World War II casualties

1. ^ Albania
   War dead listed here are from Albania : a country study Federal Research Division, Library of Congress ; edited by Raymond E. Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw. 2nd ed. 1994 ISBN 0-8444-0792-5. Available online at Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress, go to 'Country Studies-Albania' -Chapter 5: Sec-World War Two.
   Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 200.^[14,244]
2. ^ Austria
   Military war dead of 260,749 are included with Germany.^[6,335] Civilian war dead included 24,000 killed by military operations, including Allied Strategic Bombing.^[2,37-42]and 10,000 victims of Nazi political persecution from 1939 to 1945,^{[17,Table A]}the genocide of Romani people of 6,500 persons ^[13,183]and Jewish Holocaust victims totaling 65,000.^[14,244]
3. ^ Australia
   The war dead listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission^[29]. Total deaths were 40,458, which included Army (26,518), Air Force (11,104), Navy (2,310), Merchant Navy (440), and civilian auxiliary deaths (86). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (1,731)^[22] The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [66]
   However, the Australian War Memorial website article, Australian Military Statistics: WWII reports military deaths were 39,366 and civilian deaths of 735 due primarily to Air raids on Australia, 1942–43 and Axis naval activity in Australian waters. The Australian War Memorial figures include those military deaths while on active duty, however the CWGC figures on this page also include the war related deaths during 1939-47 of discharged military personnel.
   The preliminary 1945 data for Australian losses was killed 23,365, missing 6,030, wounded 39,803 and POW 26,363.^[20]
4. ^ Belgium
   Military war dead included 8,800 killed, 500 missing in action, 200 executed, 800 resistance movement fighters and 1,800 POWs. Civilian losses included deaths due to military operations of 32,200 and 16,900 non-Jewish victims of Nazi reprisals and repression.^[2,43-45] Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures.^[6,230] The genocide of Roma people was 500 persons.^[13,183]Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 24,387.^[14,244]
5. ^ Brazil
   The Brazilian Expeditionary Force war dead were 510^[1,255], Navy losses in the Battle of the Atlantic were 492. Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners and 502 passengers.^[16,540]
6. ^ Bulgaria
   Bulgarian military war dead were as follows, 2,000 military with Axis in Yugoslavia and Greece; 10,124 military dead as allies of the USSR and 10,000 Anti-Fascist Partisan deaths.^[3,38-39] Regarding partisan and civilian casualties Vadim Erlikman notes " According to the official data of the royal government 2,320 were killed and 199 executed. ^[33,158]The communists claim that 20-35,000 persons died. In reality deaths were 10,000, including and unknown number of civilians." ^[3,38-39] 3,000 civilians were killed by Anglo-American air raids^[16,512]; including 1,374 in Bombing of Sofia in World War II.^[32,196]
7. ^ Burma
   Military dead of 22,000 were with the pro-Japanese Burma National Army ^[3,74-75] Civilian deaths during the Japanese occupation of Burma totaled 250,000; 110,000 Burmese, plus 100,000 Indian and 40,000 Chinese civilians in Burma.^[16,556].
8. ^ Canada
   The war dead listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission^[29]. Total deaths were 45,364 which included Army (24,529), Air Force (17,394), Navy (2,169), Merchant Navy (1,270), and civilian auxiliary deaths(2). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (1,298)^[22] and (102) men from Newfoundland [67] Newfoundland's losses are listed separately since it was not part of Canada during World War II. However, the Canadian War Museum puts military losses at 42,000 plus 1,600 Merchant Navy deaths [68] The CANADIAN VIRTUAL WAR MEMORIAL contains a registry of information about the graves and memorials of Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives for their country[69]
   The preliminary 1945 data for Canadian losses was killed 37,476, missing 1,843, wounded 53,174 and POW 9,045.^[20]
9. ^ China
   The official Chinese Communist statistics of China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937-1945 are 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. The figures for total military casualties, killed and wounded are: Nationalist 3.2 million; Communist 580,000 and collaborator forces 1.18 million; captured: collaborator forces 950,000.^[34,4-9]
   A study based on Chinese Nationalist sources estimates total war deaths of 15-20 million from all causes: military casualties: 1.5 million killed in battle, 750,000 missing in action, 1.5 million deaths due to disease and 3 million wounded; civilian casualties: due to military activity, killed 1,073,496 and 237,319 wounded; 335,934 killed and 426,249 wounded in Japanese air attacks ^[81]
   John W. Dower has noted “ So great was the devastation and suffering in China that in the end it is necessary to speak of uncertain “millions” of deaths. Certainly, it is reasonable to think in general terms of approximately 10 million Chinese war dead, a total surpassed only by the Soviet Union” ^[9,295-296].R. J. Rummel's estimate of total war dead from 1937-45 is 19,605,000. The details are as follows:
   Military dead: 3,400,000(including 400,000 POW ) Nationalist/Communist and 432,000 collaborator forces ^{[5,Table 5A]}.
   Civilian war deaths: 3,808,000 killed in fighting and 3,549,000 victims of Japanese war crimes (not including an additional 400,000 POWs);
   Other deaths: Repression by Chinese Nationalist's 5,907,000 (including 3,081,000 military conscripts and 2,826,000 civilian deaths caused by Nationalist government, including the 1938 Yellow River flood; political repression by Chinese Communists 250,000 and by Warlords 110,000. Additional deaths due to famine were 2,250,000^{[5,Table 5A]}.
