Bill Ayers

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William C. Ayers
Professor Ayers speaks to audience members followinga forum on education reform at Florida State University
Professor Ayers speaks to audience members following
a forum on education reform at Florida State University
Born December 26, 1944 (1944-12-26) (age 64)
Glen Ellyn, Illinois
Residence Chicago, Illinois
Citizenship United States
Nationality American
Fields Education
Institutions University of Illinois at Chicago
Alma mater University of Michigan
Bank Street College
Teachers College, Columbia University
Known for Founder and former member of the Weather Underground
Urban educational reform

William Charles Ayers (born December 26, 1944)[1] is an American elementary education theorist who was a 1960s anti-war activist. He is known for the radical nature of his activism in the 1960s and 1970s as well as his current work in education reform, curriculum, and instruction. In 1969 he co-founded the violent radical left organization the Weather Underground, which conducted a campaign of bombing public buildings during the 1960s and 1970s. He is now a professor in the College of Education at the University of Illinois at Chicago, holding the titles of Distinguished Professor of Education and Senior University Scholar.[2]

Contents

[edit] Early life

Ayers grew up in Glen Ellyn, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois. He attended public schools there until his second year in high school, when he transferred to Lake Forest Academy, a small prep school.[3] Ayers earned a B.A. from the University of Michigan in American Studies in 1968. (His father, mother and older brother had preceded him there.)[3] He is the son of Thomas G. Ayers, former Chairman and CEO of Commonwealth Edison[4] (1973 to 1980), Chicago philanthropist and the namesake of the Thomas G. Ayers College of Commerce and Industry.[5][6] Ayers was affected when Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) President Paul Potter, at a 1965 Ann Arbor Teach-In against the Vietnam war, asked his audience, "How will you live your life so that it doesn't make a mockery of your values?" Ayers later wrote in his memoir, Fugitive Days, that his reaction was: "You could not be a moral person with the means to act, and stand still. [...] To stand still was to choose indifference. Indifference was the opposite of moral"[7] In 1965, Ayers joined a picket line protesting an Ann Arbor, Michigan, pizzeria for refusing to seat African Americans. His first arrest came for a sit-in at a local draft board, resulting in 10 days in jail. His first teaching job came shortly afterward at the Children's Community School, a preschool with a very small enrollment operating in a church basement, founded by a group of students in emulation of the Summerhill method of education.[8] The school was a part of the nationwide "free school movement". Schools in the movement had no grades or report cards, they aimed to encourage cooperation rather than competition, and the teachers had pupils address them by their first names. Within a few months, at age 21, Ayers became director of the school. There also he met Diana Oughton, who would become his girlfriend until her death in a bomb-making accident in 1970.[3]

[edit] Radical history

Further information: Weatherman (organization)

Ayers became involved in the New Left and the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).[9] He rose to national prominence as an SDS leader in 1968 and 1969. As head of an SDS regional group, the "Jesse James Gang", Ayers made decisive contributions to the Weatherman orientation toward militancy.[7] The group Ayers headed in Detroit, Michigan became one of the earliest gatherings of what became the Weatherman. Before the June 1969 SDS convention, Ayers became a prominent leader of the group, which arose as a result of a schism in SDS.[7] "During that time his infatuation with street fighting grew and he developed a language of confrontational militancy that became more and more pronounced over the year [1969]", disaffected former Weatherman member Cathy Wilkerson wrote in 2001. Ayers had previously become a roommate of Terry Robbins, a fellow militant, Wilkerson wrote. Robbins would later be killed while making a bomb.[10] In June 1969, the Weatherman took control of the SDS at its national convention, where Ayers was elected Education Secretary.[7] Later in 1969, Ayers participated in planting a bomb at a statue dedicated to riot police casualties in the 1886 Haymarket Riot confrontation between labor supporters and the police.[11] The blast broke almost 100 windows and blew pieces of the statue onto the nearby Kennedy Expressway.[12] (The statue was rebuilt and unveiled on May 4, 1970, and blown up again by other Weathermen on October 6, 1970.[13][12] Rebuilding it yet again, the city posted a 24-hour police guard to prevent another blast, and in January 1972 it was moved to Chicago police headquarters.[14] Ayers participated in the Days of Rage riot in Chicago in October 1969, and in December was at the "War Council" meeting in Flint, Michigan. Larry Grathwohl, an FBI informant in the Weatherman group from the fall of 1969 to the spring of 1970, stated that "Ayers, along with Bernardine Dohrn, probably had the most authority within the Weatherman".[15]

[edit] Years underground

Ayers's booking photo taken in 1968 by the Chicago Police Dept.

