aviation bot experimentalspaceflight from:jaanix funny history interesting military missile nuclear project science space technology todo usa war

My tags:

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is missing citations or needs footnotes. Please help add inline citations to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (January 2009)

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Supersonic Low Altitude Missile. (Discuss)

Project Pluto was a United States government program to develop nuclear powered ramjet engines for use in cruise missiles. Two experimental engines were tested at the United States Department of Energy Nevada Test Site (NTS) in 1961 and 1964.

Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External links

[edit] History

On January 1, 1957, the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission selected the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's (LLNL) predecessor, the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, to study the feasibility of applying heat from nuclear reactors to ramjet engines. This research became known as "Project Pluto". The work was directed by Dr. Ted Merkle, leader of the laboratory's R-Division.

Originally carried out at Livermore, California, the work was moved to new facilities constructed for $1.2 million on eight square miles (21 km²) of Jackass Flats at the NTS, known as Site 401. The complex consisted of six miles (10 km) of roads, critical assembly building, control building, assembly and shop buildings, and utilities. Also required for the construction was 25 miles (40 km) of oil well casing which was necessary to store the million pounds (450 t) of pressurized air used to simulate ramjet flight conditions for Pluto.

The principle behind the nuclear ramjet was relatively simple: motion of the vehicle pushed air in through the front of the vehicle (ram effect), a nuclear reactor heated the air, and then the hot air expanded at high speed out through a nozzle at the back, providing thrust.

The notion of using a nuclear reactor to heat the air was fundamentally new. Unlike commercial reactors, which are surrounded by concrete, the Pluto reactor had to be small and compact enough to fly, but durable enough to survive a 7,000 mile (11,000 km) trip to a potential target. The nuclear engine could, in principle, operate for months, so a Pluto cruise missile could be left airborne for a prolonged time before being directed to carry out its attack.

The success of this project would depend upon a series of technological advances in metallurgy and materials science. Pneumatic motors necessary to control the reactor in flight had to operate while red-hot and in the presence of intense radioactivity. The need to maintain supersonic speed at low altitude and in all kinds of weather meant the reactor, code named "Tory", had to survive temperatures of 2,500 °F (1,600 °C)^{[citation needed]}, and conditions that would melt the metals used in most jet and rocket engines. Ceramic fuel elements would have to be used; the contract to manufacture the 500,000 pencil-sized elements was given to the Coors Porcelain Company, which would become better-known later for their brewery division. The tolerances were so tight that Tory's base plates had an auto-ignition point only 150 degrees above the reactor's peak operating temperature^{[citation needed]}. Engineers calculated that the aerodynamic pressures upon the missile might be five times those the hypersonic X-15 had to endure^{[citation needed]}.

The proposed use for nuclear-powered ramjets would be to power a cruise missile, called SLAM, for Supersonic Low Altitude Missile. In order to reach ramjet speed, it would be launched from the ground by a cluster of conventional rocket boosters. Once it reached cruising altitude and was far away from populated areas the nuclear reactor would be turned on. Since nuclear power gave it almost unlimited range, the missile could cruise in circles over the ocean until ordered 'down to the deck' for its supersonic dash to targets in the Soviet Union. The SLAM as proposed would carry a payload of many nuclear weapons to be dropped on multiple targets, making the cruise missile into an unmanned bomber.

On May 14, 1961, the world's first nuclear ramjet engine, "Tory-IIA," mounted on a railroad car, roared to life for just a few seconds. Three years later, "Tory-IIC" was run for five minutes at full power, producing 513 megawatts and the equivalent of over 35,000 pounds force (156 kN) thrust^{[citation needed]}. But despite these and other successful tests the Pentagon, sponsor of the "Pluto project," had second thoughts; Intercontinental ballistic missile technology had proved to be more easily developed than previously thought, reducing the need for such highly capable cruise missiles. On July 1, 1964, seven years and six months after it was born, "Project Pluto" was cancelled.

[edit] See also

• Nuclear thermal rocket
  • NERVA
• Project Orion
• Convair B-36 (the "Experiments" section)
• Nuclear aircraft
• Convair X-6
• WS-125

[edit] References

• Initial text taken from a public domain document at DOE

[edit] External links

• Air and Space magazine article
• Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles
• Vought SLAM pages

v • d • e Nuclear propulsion Spacecraft Antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion · Bussard ramjet · Fission-fragment rocket · Fission sail · Fusion rocket · Gas core reactor rocket · Nuclear electric rocket · Nuclear photonic rocket · Nuclear pulse propulsion · Nuclear salt-water rocket · Nuclear thermal rocket · Radioisotope rocket · Project Orion Sea vessels Nuclear marine propulsion · Nuclear navy Aircraft Nuclear aircraft · Project Pluto · Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program · Convair X-6