10. ^ Cuba
    Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 dead merchant mariners^[16,540] The Cuban sub chaser CS-13 sank U-176 on May 15,1943.[70]
11. ^ Czechoslovakia
    Military war dead of 25,000 included Killed during 1938 occupation(171); Czechoslovak Forces with the western allies (3,220); Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front (4,570); Slovak Republic (WWII) Axis forces (7,000); Partisan (military) losses of (2,170) and killed in 1945 uprising(8,000).^[3,54]--^[35,270]Totals do not include an additional estimated 30,000 dead in Hungarian Army.^[8,58-59] Civilian losses in include killed during 1938 occupation(262); non Jewish victims of Nazi reprisals (26,500) and killed in military operations (10,000)).^[3,54]--^[35,270] Civilian losses include the territories of prewar Czechoslovakia, including Carpathian Ruthenia which was ceded to the USSR after the war. The genocide of Roma people was 7,500 persons.^[13,183-184]Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 277,000.^[14,244]
12. ^ Denmark
    During the Occupation of Denmark military war dead included 1,281Merchant Marine, 797 resistance fighters and 49 Army personnel. Civilian deaths included 628 victims of Nazi reprisals and 440 killed during military operations. The 3,900 Danish deaths in German military service are included with German losses. Figures are from Danish Military Historie website[71]
    It has been argued that the disproportionately low figure for Danish dead is due mainly to the non violent policy of the Danish resistance movement during the occupation (see video: "A Force More Powerful", OCLC 45399754).
    Deaths of Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 77.^[14,244]
13. ^ Estonia
    The total of the civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940-41 were 33,900 including 7,800 deaths of arrested people, 6,000 deportee deaths, 5,000 evacuee deaths, 1,100 people gone missing during the occupation, 2,000 conscripts en route, and 12,000 conscripts in the Soviet labour camps.^{[96,Table 2]} Losses uring the Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany were 9,040, the Nazis executed 7,800 people and 1,040 people perished in Nazi prison camps. A documented 200 people perished in forced labour service in Germany or en route.^{[96,Table 2]} The documented civilian deaths in Soviet air raids in March 9–25 were 800.^{[96,Table 2]} An estimated 1,000 Estonians were killed in Allied air raids on Germany and 1,200 perished at sea while attempting to flee the country in 1944-45^[96,35] An dditional 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944-45. ^[96,31] Figures do not include the executions, deportee deaths, and insurgent losses in 1946–1989 caused by the Soviet reoccupation documented at 11,000.^{[96,Table 2]} The figures on the table do not include the military deaths among the illegally drafted conscripts within the Soviet (10,0000) ^{[96,Table 2]} and German Armed Forces(11,000) ^{[96,Table 2]} The genocide of Roma people was 243 people,^[96,16] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 1,000.^[14,244] Total deaths from 1940-53 due the war and the Soviet occupation were 81,740 (8% of the population.^{[96,Table 2]} Not included in these figures are 102,000 persons who fled the country and became refugees.^{[96,Table 2]}
14. ^ Ethiopia
    Total military and civilian dead in the East African Campaign were 100,000.^[16,491]. Military losses were 5,000^[74].
    These totals do not include losses in the Italian Second Italo-Abyssinian War and Italian occupation from 1935-41. The official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 deaths due to the war and Italian occupation from 1935-41. ^[75]. However, R. J. Rummel estimates 200,000 Ethiopians and Libyans killed by the Italians from the 1920's-41, his estimate is " based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program "Timewatch" 1/17/92.^[4,Chap.14]
15. ^ Finland
    The Finnish National Archives website lists the names of the 95,000 Finnish military war dead [72].Figures include killed and missing from the Winter War and Continuation War with the Soviet Union as well as action against German forces in 1944-45, Winter War (1939-40) losses were 22,830, military deaths from 1941-44 were 58,715^[28] and 1,036^[28] in 1944-45 in the Lapland War Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish POW taken in the War. ^[3,52] During the Winter war of 1939-40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served alongside the Finns and lost 28 men in combat. 1,407 Finnish volunteers served in the German SS-Volunteer Battalion Nordost and 256 were killed in action.[73]
    Civilian war dead were 2,000 .^[2,58-59], due in part to theBombing of Helsinki in World War II
16. ^ France
    Military war dead include 150,000 regular forces(1939-40 Battle of France 92,000; 1940-45 on Western Front (World War II) 58,000); 20,000 French resistance fighters and 40,000 POWs in Germany.^[2,60-65] There were an additional 5,000 military deaths in French Indochina.^[16,414-15] The pro-German Vichy France forces lost 2,653 killed.^[16,582] Vadim Erlikman, a Russian historian, estimates losses of Africans in the French Colonial Forces at about 22,000.^[3,83-99] French deaths in German Army (30-40,000), mostly men conscripted in Alsace-Lorraine, are not included in these totals.