After the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion in 1970, in which Weatherman member Ted Gold, Ayers' close friend Terry Robbins, and Ayers' girlfriend, Diana Oughton were killed when a nail bomb they were assembling exploded, Ayers and several associates evaded pursuit by U.S. law enforcement officials. Kathy Boudin and Cathy Wilkerson survived the blast. Ayers was not facing criminal charges at the time, but the federal government later filed charges against him.[3] Ayers participated in the bombings of New York City Police Headquarters in 1970, the United States Capitol building in 1971, and The Pentagon in 1972, as he noted in his 2001 book, Fugitive Days. Ayers writes:

Although the bomb that rocked the Pentagon was itsy-bitsy - weighing close to two pounds - it caused 'tens of thousands of dollars' of damage. The operation cost under $500, and no one was killed or even hurt.[16]

While underground, he and fellow member Bernardine Dohrn married, and the two remained fugitives together, changing identities, jobs and locations.

In 1973, the federal government requested the dismissal of the charges against the couple in the interest of national security following accusations of government misconduct,[17] but state charges against Dohrn remained. Dohrn was still reluctant to turn herself in to authorities. "He was sweet and patient, as he always is, to let me come to my senses on my own", she later said of Ayers.[3] She turned herself in to authorities in 1980. She was fined $1,500 and given three years probation.[18]

In 1973 Ayers co-authored the book Prairie Fire with other members of the Weather Underground which they dedicated to close to 200 people including Harriet Tubman, John Brown, 'All Who Continue to Fight', and 'All Political Prisoners in the U.S.'. The list includes Sirhan Sirhan, convicted assassin of Robert F. Kennedy.[19][20]

[edit] Later reflections on underground period

[edit] Fugitive Days: A Memoir

In 2001, Ayers published Fugitive Days: A Memoir, which he explained in part as an attempt to answer the questions of Kathy Boudin's son, and his speculation that Diana Oughton died trying to stop the Greenwich Village bomb makers.[21] Some have questioned the truth, accuracy, and tone of the book. Brent Staples wrote for The New York Times Book Review that "Ayers reminds us often that he can't tell everything without endangering people involved in the story.[22] Historian Jesse Lemisch (himself a former member of SDS) contrasted Ayers' recollections with those of other former members of Weatherman and has alleged serious factual errors.[23] Ayers, in the foreword to his book, states that it was written as his personal memories and impressions over time, not a scholarly research project.[24]

[edit] Statements made in 2001

Chicago Magazine reported that "just before the September 11th attacks," Richard Elrod, a city lawyer injured in the Weathermen's Chicago "Days of Rage," received an apology from Ayers and Dohrn for their part in the violence. "[T]hey were remorseful," Elrod says. "They said, 'We're sorry that things turned out this way.'"[25] In the months before Ayers' memoir was published on September 10, 2001, the author gave numerous interviews with newspaper and magazine writers in which he defended his overall history of radical words and actions. Some of the resulting articles were written before the September 11 attacks and appeared immediately after, including one often-noted article in The New York Times, and another in the Chicago Tribune. Numerous observations were made in the media comparing the statements Ayers was making about his own past just as a dramatic terrorist incident shocked the public.

Much of the controversy about Ayers during the decade since 2000 stems from an interview he gave to The New York Times on the occasion of the memoir's publication.[26] The reporter quoted him as saying "I don't regret setting bombs" and "I feel we didn't do enough", and, when asked if he would "do it all again," as saying "I don't want to discount the possibility."[24] Ayers protested the interviewer's characterizations in a Letter to the Editor published September 15, 2001: "This is not a question of being misunderstood or 'taken out of context', but of deliberate distortion."[27] In the ensuing years, Ayers has repeatedly avowed that when he said he had "no regrets" and that "we didn't do enough" he was speaking only in reference to his efforts to stop the United States from waging the Vietnam War, efforts which he has described as ". . . inadequate [as] the war dragged on for a decade."[28] Ayers has maintained that the two statements were not intended to imply a wish they had set more bombs.[28][29]

In a November 2008 interview with The New Yorker, Ayers said that he had not meant to imply that he wished he and the Weathermen had committed further acts of violence. Instead, he said, “I wish I had done more, but it doesn’t mean I wish we’d bombed more shit.” Ayers said that he had never been responsible for violence against other people and was acting to end a war in Vietnam in which “thousands of people were being killed every week.” He also stated, "While we did claim several extreme acts, they were acts of extreme radicalism against property,” and “We killed no one and hurt no one. Three of our people killed themselves.”[30]

