ID3
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ID3 is a metadata container most often used in conjunction with the MP3 audio file format. It allows information such as the title, artist, album, track number, or other information about the file to be stored in the file itself.
There are two unrelated versions of ID3: ID3v1 and ID3v2.
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[edit] ID3v1
After the creation of the MP3 standard, there appeared a problem with storing data about the file. Standalone MP3s didn't have any special method of doing this. In 1996 Eric Kemp had the idea to add a small chunk of data to the audio file, thus solving the problem. The standard was called ID3v1 and it quickly became the de facto standard for storing metadata in MP3s. The format was released by Damaged Cybernetics, an underground group that specialized in cracking console gaming systems. This format was first used to identify ROMs for the 8-bit Nintendo decrypted by the leader "MindRape", Donald Ray Moore, Jr., in 1996. There was no identifying information for any of the ROMS, thus an ID tagging system was created to make tracking easier. Eric and associates naturally carried this over into mp3 files. This format was used for a number of file formats unknown at that time.[citation needed]
The ID3v1 tag occupies 128 bytes, beginning with the string TAG. The tag was placed at the end of the file to maintain compatibility with older media players. Some players would play a small burst of static when they read the tag, but most ignored it, and almost all modern players will correctly skip it. This tag allows 30 bytes each for the title, artist, album, and a "comment", four bytes for the year, and a byte to identify the genre of the song from a predefined list of 80 values (Winamp later extended this list to 148 values).
One improvement to ID3v1 was made by Michael Mutschler in 1997. Since the comment field was too small to write anything useful, he decided to trim it by two bytes and use it to store the track number. Such tags are referred to as ID3v1.1.
[edit] Enhanced tag
The enhanced tag is an extra data block before an ID3v1 tag, which extends the title, artist and album fields by 60 bytes each, offers a freetext genre, a one-byte (values 0-5) speed and the start and stop time of the music in the MP3 file, e.g., for fading in. If none of the fields are used, it will be automatically omitted.
Programs supporting ID3v1 tags can read the enhanced tag, but writing may leave stale values in the extended block. The extended block is not an official standard, and is only supported by few programs, not including XMMS or Winamp.
[edit] Layout
Strings are either space- or zero-padded. Unset string entries are filled using an empty string.
ID3v1: 128 bytes
| Field | Length | Description |
|---|---|---|
| header | 3 | "TAG" |
| title | 30 | 30 characters of the title |
| artist | 30 | 30 characters of the artist name |
| album | 30 | 30 characters of the album name |
| year | 4 | A four-digit year |
| comment | 28[1] or 30 | The comment. |
| zero-byte[1] | 1 | If a track number is stored, this byte contains a binary 0. |
| track[1] | 1 | The number of the track on the album, or 0. Invalid, if previous byte is not a binary 0. |
| genre | 1 | Index in a list of genres, or 255 |
Extended tag (placed before the ID3v1 tag): 227 bytes
| Field | Length | Description |
|---|---|---|
| header | 4 | "TAG+" |
| title | 60 | Next 60 characters of the title (90 characters total) |
| artist | 60 | Next 60 characters of the artist name |
| album | 60 | Next 60 characters of the album name |
| speed | 1 | 0=unset, 1=slow, 2= medium, 3=fast, 4=hardcore |
| genre | 30 | A free-text field for the genre |
| start-time | 6 | the start of the music as mmm:ss |
| end-time | 6 | the end of the music as mmm:ss |
[edit] Criticisms and problems
ID3v1 tags were criticized for several problems. One issue was that the fields were too short for most of the data they were meant to contain. Thirty bytes is not enough to store long song or album titles, so they would simply be truncated.
The approach to defining the song genre also had obvious disadvantages. Many users criticized the predefined genre list, which did not contain genres such as minimalist or Baroque.
ID3v1 also lacked support for internationalization. It is stated in the standard that all the strings must be encoded in ISO-8859-1. But in practice, users usually used local encodings, which is why mojibake is a common problem in ID3v1 tags.
[edit] ID3v2
In response to these criticisms, a new standard called ID3v2 was created in 1998. Although it bears the name ID3, it has little to no relation to the ID3v1 standard.
ID3v2 tags are of variable size, and usually occur at the start of the file, to aid streaming media. They consist of a number of frames, each of which contains a piece of metadata. For example, the TIT2 frame contains the title, and the WOAR frame contains the URL of the artist's website. Frames can be up to 16MB in length, while total tag size is limited to 256MB. The internationalization problem was solved by allowing the encoding of strings not only with ISO-8859-1, but also with UTF-16. Textual frames are marked with an encoding bit, though mojibake is still common when using local encoding instead of UTF-16.
In the latest ID3v2 standard there are 84 types of frame, and applications can also define their own types. There are standard frames for containing cover art, BPM, copyright and license, lyrics, and arbitrary text and URL data, as well as other things.