    Civilian losses include 120,000 killed due to military action and 230,000 victims of the Nazi reprisals and genocide(including 83,000 Jews).^[2,60-65]The genocide of Roma people was 15,000 persons.^[13,183]Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 83,000.^[14,244]
17. ^ French Indochina
    Deaths due to Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during Japanese occupation^[9,297]
18. ^ Germany
    The 1939 Population is for Germany within 1937 borders and the Free City of Danzig. Not included in the German population are Austria and the 6,912,000 ^[23,] ethnic Germans of eastern Europe[74]. However, the 534,000 military deaths of ethnic Germans in eastern Europe and 261,000 from Austria are included with total German losses^[6].
19. ^ Dr. Rűdiger Overmans of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office has provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical analysis of German military personnel records.^[6]. Overmans concluded that these losses were 5,318,0000.^[6]. , not including the deaths of 215,000 Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany ^[7,278]. German losses were previously estimated at 4.5 million^[31,111-129], Overmans includes 344,000 deaths that were previously listed as civilian losses in eastern Europe and 230,000 as paramilitary, Volkssturm and police forces fighting with the regular forces. Overmans lists the following losses- Africa 16,066 ; the Balkans 103,693 ; Northern Europe 30,165 ; Western Europe until 12/31/44- 339,957 ; Italy 150,660; against the U.S.S.R. until 12/31/44- 2,742,909 ; final battles in Germany during 1945-1,230,045 ; other (including air war in Germany & at sea) 245,561 ; confirmed deaths of POWs in captivity 459,475 (including 363,000 in Soviet captivity)- Grand Total 5.318 million. Overmans lists losses of 4,456,000 from pre-war Germany, 261,000 from Austria, 534,000 ethnic Germans from eastern Europe, 30,000 French and 37,000 volunteers from western Europe. Included in the total of 5.3 Million war dead are 2.0 million men listed as missing in action or unaccounted for after the war.^[6,333-336]Dr. Rüdiger Overmans believes that “It seems entirely plausible, while not provable,that one half of the missing were killed in action, the other half however in fact died in Soviet custody” ^[6,289] Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the War. ^[12,109]
    For a critical analysis of the statistical methodology of Overmans see[75] In addition to these losses the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht reported the losses of Soviet citizens serving in the German military ^[24]separately, these losses were not included in the Overmans analysis of German casualties.^[6,228-230]. A Russian source, G. I. Krivosheev reported these losses as 215,000^[7,278]. In this schedule they are included with German military war dead.
20. ^  German civilian casualties totaled about 1.7 million including: 360-370,000 killed by Strategic bombing^[25,460]., 762,000 victims of Nazi persecution and genocide.^{[17,Table A]}, 100,000.^[3,43] civilians killed in the Battle of Berlin[76], 270,000 victims of Soviet war crimes and 205,000 during the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union^[82,19]. Civilians killed by Strategic bombing were within the 1937 German boundaries^[25,460]. The victims of Nazi persecution and genocide from 1933 to 1945 included political prisoners, victims of the Action T4 euthanasia program, Gay men and 160,000 German Jews .^{[17,Table A]}
    German civilian deaths due to the expulsion of Germans after World War II are not included with World War Two Casualties. A 1958 West German government study estimated 2.3 million civilians perished during the post war expulsions.^[83,26] However, Rűdiger Overmans points out that there are only about 500,000 confirmed deaths of German civilians in eastern Europe, the balance being a demographic estimate, Overmans believes that new research on the number of expulsion deaths is needed.^[6,298-299][77]. A more recent study published by the German government in 1989 estimated the death toll at about 635,000. (270,000) as the result of Soviet war crimes,(160,000) during the expulsion of Germans after World War II and (205,000) in the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union ^[82,19]
    Additional post war famine deaths in occupied Germany of 250,000 ^[3,43] are also not included with World War Two Casualties
    The genocide of Roma people was 15,000 persons.^[13,183] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 160,000.^[14,244]
21. ^ A preliminary estimate of war dead in 1949 by the West German government for the population in the borders of 1937 Germany only, was 3,250,000 military dead and missing plus 500,000 dead and 1,533,000 missing civilians^{[30,1949-8/226]}. In 1956 these figures were revised; 3,760,000 military dead and missing, 410,000 civilians killed by Strategic bombing and 1,260,000 civilians killed in the expulsions from Poland.^{[30,1956-10/494]}. These figures were for Germany in 1937 borders only and did not include additional losses from Austria (280,000 military and 24,000 civilians); ethnic Germans from eastern Europe (432,000 military and 886,000 civilians killed in expulsions); and 60,000 military deaths of men from France and western Europe. Total 4,530,000 for entire German Armed Forces and 2,556,000 civilians^[31,111-129].
22. ^ Greece
    The war dead included 20,000 military deaths in the Greco-Italian War of 1940-41, 60,000 non-Jewish civilians, 20,000 non Jewish deportees and 140,000 famine deaths during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II.^[2,89-91]
    Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 71,301.^[14,244]
23. ^ Hungary
    Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of losses from 1941-45 in Hungary. Military losses were 300,000-310,000 including 110-120,000 killed in battle and 200,000 missing in action and POW in the Soviet Union. Hungarian military losses include 110,000 men who were conscripted from the annexed territories of Greater Hungary in Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia and the deaths of 20-25,000 Jews conscripted for Army labor units. Soviet sources list the deaths of 54,700 of the 513,700 Hungarian POW taken in the War. ^[7,278] Civilian losses of about 80,000 include 45,500 killed in the 1944-45 military campaign and in air attacks,^[8,58-60] and the genocide of Roma people of 28,000 persons.^[13,188]Jewish Holocaust victims, in 1939 borders, totaled 200,000.^[14,244].