The interviewer also quoted some of Ayers' own criticism of Weatherman in the foreword to the memoir, whereby Ayers reacts to having watched Emile de Antonio's 1976 documentary film about Weatherman, Underground: "[Ayers] was 'embarrassed by the arrogance, the solipsism, the absolute certainty that we and we alone knew the way. The rigidity and the narcissism.' "[24] "We weren't terrorists," Ayers told an interviewer for the Chicago Tribune in 2001. "The reason we weren't terrorists is because we did not commit random acts of terror against people. Terrorism was what was being practiced in the countryside of Vietnam by the United States."[3]

In a letter to the editor in the Chicago Tribune, Ayers wrote, "I condemn all forms of terrorism — individual, group and official". He also condemned the September 11 terrorist attacks in that letter. "Today we are witnessing crimes against humanity on our own shores on an unthinkable scale, and I fear that we may soon see more innocent people in other parts of the world dying in response."[31]

[edit] Views on his past expressed since 2001

Ayers was asked in a January 2004 interview, "How do you feel about what you did? Would you do it again under similar circumstances?" He replied:[32] "I've thought about this a lot. Being almost 60, it's impossible to not have lots and lots of regrets about lots and lots of things, but the question of did we do something that was horrendous, awful? ... I don't think so. I think what we did was to respond to a situation that was unconscionable." On September 9, 2008, journalist Jake Tapper reported on the comic strip in Ayers' blog explaining the soundbite: "The one thing I don't regret is opposing the war in Vietnam with every ounce of my being.... When I say, 'We didn't do enough,' a lot of people rush to think, 'That must mean, "We didn't bomb enough shit."' But that's not the point at all. It's not a tactical statement, it's an obvious political and ethical statement. In this context, 'we' means 'everyone.'"[33][34]

In an op-ed piece in 2008, Ayers gave this assessment of his actions:

The Weather Underground crossed lines of legality, of propriety and perhaps even of common sense. Our effectiveness can be — and still is being — debated.[35]

He also reiterated his rebuttal to the charge of terrorism:

The Weather Underground went on to take responsibility for placing several small bombs in empty offices.... We did carry out symbolic acts of extreme vandalism directed at monuments to war and racism, and the attacks on property, never on people, were meant to respect human life and convey outrage and determination to end the Vietnam war.[35]

[edit] Academic career

Ayers is currently a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Education. His interests include teaching for social justice, urban educational reform, narrative and interpretive research, children in trouble with the law, and related issues.[2]

He began his career in primary education while an undergraduate, teaching at the Children’s Community School (CCS), a project founded by a group of students and based on the Summerhill method of education. After leaving the underground, he earned an M.Ed from Bank Street College in Early Childhood Education (1984), an M.Ed from Teachers College, Columbia University in Early Childhood Education (1987) and an Ed.D from Teachers College, Columbia University in Curriculum and Instruction (1987).

He has edited and written many books and articles on education theory, policy and practice, and has appeared on many panels and symposia.

[edit] Civic and political life

Ayers worked with Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley in shaping the city's school reform program,[36] and was one of three co-authors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge grant proposal that in 1995 won $49.2 million over five years for public school reform.[37] In 1997 Chicago awarded him its Citizen of the Year award for his work on the project.[38] Since 1999 he has served on the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, an anti-poverty, philanthropic foundation established as the Woods Charitable Fund in 1941.[39] According to Ayers, his radical past occasionally affects him, as when, by his account, he was asked not to attend a progressive educators' conference in the fall of 2006 on the basis that the organizers did not want to risk an association with his past.[40] On January 18, 2009, on his way to speak about education reform at the Centre for Urban Schooling at the University of Toronto, he was refused admission to Canada when he arrived at the Toronto airport although he has travelled to Canada more than a dozen times in the past. According to Ayers, "It seems very arbitrary. The border agent said I had a conviction for a felony from 1969. I have several arrests for misdemeanours, but not for felonies." [41]

