan diet. Fuhrman fed his own four children raw and cooked vegetables, fruits, nuts, grains, beans and occasionally eggs.^[155]

A study surveying people practicing raw food diets of varying intensities found that 30% of the women under age 45 had partial to complete amenorrhoea and that "subjects eating high amounts of raw food (> 90%) were affected more frequently than moderate raw food dieters." The study concluded that since many raw food dieters were underweight and exhibited amenorrhoea "a very strict raw food diet cannot be recommended on a long-term basis."^[156]

Some raw vegans believe that to sustain the diet daily inclusion of superfoods and/or supplements are necessary, particularly for children and mothers.^[157] Others do just fine by balancing the diet carefully. B12 can be easily obtained by eating nutritional yeast.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Human evolution

Richard Wrangham, a primate researcher and professor of anthropology has argued that cooking is obligatory for humans as a result of biological adaptations to cooked foods.^[146][158] Wrangham believes that cooking explains the increase in hominid brain sizes, smaller teeth and jaws and decrease in sexual dimorphism that occurred roughly 1.8 million years ago.^[146][158] Wrangham suggests that raw meat and vegetables could not have provided the necessary calories to support the normal hunter–gatherer lifestyle. "Early humans would have to eat roughly 12 pounds of raw plant food a day, or six pounds of raw plants plus raw meat, to get enough calories to survive." Wrangham further states that "no human foragers have been recorded as living without cooking."^[158] Other anthropologists, however, oppose Wrangham, stating that archeological evidence suggests that cooking fires began in earnest only 250,000-400,000 years ago, when ancient hearths, earth ovens, burnt animal bones, and flint appear across Europe and the middle East. 2 million years ago, the only sign of fire is burnt earth with human remains, which other anthropologists consider coincidence rather than evidence of intentional fire.^{[159][160][161]} The mainstream view among anthropologists is that the increase in human brain-size was due to a shift away from the consumption of nuts and berries to the consumption of meat.^[159][162]

[edit] Gallery

Raw bean sprouts, a mainstay of Chinese cuisine.	Kimchi (Korean spicy pickled cabbage)	Muesli (traditionally raw rolled oats, dried fruits and nuts), shown with milk and banana. Contrast with granola, which is baked.	Raw oysters presented on a plate.
Ikizukuri, live fish served as sashimi.	Basashi, Japanese raw horse meat.	Sliced Chinese preserved century egg on a plate.	Sardinian Casu marzu cheese, can include live insect larvae.
Scandinavian pickled herring.	Inuit Muktuk or raw whale blubber.	Kefir grains, which are used to make Kefir, a room temperature fermented milk drink popular in the Caucasus and elsewhere.	A bottle of "green-top" Raw milk.

[edit] See also

• Anopsology
• Cooking
• Food safety
• Healthy diet
• Taboo foods
• Essene Bread
• Rejuvelac

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

• Kenney, Matthew T. (2008). Everyday Raw. Salt Lake City, UT: Gibbs Smith, Publisher. ISBN 1-4236-0207-2. 
• Life Extension Magazine, Nov 2007, Carol Alt, The Raw Revolution
• A Raw Food Diet Doesn’t Stay Raw for Long