24. ^ Iceland
    Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines.^[26]
25. ^ Indian Empire
    1939 Population of the Indian Empire included the present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The war dead listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission^[29]. Total deaths were 87,031 which included Army (79,326), Air Force (897), Navy (501), Merchant Navy (6,114)and civilian auxiliary deaths(193). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (8,522)^[22]The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [78]The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was, killed 24,338, missing 11,754, wounded 64,354 and POW 79,489.^[20]The pro-Japanese Indian National Army lost 2,615 dead and missing^[16,556]. Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army during the Second World War.
    Civilian losses were caused by the Bengal famine of 1943. ^{[4, Chap 3][9,297]}. Amartya Sen currently the Lamont University Professor at Harvard University has recently estimated that two to two and a half million fatalities may be more accurate. ^[98]
26. ^ Indonesia-Dutch East Indies
    John W. Dower cites a UN report that estimated 4 million famine and forced labor dead during the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia. ^[9,296].
    The United Nations reported in 1947 that “about 30,000 Europeans and 300,000 Indonesian internees and forced laborers died during the occupation.” They reported, “The total number who were killed by the Japanese, or who died from, hunger, disease and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone, 1,000,000 for the Outer Islands. Altogether 35,000 of the 240,000 Europeans died; most of them were men of working age.” ^[91,13-14]
    The Dutch Red Cross reported the deaths in Japanese custody of 14,800 European civilians out of 80,000 interned and 12,500 of the 34,000 POW captured. ^[92,170]
27. ^ Iran
    Losses during allied occupation in 1941.^[16,498].
28. ^ Iraq
    Losses during Anglo-Iraqi War and UK occupation in 1941.^{[3,65][16,498]}.
29. ^ Ireland
    Despite being neutral, Ireland suffered casualties. In 1995 Irish Taoiseach(Prime Minister)John Bruton claimed at least 10,000 Irish were killed serving in the British or Commonwealth armed forces.^[27] The civilian death figure includes 33 Irish merchantmen were killed when a U-Boat torpedoed the Irish Pine[79] and deaths caused by the presumably accidental bombing of Ireland in three instances.[80] ^[27].
30. ^ Italy
    The official Italian government accounting of World War Two 1940-45 losses listed the following data. ^[68,]. Total military dead and missing from 1940-45 were 291,376, losses prior to the September 8, 1943 Armistice with Italy totaled 204,346 ( 66,686 killed, 111,579 missing, 26,081 died of disease), after the September 8, 1943 Armistice with Italy, 87,030 (42,916 killed, 19,840 missing, 24,274 died of disease). Losses by branch of service: Army 201,405; Navy 22,034; Air Force 9,096; Colonial Forces 354; Chaplains 91; Fascist militia 10,066; Paramilitary 3,252; not indicated 45,078. Military Losses by theatre of war: Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice); France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice); Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice); Greece, Albania & Yugoslavia 49,459 (10,090 post armistice); USSR 82,079 (3,522 post armistice); Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice), at sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice); other & unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice). POW losses are included with military losses mentioned above. Civilian losses were 153,147 ( 123,119 post armistice) including 61,432 (42,613 post armistice) in air attacks^[68]. A brief summary of data from this report can be found online at -[81](go to Vol 13, No. 15).
    There were in addition to these losses the deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy which were estimated by the Italian military at 10,000 in East African Campaign of 1940-41.^[73].
    Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews^{[17, Table A]}. Soviet sources list the deaths of 28,000 of the 49,000 Italian war prisoners in Soviet Union 1942-1954^[3,47] Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice with Italy, included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters and 13,000 RSI Italian Social Republic Fascist forces.^[77] The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons.^[13,183]Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,562. (including Libya)^[14,244]
31. ^ Japan
    1939 Japanese population includes 1.7 million Japanese in China and Korea.^[15,15]
    John W. Dower reported that Japanese government figures list the military deaths of 1,740,955 from 1937-45. The details are as follows: 185,647 in China from 1937-41 and 1,555,308 from 1941-45 in the Pacific War. Army - Against US- 485,717; Against UK/Netherlands-208,026; In China-202,958; Against Australia -199,511; French Indochina -2,803; Against USSR -7,483; Other overseas -23,388; Japan proper -10,543. Navy 1941/45 -414,879."only one third of the military deaths occurred in actual combat, the majority being caused by illness and starvation"^[9,297-299]. In addition there were the deaths of prisoners after the surrender. According to John W. Dower; the "Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied (non-Soviet) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities"^[9,363]. An additional 300,000 Japanese prisoners died in Soviet hands after the surrender in Manchuria, Korea and the U.S.S.R.^[9,297-299]. The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported that 347,000 military personnel and civilians were dead or missing in Soviet hands after the war. The Japanese list the losses of 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps, 36,000 in North Korea, 9,000 from Sakhalin and 103,000 in the U.S.S.R.. ^[44,116-118] These figures were disputed by the Soviet Union, which reported the deaths of only about 60,000 of the 609,400 Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union ^[3,81]
    Military deaths include Koreans (14,527) ^[84,57] and Chinese from Taiwan(30,304)[82] conscripted by Japan. Not included in Japanese war dead are 432,000 Chinese military forces collaborating with Japan. ^{[5,Table 5A]}
    John W. Dower reports civilian losses due to U. S. Strategic bombing according to official Japanese figures were 393,367 dead, including 210,000 killed in the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and 97,031 in the Bombing of Tokyo in World War II. In addition to these deaths 150,000 civilians were killed on Okinawa and 10,000 on Saipan during the fighting.^[9,297-299] War related deaths of Japanese merchant marine personnel were 27,000.^[16,578]
    The Yasukuni Shrine in Japan lists a total of 2,325,128 military deaths from 1937-1945 including civilians who participated in combat, Chinese(Taiwan) and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces.