[edit] Political views

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In an interview published in 1995, Ayers characterized his political beliefs at that time and in the 1960s and 1970s: "I am a radical, Leftist, small 'c' communist ... [Laughs] Maybe I'm the last communist who is willing to admit it. [Laughs] We have always been small 'c' communists in the sense that we were never in the Communist party and never Stalinists. The ethics of communism still appeal to me. I don't like Lenin as much as the early Marx. I also like Henry David Thoreau, Mother Jones and Jane Addams [...]"[42] In 1970 Ayers was called "a national leader"[43] of the Weatherman organization and "one of the chief theoreticians of the Weathermen" by The New York Times.[44] The Weathermen were initially part of the Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM) within the SDS, splitting from the RYM's Maoists by claiming there was no time to build a vanguard party and that revolutionary war against the United States government and the capitalist system should begin immediately. Their founding document called for the establishment of a "white fighting force" to be allied with the "Black Liberation Movement" and other "anti-colonial" movements[45] to achieve "the destruction of US imperialism and the achievement of a classless world: world communism."[46] In June 1974, the Weather Underground released a 151-page volume titled Prairie Fire, which stated: "We are a guerrilla organization [...] We are communist women and men underground in the United States [...]"[47] The Weatherman leadership, including Ayers, pushed for a radical reformulation of sexual relations under the slogan "Smash Monogamy".[48][49]

[edit] Grathwohl claims

Larry Grathwohl, an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated The Weather Underground, claimed that Ayers wanted to overthrow the United States government. In an interview in January 2009, Grathwohl stated that:

"The thing the most bone chilling thing Bill Ayers said to me was that after the revolution succeeded and the government was overthrown, they believed they would have to eliminate 25 million Americans who would not conform to the new order."[50]

In response to Grathwohl's claims, Ayers stated that:

"Never said it. Never thought it. And again, Larry Grathwohl, I don't know him today, but certainly the FBI was an organization built on lies."[50]

In an interview with ABC7 reporter Alan Wang, Ayers stated that "Now that's being blown into dishonest narratives about hurting people, killing people, planning to kill people. That's just not true. We destroyed government property," said Ayers. However, when asked if he ever made bombs, Ayers replied: "I'm just not going to talk about it."[50]

[edit] Obama-Ayers Controversy

Main article: Bill Ayers presidential election controversy

During the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign, a controversy arose regarding Ayers' contacts with then-candidate Barack Obama, a matter that had been public knowledge in Chicago for years.[51] After being raised by the British press[52][51][53] the connection was picked up by blogs and newspapers in the United States. The matter was raised in a campaign debate by moderator George Stephanopoulos, and later became an issue for the John McCain presidential campaign. Investigations by The New York Times, CNN, and other news organizations concluded that Obama does not have a close relationship with Ayers.[54][55][56] In an op-ed piece after the election, Ayers denied any close association with Obama, and castigated the Republican campaign for its use of guilt by association tactics.[35] In a new edition of his memoirs, Fugitive Days: Memoirs of an Anti-War-Activist, he added a new afterword describing their relationship as "neighbors and family friends".[57] But in an interview with Good Morning America, Ayers said the afterword was "describing there how the blogosphere characterized the relationship."[58]

[edit] Praise and Criticism of Ayers

[edit] Praise for Ayers and his work

In 1997 Chicago awarded him its Citizen of the Year award for his work on the Chicago Annenberg Challenge project. [59]

William C. Ibershof, formerly the lead federal prosecutor in the Weather Underground case, wrote in 2008: "Although I dearly wanted to obtain convictions against all the Weathermen, including Bill Ayers, I am very pleased to learn that he has become a responsible citizen." [60]

Ayers was elected Vice President for Curriculum Studies by the American Educational Research Association in 2008. [61] William H. Schubert, a fellow professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, wrote that his election was "a testimony of [Ayers'] stature and [the] high esteem he holds in the field of education locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally." [62]

Wall Street Journal columnist Thomas Frank praised Ayers as a "model citizen" and a scholar whose "work is esteemed by colleagues of different political viewpoints." [63]

[edit] Criticism of Ayers and his work

Radical bomber [64] Jane Alpert criticized Ayers in 1974 "for his callous treatment and abandonment of Diana Oughton before her death, and for his generally fickle and high-handed treatment of women."[65]

In 2001, Ayers published a memoir, Fugitive Days, to mixed reviews. Timothy Noah's 2001 Slate Magazine [66] says he can't recall reading "a memoir quite so self-indulgent and morally clueless as Fugitive Days." By contrast, Studs Terkel called the book "a deeply moving elegy to all those young dreamers who tried to live decently in an indecent world." [67]

Neoconservative education reformer Sol Stern is a longtime critic of Ayers; he has "studied Mr. Ayers's work for years and read most of his books." [68] Stern has written critiques of Ayers' career as an education reformer for City Journal and elsewhere. [69] [70] His criticism in summary: "Calling Bill Ayers a school reformer is a bit like calling Joseph Stalin an agricultural reformer." [71]. "The media mainstreaming of a figure like Mr. Ayers could have terrible consequences for the country's politics and public schools." [68]