There are three versions of ID3v2. ID3v2.2 was the first public version of ID3v2. It used three character frame identifiers rather than four (TT2 for the title instead of TIT2). Most of the common v2.3 and v2.4 frames have direct analogues in v2.2. Now this standard is considered obsolete.
ID3v2.3 expanded the frame identifier to four characters, and added a number of frames. A frame could contain multiple values, separated with a / character. This is the most widely used version of ID3v2 tags.
ID3v2.4 is the latest version of the standard, dated November 1, 2000. Notably, it allows textual data to be encoded in UTF-8, which was a common practice in earlier tags (despite the standard)[citation needed] because it has several noticeable advantages over UTF-16. It uses a null byte to separate multiple values, so the character "/" can appear in text data again. Another new feature allows the addition of a tag to the end of the file before other tags (like ID3v1).
[edit] ID3v2 Chapters
The ID3v2 Chapter Addendum was published in December 2005 but is not widely supported as yet. It allows users to jump easily to specific locations or chapters within an audio file and can provide a synchronized slide show of images and titles during playback. Typical applications include Enhanced podcasts and it can be used in ID3v2.3 or ID3v2.4 tags.[2]
[edit] Criticism
[edit] Complexity
Although the different versions of ID3v2 are conceptually similar, implementing an algorithm to read and write them is difficult. There are subtle but critical differences between all the versions. Even within a version, the structure of frames differs greatly. For example, the TIT2 frame which contains the title, and the USLT which contains a lyrics transcription, require different algorithms to extract the data[citation needed]. With 84 different frames, dozens of such sub-parsers are required[citation needed]. Other tagging formats such as APEv2 avoid this, and use a single key/value pair for the internal structure of every frame. This is at the expense of pushing the interpretation of the value on to the decoder, rather than being defined within the core standard.
[edit] Redundancy
ID3v2 stores many things in the tag that are more commonly left to the audio format itself. Some examples are the TLEN frame which stores the audio length, or the AENC frame which contains the encryption scheme of the audio. (However, the information provided by TLEN is often not derived trivially. In general, the duration of a variable bitrate stream can be calculated only after examining each frame of the entire stream. Thus, TLEN can be useful for streaming audio and inadequate hardware.)
[edit] Tag location within file
Only with the ID3v2.4 standard has it been possible to place the tag data at the end of the file, in common with ID3v1. ID3v2.2 and 2.3 require that the tag data precede the file. Whilst for streaming data this is absolutely required, for static data it means that the entire audio file must be updated to insert data at the front of the file. For initial tagging this incurs a large penalty as every file must be re-written. Tag writers are encouraged to introduce padding after the tag data in order to allow for edits to the tag data without requiring the entire audio file to be re-written, but these are not standard and the tag requirements may vary greatly, especially if APIC (associated pictures) are also embedded.
[edit] Legacy implementations
[edit] In General
Software adoption for ID3v2.4 has come around in the last couple of years; however, the majority of files still use older versions of ID3v2 and there are very few applications that fully support all of the frame types enumerated in the ID3v2 specification.
[edit] Windows Explorer
Another problem occurs when it comes to Windows Explorer. When ID3v2.4 is used to tag MP3 files, any info on the files cannot be seen by Windows Explorer due to Explorer's lack of UTF-8 encoding support, unlike previous ID3 tag versions which are properly seen.[citation needed]
[edit] Editing ID3 tags
ID3 tags may be edited in a variety of ways. On some platforms the file's properties may be edited by viewing extended information in the file manager. Additionally most audio players allow editing single or groups of files. Editing groups of files is often referred to as "batch tagging". There are also specialized applications, called taggers, which concentrate specifically on editing the tags and related tasks. These often offer advanced features such as advanced batch tagging or editing based on regular expressions.
[edit] Implementation in non-mp3s and alternatives
ID3 tags were designed with MP3 in mind, so they would work without problems with MP3 and MP3Pro files. However, the tagsets are an independent part of the MP3 file and should be usable elsewhere. In practice, the only other format which widely uses ID3v2 tags is AIFF, where the tag is stored inside a RIFF chunk named "ID3". The same could be accomplished in WAV, but isn't. The only tagging system in wide usage for WAV is "Broadcast WAV", stored as a RIFF chunk. Windows media ASF files (WMA, WMV) have their own tagging formats but also supports ID3 Tags embedded as attributes.[3] MP4 also allows the embedding of an ID3 tag [4] although this isn't widely supported. Other container-based formats use their own tagging formats. An example of this is Ogg, which uses Vorbis comments. Adding ID3 tags to these would break the container structure.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b c The track number is stored in the last two bytes of the comment field. If the comment is 29 or 30 characters long, no track number can be stored.
- ^ Newell, C. (2 December 2005). ""ID3v2 Chapter Frame Addendum"". ID3.org. http://www.id3.org/id3v2-chapters-1.0. Retrieved on 2008-02-06.
- ^ ""Windows Media Developer Center: ID3 Tag Support"". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa386866.aspx. Retrieved on 2008-02-06.
- ^ The 'MP4' Registration Authority