32. ^ Korea
    The American researcher R. J. Rummel's estimates 378,000 Korean dead due to forced labor in Japan and Manchuria. According to Rummel “Information on Korean deaths under Japanese occupation is difficult to uncover. We do know that 5,400,000 Koreans were conscripted for labor beginning in 1939, but how many died can only be roughly estimated.”.^{[4,Chap 3]}.
    John W. Dower has reported “ Between 1939 and 1945, close to 670,000 Koreans were brought to Japan for fixed terms of work, mostly in mines and heavy industry, and it has been estimated that 60,000 or more of them died under harsh conditions of their work places. Over 10,000 others were probably killed in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki” ^[9,47].
    A Korean demographic study reports “the mortality level and the course of mortality changes among Koreans in Korea during the war, appear not to have been much affected. Even for all Koreans living in Korea, Japan and Manchuria, the impact of World War II on the trend and level of mortality is not likely to have been significant. The same source reports '6,369 Koreans to have died in the Japanese military forces, and the number rises to 14,527 when civilians attached to the military forces is added’^[84,57]
    Korean military forces fighting against Japan were the Korean Liberation Army under Chinese Nationalist command and the Korean Volunteer Army which fought with the Chinese Communist guerrillas.
33. ^ Latvia
    Includes civilian losses due to war (220,000) and Soviet occupation in 1940-41(7,000). Does not include military dead with Soviet(13,000) and German Armed Forces (24,000).Total deaths from 1940-53 due the war and the Soviet occupation were 287,000(14% of the population)^[3,28]The genocide of Roma people was 2,500 persons.^[13,183]Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 80,000^[14,244]
34. ^ Lithuania
    Includes civilian losses due to war (345,000) and Soviet occupation in 1940-41(8,000). Does not include military dead with Soviet (27,000) and German Armed Forces (8,000).Total deaths from 1940-53 due the war and the Soviet occupation were 448,000(15% of the population)^[3,29] The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons.^[13,183]Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 141,000^[14,244]
35. ^ Luxembourg
    Total war dead were 5,000 ^[2,107]which included military losses of about 3,000 with the German Armed Forces and 200 in Belgian Army. The genocide of Roma people was 200 persons.^[13,183]Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 700.^[14,244]
36. ^ Malaysia
    Victims of forced labor and reprisals during the Japanese occupation.^[9,296]
37. ^ Malta
    Air attack victims.^[16,491]. The BBC has an online report on the siege of Malta [83]
38. ^ Mexico
    Mexico lost 7 merchant ships and 63 dead merchant mariners^[16,540]A Mexican Air Force unit Escuadrón 201 served in the Pacific and suffered 5 combat deaths.
39. ^ Mongolia
    Military losses with USSR against Japan in the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol (200) and the 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria (72) campaigns.^[3,74]
40. ^ Netherlands
    Dutch government figures for losses in Europe released in 1948 by the Central Bureau of Statistics( CBS)^[100] listed 210,000 direct war casualties plus an additional 70,000 disease deaths caused by the war. The details are as follows: Military deaths of 8,100; which included 2,200 regular Army, 1,700 Dutch Resistance forces, 2,600 Navy forces, 250 POW in Germany and 1,350 Merchant seaman. Civilian deaths of 271,900; which included 27,000 forced workers in Germany, 7,500 missing and presumed dead in Germany, 2,800 victims of executions, 2,500 deaths in Dutch concentration camps, 18,000 political prisoners in Germany, 20,400 deaths due to military activities, 3,700 Dutch serving in the German military, 104,000 deported Jews and 16,000 deaths in the Dutch famine of 1944. The official statistics also reported an additional 70,000 "indirect war casualties", which are attributed to various diseases caused by wartime conditions. Not included in these figures are an additional 1,650 foreign nationals killed while serving in the Dutch Merchant Marine^[100]
    At least 3,121 ^[99,283] civilian members of various Dutch resistance groups were killed during the occupation, on this page they are included under military casualties. On this page the losses of the 3,700 Dutch in the German Armed Forces are not considered Dutch war casualties, they are included with the military of Germany.