Feminist critic Katha Pollitt sharply criticized Ayers' December 2008 [1] New York Times opinion piece as a "sentimentalized, self-justifying whitewash of his role in the weirdo violent fringe of the 1960s-70s antiwar left." She castigates Ayers and his Weathermen cohorts for making "the antiwar movement look like the enemy of ordinary people" during the Vietnam War era. [72]

[edit] Personal life

Ayers is married to Bernardine Dohrn, a fellow former leader of the Weather Underground. They have two adult children and shared legal guardianship of Chesa Boudin, son of Kathy Boudin and David Gilbert. Boudin and Gilbert were former Weather Underground members who later joined the May 19 Communist Organization and were jailed for their roles in that group's Brinks robbery. Chesa Boudin went on to win a Rhodes scholarship.[73] Ayers and Dohrn currently live in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago.[74]

[edit] Works

  • Education: An American Problem. Bill Ayers, Radical Education Project, 1968, ASIN B0007H31HU
  • Hot town: Summer in the City: I ain't gonna work on Maggie's farm no more, Bill Ayers, Students for a Democratic Society, 1969, ASIN B0007I3CMI
  • Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism, Bernardine Dohrn, Jeff Jones, Billy Ayers, Celia Sojourn, Communications Co., 1974, ASIN B000GF2KVQ
  • The Good Preschool Teacher: Six Teachers Reflect on Their Lives, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1989, ISBN 978-0807729465
  • To Teach: The Journey of a Teacher, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0807732625*
  • To Become a Teacher: Making a Difference in Children's Lives, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0807734551
  • City Kids, City Teachers: Reports from the Front Row, William Ayers (Editor) and Patricia Ford (Editor), New Press, 1996, ISBN 978-1565843288
  • A Kind and Just Parent, William Ayers, Beacon Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0807044025
  • A Light in Dark Times: Maxine Greene and the Unfinished Conversation, Maxine Greene (Editor), William Ayers (Editor), Janet L. Miller (Editor), Teachers College Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0807737217
  • Teaching for Social Justice: A Democracy and Education Reader, William Ayers (Editor), Jean Ann Hunt (Editor), Therese Quinn (Editor), 1998, ISBN 978-1565844209
  • Teacher Lore: Learning from Our Own Experience, William H. Schubert (Editor) and William C. Ayers (Editor), Educator's International Press, 1999, ISBN 978-1891928031
  • Teaching from the Inside Out: The Eight-Fold Path to Creative Teaching and Living, Sue Sommers (Author), William Ayers (Foreword), Authority Press, 2000, ISBN 978-1929059027
  • A Simple Justice: The Challenge of Small Schools, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0807739631
  • Zero Tolerance: Resisting the Drive for Punishment, William Ayers (Editor), Rick Ayers (Editor), Bernardine Dohrn (Editor), Jesse L. Jackson (Author), New Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1565846661
  • A School of Our Own: Parents, Power, and Community at the East Harlem Block Schools, Tom Roderick (Author), William Ayers (Author), Teachers College Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0807741573
  • Refusing Racism: White Allies and the Struggle for Civil Rights, Cynthia Stokes Brown (Author), William Ayers (Editor), Therese Quinn (Editor), Teachers College Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0807742044
  • On the Side of the Child: Summerhill Revisited, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0807744000
  • Fugitive Days: A Memoir, Bill Ayers, Beacon Press, 2001, ISBN 0807071242 (Penguin, 2003, ISBN 978-0142002551)
  • Teaching the Personal and the Political: Essays on Hope and Justice, William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0807744611
  • Teaching Toward Freedom: Moral Commitment and Ethical Action in the Classroom, William Ayers, Beacon Press, 2004, ISBN 978-080703269-5
  • Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiques of the Weather Underground 1970-1974, Bernardine Dohrn, Bill Ayers, and Jeff Jones, Seven Stories Press, 2006, ISBN 978-1583227268.
  • Handbook of Social Justice in Education, William C. Ayers, Routledge, June 2008, ISBN 978-0805859270
  • City Kids, City Schools: More Reports from the Front Row, Ruby Dee (Foreword), Jeff Chang (Afterword), William Ayers (Editor), Billings, Gloria Ladson (Editor), Gregory Michie (Editor), Pedro Noguera (Editor), New Press, August 2008, ISBN 978-1595583383