    The Dutch suffered additional losses in the Far East which were not included in the CBS figures except for the Navy. Military losses in Asia were 900 in the 1942 Dutch East Indies campaign and 8,500 military POW deaths in Japanese captivity.^[87,1275]. The Australian War Memorial website reports 8,000 of the 37,0000 Dutch POW died in Japanese captivity[84]. Civilian losses in Asia reported by the Dutch Red Cross included the deaths in Japanese custody of 14,800 Europeans out of 80,000 interned in the Dutch East Indies.^[92,170]
    The Netherlands War Graves Foundation maintains a registry of the names of Dutch war dead. [85] The genocide of Roma people was 500 persons.^[13,183]
41. ^ Newfoundland
    Newfoundland's losses are listed separately since it was not part of Canada during World War II. Military losses were 1,058: with 956 with the UK: Navy(351),Army (115),Air Force (134) and Merchant Navy (356) and 102 with Canada: Navy (21), Army(41) and Air Force (40). Source: [86]. The losses of the Newfoundland Merchant Navy are commemorated at the Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland,[87]. Civilian due to the sinking of the SS Caribou in October 1942[88].
42. ^ New Zealand
    The military deaths listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission^[29]. Total deaths were 11,928 which included Army(7,595), Air Force(3,787), Navy(538), Merchant Navy (7) and a civilian auxiliary death(1). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47(269)^[22]The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [89] Details can be found online at the New Zealand Armed Forces Memorial Project[90]The preliminary 1945 data for New Zealand losses was, killed 10,033, missing 2,129, wounded 19,314 and POW 8,453.^[20]
43. ^ Norway
    Military deaths were 2,000 regular forces and 1,000 resistance fighters. Civilian dead include 3,600 merchant marine. Total does not include 700 deaths with German Armed Forces.^[2,112-113] The Norwegian Foreign Ministry reported that "10,262 Norwegians had been killed, including 3,670 seamen. The Germans had executed 366 and tortured 39 to death. Among political prisoners and members of the underground, 658 died at home and 1,433 abroad. About 6,000 Norwegians had served the German war cause, and 709 of them had fallen in battle. [91] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 728.^[14,244]
44. ^ Philippines
    Military war dead include 7,000 in the Battle of the Philippines (1941-42), 8,000 anti-Japanese guerrillas and 42,000 (out of 98,000) POWs in Japanese captivity^[16,566]. Civilian losses were victims of Japanese war crimes including the Manila massacre.^[9,296]
45. ^ Micronesia
    R. J. Rummel's estimate of victims of Japanese war crimeson the various Pacific Islands is 57,000.^{[4,Chap 3]}
    The plight of the civilian population of Micronesia was the subject of a study published by the University of Hawaii, The Typhoon of War. They reported Micronesian war related civilian deaths were caused by American bombing and shellfire; and malnutrition caused by the U.S. blockade of the islands. In addition the civilian population was conscripted by the Japanese as forced laborers and were subjected to numerous mindless atrocities by the Japanese military.^[93]
    During the Battle of Guam (1944) the number of Chamorro people killed or wounded is not accurately known but it was well over six hundred. ^[93], During the Battle of Saipan 10,000 persons perished in a mass suicide of the Japanese civilian population.^[9,297-99]
46. ^ Poland
    Tadeusz Piotrowski Professor of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire has provided a reassessment of Poland’s losses in World War Two. Polish war dead include 5,150,000 victims of Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and the Holocaust, 350,000deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940-41 and about 100,000 Poles killed in 1943-44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews; 2,000,000 ethnic Poles; 500,000 Ukrainians,Belarusians and ethnic Germans ^[47]
    Civilian losses by geographic area [92] were 2.9 million in present day Poland ^[40] and about 2.5 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union ^[41]
    The official Polish government report prepared in 1947 claimed 6,028,000 war victims in German hands (including 123,178 military deaths, 2.8 million Poles and 3.2 million Jews), out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses. Losses were calculated for the territory of Poland in 1939, including the territories annexed by the U.S.S.R.^[39] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum has reported that in addition to 3 million Polish Jews killed in the Holocaust. "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war",^[43][38]; not including deaths caused by the Soviets. This revision of estimated war losses was the topic of articles in the Polish academic journals Dzieje Najnowsze .^[42] and The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs^[94]
    Previously it was believed that about 1.0 million Polish citizens died at the hands of the Soviets ^[76]; however recently Polish historians, based on research in the Soviet archives, estimate the number of deaths at 120,000 to 350,000 people deported in 1939-1941. ^{[41] [47] [72]}
    Poland lost a total of 239,800 regular soldiers and Polish resistance movement fighters during the war. ^[94,115]. Military dead and missing were 95,000-97,000 and 130,000 wounded in the 1939 Invasion of Poland, including 17-19,000 killed by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre ^[95]. The Polish contribution to World War II included the Polish Armed Forces in the West, and the 1st Polish Army fighting alongside the USSR. Total casualties of these forces in exile were 33,256 killed in action, 8,548 missing in action, 42,666 wounded and 29,385 interned. ^[95] The Polish Red Cross reported that the 1944 Warsaw Uprising cost the lives of 120,000 -130,000 Polish civilians and 16-17,000 Polish resistance movement fighters ^[94,115].
    During the war 2,762,000^[70] Polish citizens of German descent declared their loyalty to Germany by signing the Deutsche Volksliste. A German source lists the deaths of 108,000 Polish citizens serving in the German armed forces ^[31,115], these men were conscripted in violation of international law ^[97]
    The genocide of Roma people was 35,000 persons^[13,183] Jewish Holocaust victims, in 1939 borders, totaled 3,000,000^[14,244], including 2 million within the borders of contemporary Poland and 1 million in the territories annexed by the U.S.S.R ^[40], ^[41] ,^[2,115-126]
47. ^ Timor
    Officially neutral, East Timor was occupied by Japan during 1942-45. Allied commandos initiated a guerilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, "A Short History of East Timor" (Access date: January 3, 2007.)
48. ^ Romania
    Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300,000^[16,582]. Total Killed were 93,326 ( 72,291 with Axis and 21,035 with allies)^[10,216-217] Total POW deaths of about 215,000; (200,000 in Soviet captivity^[10,216-217] and 15,000 in German captivity ^[3,51]. Soviet sources list the deaths of 54,600 of the 201,800 Romanian POW taken in the War. ^[3,51] Figures do not include an additional estimated 40,000 to 50,000 dead in Hungarian Army.^[8,58-60]
    Civilian losses of 64,000 included 20,000 during Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Bukovina in 1940-41 ^[3,51]; the genocide of Roma people 36,000 deaths.^[13,184]; Allied air raids on Romania caused the deaths of 7,693 civilians^[10,314].
    Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 469,000 in 1939 borders which includes 325,000 in Bessarabia and Bukovina occupied by the U.S.S.R. in 1940.[93].^[14,244]
49. ^ Singapore
    Victims of Japanese war crimes including the Japanese Occupation of Singapore and the Sook Ching massacre^{[4,Chap 3]}
50. ^ South Africa
    The losses listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ^[29]. Total deaths were 11,903 which included Army (8,782), Air Force (2,707), Navy (349), Merchant Navy (0) and civilian auxiliary deaths (65). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (878)^[22]The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [94]The preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840, missing 1,841 wounded 14,363 and POW 14,589.^[20]
51. ^ Soviet Union
    Military losses of 10.7 million include 7.7 million killed or missing in action and 2.6 million POW dead (out of 5.2 million total POWs), plus 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses.^{[3, 20-21]} The official total of military deaths from 1941-1945 is 8,668,400; including 6,330,000 killed in action/died of wounds and 556,000 dead from non-combat causes^[7,85] plus an estimated 500,000 MIA and 1,283,000 POW dead out of 4,059,000 total POW^[7,236]. Additional casualties in 1939-40 were 136,945 which included the following dead and missing, Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (8,931); Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139); Winter War with Finland (1939-40) (126,875).^[7,51-80]
    However, the estimate by western historians of Soviet military POW deaths is about 3 million out of 5.7 million total POWs in German hands[95].^{[17, Table A]} Richard Overy has noted that " The official figures themselves must be viewed critically, given the difficulty of knowing in the chaos of 1941 and 1942 exactly who had been killed, wounded or even conscripted".^[21,XV] The official statistics do not include an additional estimated 1,500,000 conscripted reservists missing or killed, primarily in 1941, before being listed on active strength,150,000 militia and 250,000 Soviet partisan dead. ^{[3, 20-21]}Total Soviet population losses included approximately 12 million men aged 18 to 39.^[11,78]
    The names of many Soviet war dead are presented in the OBD Memorial database online [96]
    Civilian deaths listed here of 12.4 million are for USSR within 1939 borders [97], these losses do not include an estimated 3.5 million civilian dead in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1939-1945 and the 215,000 Soviet war dead in the German armed forces.^[7,278]-^[24]. Civilian losses in territories annexed by USSR are included in totals of the Baltic states(600,000)^[3,23-34], Poland(2,500,000) ^[41]Czechoslovakia(80,000) ^[14,244] and Romania(300,000)^[14,244].
    Total deaths in the USSR, including the annexed territories, exceeded the pre war level by 26.6 million from 1941-45, including an increase of 1.3 million in infant mortality, based on a study by the Russian Academy of Science ^[11,78], ^[37] Contemporary Russian historians estimate 2.5 to 3.2 million civilian dead due to famine in Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans, these deaths are included in the total of 12.4 million Soviet civilian losses.^[12,158]. Additional famine deaths which totaled 1 million during 1946-47 are not included with in these figures .^[3,20-21]
    The deaths of 8.2 million Soviet civilians, including Jews, were documented from 1942-1946 by the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission^[60,140]. The official Soviet era statistics for war losses list 25.3 million war related deaths. Military losses of 8.7 million including 1.8 million missing in action and POW dead (out of 4.0 million total POWs). Civilian deaths in German hands totaled 13.7 million, including 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory. There were an additional estimated 3.0 million famine deaths in the territory not under German occupation. These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR in 1941, including territories annexed in 1939-40^[12,127] Documents from the Soviet archives list the total deaths of prisoners in the Gulag from 1941 to 1945 at 621,637. ^[12,175]. However, an independent Russian journalist believes the actual death toll may be as high as 1.7 million, when one takes into account summary executions and deaths of those forcibly deported during the war.. ^[3,21]
    Total Soviet military dead from 1941-45, including partisans & militia, of the individual Soviet republics were 10.5 million^{[3, 23-35]}:
    Russia 6,750,000 ; Armenia 150,000 ; Azerbaijan 210,000 ; Belarus 620,000 ; Georgia 190,000 ; Moldova 41,000 ; Ukraine 1,620,000 ; Estonia 13,000 ; Latvia 18,000 ; Lithuania 27,000 ; Kazakhstan 310,000 ; Kyrgyzstan 70,000 ; Tajikistan 50,000 ; Turkmenistan 70,000 ; Uzbekistan 330,000.