[edit] References

  1. ^ "Weatherman Underground" (PDF). FBI. 20 August 1976. http://foia.fbi.gov/weather/weath2a.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-10-18. 
  2. ^ a b William Ayers University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Education
  3. ^ a b c d e f Terry, Don (Chicago Tribune staff reporter, "The calm after the storm", Chicago Tribune Magazine, p 10, September 16, 2001, June 8, 2008
  4. ^ Jackson, Cheryl V. (June 12, 2007). "Former ComEd CEO; Businessman also fought for equality". Chicago Sun-Times: p. 49. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Former%20ComEd%20CEO)%20AND%20date(6/12/2007%20to%206/12/2007)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=6/12/2007%20to%206/12/2007)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Former%20ComEd%20CEO)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved on 2008-10-09. 
  5. ^ Obituary: Thomas Ayers Served as Board Chair from 1975 to 1986Northwestern University, June 19, 2007
  6. ^ Thomas G Ayers, 1915-2007 Cinnamon Swirl, June 18, 2007
  7. ^ a b c d Barber, David, "Fugitive Days; A Memoir - Book Review", Journal of Social History, Winter 2002, retrieved June 10, 2008
  8. ^ Before "going underground" he published an account of this experience, Education: An American Problem.
  9. ^ Fugitive Days: A Memoir
  10. ^ Cathy Wilkerson (2001-12-01). "Fugitive Days (book review)". Zmag magazine. http://www.zmag.org/zmag/viewArticle/12798. 
  11. ^ Jacobs, Ron, The way the wind blew: a history of the Weather Underground, London & New York: Verso, 1997. ISBN 1-85984-167-8
  12. ^ a b Avrich. The Haymarket Tragedy. pp. p. 431. 
  13. ^ Adelman. Haymarket Revisited, p. 40.
  14. ^ Haymarket Memorial Statue Rededicated at Chicago Police Headquarters Chicago Police Department, June 1, 2007
  15. ^ Grathwohl, Larry, and Frank, Reagan, Bringing Down America: An FBI Informant in with the Weathermen, Arlington House, 1977, page 110
  16. ^ Bill Ayers, Fugitive Days, pg. 261
  17. ^ Gale Holland, Former federal prosecutor decries William Ayers link, Los Angeles Times, October 13, 2008
  18. ^ Susan Chira, AT HOME WITH: Bernadine Dohrn; Same Passion, New Tactics, The New York Times, November 18, 1993
  19. ^ Dedication page Prairie Fire
  20. ^ Harvey E. Klehr (1991) Far Left of Center: The American Radical Left Today, Transaction Publishers, p 108 ISBN 0887388752
  21. ^ Marcia Froelke Coburn, No Regrets, Chicago Magazine, August 2001
  22. ^ Staples, Brent, "The Oldest Rad", book review of Fugitive Days by Bill Ayers in New York Times Book Review, September 30, 2001, accessed June 5, 2008
  23. ^ Jesse Lemisch, Weather Underground Rises from the Ashes: They're Baack!, New Politics, Summer 2006
  24. ^ a b c Dinitia Smith, No Regrets for a Love Of Explosives; In a Memoir of Sorts, a War Protester Talks of Life With the Weathermen, The New York Times, September 11, 2001
  25. ^ Bryan Smith (December 2006). "Sudden Impact". Chicago Magazine. http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/December-2006/Sudden-Impact/. Retrieved on 2008-10-18. 
  26. ^ NB that although the interview was published on 9/11, it was completed prior to that and cannot be properly construed as a reaction to the events of that day.
  27. ^ Bill Ayers, Clarifying the Facts— a letter to the New York Times, 9-15-2001, Bill Ayers (blog), April 21, 2008
  28. ^ a b Bill Ayers, Episodic Notoriety–Fact and Fantasy, Bill Ayers (blog), April 6, 2008
  29. ^ Bill Ayers, I'M SORRY!!!!... i think, Bill Ayers (blog)
  30. ^ Remnick, David (November 4, 2008). "Mr. Ayers’s Neighborhood". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/tny/2008/11/mr-ayerss-neighborhood.html?yrail. Retrieved on 2008-11-05. 
  31. ^ Ayers, Bill, letter to the editor, Chicago Tribune, September 23, 2001, retrieved June 8, 2008
  32. ^ Web page titled "Weather Underground/ Exclusive interview: Bernardine Dohrn and Bill Ayers", Independent Lens website, accessed June 5, 2008
  33. ^ Bill Ayers: Violent Resistance Not Necessarily the Answer Blog post in Little Green Footballs with a copy of the cartoon including the word "shit"
  34. ^ Tapper, Jake In a Not-Remotely-Comic Strip, Bill Ayers Weighs In on What He Meant By 'We Didn't Do Enough' to End Vietnam War ABC News, Political Punch, September 9, 2008
  35. ^ a b c Ayers, William (December 6, 2008), "The Real Bill Ayers", The New York Times: A21, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/06/opinion/06ayers.html?_r=2 
  36. ^ Mike Dorning and Rick Pearson, Daley: Don't tar Obama for Ayers, The Chicago Tribune, April 17, 2008
  37. ^ Storch, Charles; Haynes, V. Dion (October 23, 1994). "Schools go after windfall; Millions for reform could be holiday gift". Chicago Tribune: p. 1. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24142573.html?dids=24142573:24142573&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved on 2008-09-18. 
    Storch, Charles; Haynes, V. Dion (January 21, 1995). "Philanthropist puts his money on city schools". Chicago Tribune: p. 1. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/20664243.html?dids=20664243:20664243&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved on 2008-09-18. 
    Storch, Charles (January 23, 1995). "School reformers getting wish; Unity, commitment led to $49.2 million gift". Chicago Tribune: p. 1. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/20667813.html?dids=20667813:20667813&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved on 2008-09-18. 
    Haynes, V. Dion; Heard, Jacquelyn (January 24, 1995). "A clear present; Annenberg's millions bring hope to Chicago schools". Chicago Tribune: p. 1. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/20668992.html?dids=20668992:20668992&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved on 2008-09-18. 
    Ayers, William; Chapman, Warren; Hallett, Anne (January 31, 1995). "A booster shot for Chicago's public schools". Chicago Tribune: p. 15 (Perspective). http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/20680871.html?dids=20680871:20680871&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved on 2008-09-18. 
    Kipen, David (October 3, 2001). "Former '70s radical finds lessons in WTC tragedy". San Francisco Chronicle: p. B1. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/qws/as/qr?term=David+Kipen&smode=exact&Submit=S&Go.x=37&Go.y=13&Go=Search&scope=byline&source=chronicle&period=30d&dmode=range&minm=10&mind=03&miny=2001&maxm=10&maxd=03&maxy=2001. Retrieved on 2008-09-18. 
    Weissmann, Dan (October 1994). "Reform group maps plan to spend $50 million". Catalyst: a publication of Community Renewal Society 6 (2): 24. ISSN 1058-6830. 
    Weissmann, Dan (March 1995). "Annenberg architects get ball rolling". Catalyst: a publication of Community Renewal Society 6 (6): 20–1. ISSN 1058-6830. 
    Richardson, Lynette (June 1995). "Applications for Annenberg due out soon". Catalyst: a publication of Community Renewal Society 6 (9): 20. ISSN 1058-6830. 
    Shipps, Dorothy; Sconzert, Karin; Swyers, Holly (March 1999). The Chicago Annenberg Challenge: The first three years. Chicago: Consortium on Chicago School Research. OCLC 50759574. http://ccsr.uchicago.edu/content/publications.php?pub_id=54. Retrieved on 2008-09-18. 
  38. ^ Drew Griffin and Kathleen Johnston (October 7, 2008). "Ayers and Obama crossed paths on boards, records show". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/07/obama.ayers/?iref=hpmostpop. Retrieved on 2008-10-08. 
  39. ^ Woods Fund of Chicago (2008). "About the Woods Fund: Staff & Board Directory". Woods Fund of Chicago. http://www.woodsfund.org/about/staff. Retrieved on 2008-10-05. 
  40. ^ Interview with Bill Ayers: On Progressive Education, Critical Thinking and the Cowardice of Some in Dangerous Times, Revolution, October 1, 2006
  41. ^ "Ayers denied entry to Canada", Globe and Mail, 01/19/2009
  42. ^ Chepesiuk, Ron, "Sixties Radicals, Then and Now: Candid Conversations With Those Who Shaped the Era", McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers: Jefferson, North Carolina, 1995, "Chapter 5: Bill Ayers: Radical Educator", p. 102
  43. ^ Flint, Jerry, M., "2d Blast Victim's Life Is Traced: Miss Oughton Joined a Radical Faction After College", news article, The New York Times, March 19, 1970
  44. ^ Kifner, John, "That's what the Weathermen are supposed to be ... 'Vandals in the Mother Country'", article, The New York Times magazine, January 4, 1970, page 15
  45. ^ Berger, Dan (2006). Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity. AK Press. p. 95. 
  46. ^ See document 5, Revolutionary Youth Movement (1969). ""You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows."". http://martinrealm.org/documents/radical/sixties1.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 
  47. ^ Franks, Lucinda, "U.S. Inquiry Finds 37 In Weather Underground", news article, The New York Times, March 3, 1975
  48. ^ Ron Jacobs, The Way the Wind Blew, p. 46.
  49. ^ No Regrets for a Love Of Explosives; In a Memoir of Sorts, a War Protester Talks of Life With the WeathermenNY Times, Sep 11, 2001
  50. ^ a b c Ayers' speech interrupted by protesters by Alan Wang, ABC7 News, KGO-TV San Francisco, January 28, 2009.
  51. ^ a b Weiss, Joanna (2008-04-18). "How Obama and the radical became news". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/04/18/how_obama_and_the_radical_became_news/. 
  52. ^ Hitchens, Peter (2008-02-02). "The Black Kennedy: But does anyone know the real Barack Obama?". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-511901/The-Black-Kennedy-But-does-know-real-Barack-Obama.html. 
  53. ^ Dobbs, Michael (2008-02-19). "Obama's 'Weatherman' Connection". The Fact Checker (The Washington Post). http://blog.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/02/obamas_weatherman_connection.html. 
  54. ^ Shane, Scott (2008-10-03). "Obama and ’60s Bomber: A Look Into Crossed Paths". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/04/us/politics/04ayers.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-12. 
  55. ^ "Fact Check: Is Obama 'palling around with terrorists'?". CNN. 2008-10-05. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/10/05/fact-check-is-obama-palling-around-with-terrorists/. Retrieved on 2008-10-12. 
  56. ^ "Palin hits Obama for 'terrorist' connection". CNN. 2008-10-05. http://m.cnn.com/cnn/lt_ne/lt_ne/detail/178228. 
  57. ^ "Bill Ayers Says Obama Was ‘Family Friend’". CNS. 2008-11-14. http://www.cnsnews.com/Public/Content/article.aspx?RsrcID=39357. 
  58. ^ "Ayers says he's not friends with Obama". AP. 2008-11-14. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27721538/. 
  59. ^ Drew Griffin and Kathleen Johnston (October 7, 2008). "Ayers and Obama crossed paths on boards, records show". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/07/obama.ayers/?iref=hpmostpop. Retrieved on 2008-10-08. 
  60. ^ Ibershof, William C. (2008-10-09). "Prosecuting Weathermen (Letter to the Editor)". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/10/opinion/l10ayers.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-20. 
  61. ^ 2008 AERA Election Results, American Educational Research Association
  62. ^ "My friend and colleague, Bill Ayers", quoted from the Chronicle of Higher Education
  63. ^ "My Friend Bill Ayers", Wall Street Journal, Oct. 15, 2008
  64. ^ Franks, Lucinda (1975-01-14). "The 4-Year Odyssey of Jane Alpert, From Revolutionary Bomber to Feminist". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10715FA3F5E157493C6A8178AD85F418785F9. 
  65. ^ Mother Right: A New Feminist Theory, Special Collections Library, Duke University
  66. ^ "Radical Chic Resurgent", by Timothy Noah, Slate Magazine, Aug. 22, 2001]
  67. ^ Fugitive Days: A Memoir at Amazon; scroll down for Terkel blurb.
  68. ^ a b "Ayers Is No Education 'Reformer'" Wall Street Journal, Oct. 16, 2008
  69. ^ "The Ed Schools’ Latest—and Worst—Humbug: Teaching for “social justice” is a cruel hoax on disadvantaged kids.", City Journal, Summer 2006
  70. ^ "Obama’s Real Bill Ayers Problem: The ex-Weatherman is now a radical educator with influence.", City Journal, 23 April 2008
  71. ^ "The Bomber as School Reformer", City Journal, 6 October 2008
  72. ^ "Bill Ayers Whitewashes History, Again", by Katha Pollitt in The Nation, 12/08/2008
  73. ^ Jodi Wilgoren (Published: December 9, 2002). "From a Radical Background, A Rhodes Scholar Emerges". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE5D81F3BF93AA35751C1A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved on 2008-10-18. 
  74. ^ Fusco, Chris; Pallasch, Abdon M. (April 18, 2008). "Who is Bill Ayers?". Chicago Sun-Times: p. 8. http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/902213,CST-NWS-ayers18.article. Retrieved on 2008-10-05. 

[edit] External links


Persondata
NAME Ayers, Bill
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ayers, William Charles
SHORT DESCRIPTION American elementary education theorist and former 1960s anti-war activist
DATE OF BIRTH 1944-12-26
PLACE OF BIRTH Glen Ellyn, Illinois
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ayers"
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