    Total war related civilian deaths, including territories annexed 1939-45, of the individual Soviet republics were 15.7 million^{[3, 23-35]}:
    Russia 7,200,000 ; Armenia 30,000 ; Azerbaijan 110,000 ; Belarus 1,670,000 ; Georgia 110,000; Moldova 120,000 ; Ukraine 5,200,000 ; Estonia 35,000 ; Latvia 220,000 ; Lithuania 345,000 ; Kazakhstan 350,000 ; Kyrgyzstan 50,000 ; Tajikistan 70,000 ; Turkmenistan 30,000 ; Uzbekistan 220,000.
    The genocide of Roma people was 30,000 persons.^[13,184]Jewish Holocaust victims, within 1939 borders, totaled 1,000,000.^[14,244]
52. ^ Spain
    Military deaths were of volunteer soldiers from the all Spanish Blue Division serving alongside Germany Army in the U.S.S.R. The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943.^[16,515]. R. J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.^{[17, Table A]}
53. ^ Sweden
    During the Winter war of 1939-40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served alongside the Finns and lost 117 men in combat (combined Swedish losses in Finland between 1939-45) [98]. About 300 Swedish volunteers served in the German Wehrmacht and 30-45 were killed in action. [99]
    33 Swedish sailors were killed when submarine HMS Ulven was sunk by a German mine on April 16, 1943.
    187 Swedish merchant marine crew were killed by Soviet submarine attacks.[100] Immediately following the outbreak of the Second World War, Sweden concluded war-trade agreements with Great Britain and Germany, which anticipated largely unchanged trade with both sides during the conflict., in all there were 226 sailings to and 222 sailings from Sweden within the framework of the war-trade agreements . Nine ships were lost, claiming the lives of 142 men. [101]
    In total there were about 2000 Swedish casualties in the merchant and fishing marine, with probably several more as many Swedes served in other countries navies, and casualties amongst them has not been investigated. In total 201 Swedish merchant ships and 31 fishing vessels were sunk [102].
54. ^ Switzerland
    The Americans accidentally bombed Switzerland during the war causing civilian casualties. [103]-[104]Losses of about 300 Swiss in the German Armed Forces are included with German casualties.^[6,230]
55. ^ Thailand
    Military deaths in French-Thai War 1940-41, the Japanese invasion, and Burma Campaign 1942-45. Civilian deaths caused by Allied bombing 1944-45. Military deaths consists of 143 officers, 474 non-commissioned officers, 4942 other ranks, and 88 field policemen. Royal Thai Armed Forces Education Department
56. ^ United Kingdom and Colonies
    The losses listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.^[29] Total military deaths were 383,677 which included Army (210,197), Air Force (84,786), Navy (59,167), Merchant Navy (28,905), and civilian auxiliary deaths (612). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47.(16,628)^[22] The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [105] The losses of Newfoundland (1,000 military) are included in these figures but are listed separately on this schedule. [106]
    The Commonwealth War Graves Commission maintains a Roll of Honour of those civilians under Crown Protection who died as a result of enemy actions in the Second World War. The names of 67.073 are commemorated in the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour. ^[29,10]
    UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces which are the topic of the following BBC article- [107]. UK colonial forces included units from East Africa, West Africa,Ghana, the Caribbean, Malaya, Burma, Hong Kong, Jordan, Sudan, Malta and the Jewish Brigade
    The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a preliminary tally of war losses. This report listed the war deaths of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air Force (69,606); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (624); Merchant Navy (30,248); British Home Guard ( 1,206) and Civilians (60,595). The total still missing on 2/28/1946 was 6,244; Navy (340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (18); Merchant Navy (530); British Home Guard (0) and Civilians (0). These figures included the losses of Newfoundland and Southern Rhodesia. There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to "natural causes" which are not included in these figures. Deaths due to air and rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 British Home Guard. The deaths of civilians interned was unknown at that time.^[19,7] The preliminary 1945 data for colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,208, wounded 6,972 and POW 8,115.^[20]
57. ^ United States
    Total U. S. military deaths in battle and from other causes were 416,837 The breakout by service is as follows, Army 318,274 ^[78], Navy 62,614, ^[78], Marine Corps 24,511 ^[78], United States Coast Guard 1,917. ^[16,584-591]. and United States Merchant Marine 9,521.^[79]. Deaths in battle were 292,131 The breakout by service is as follows, Army 234, 874 ^[78], Navy 36,950, ^[78], Marine Corps 19,733 ^[78], United States Coast Guard 574. [108] ^[16,584-591]. These losses were incurred during the period 12/1/41 until 12/31/46 including an additional 126 men in October 1941 when the USS Kearny and the USS Reuben James were attacked by U-Boats. The United States Army Air Forces losses, which are included in the Army total, were 52,173 deaths due to combat and 35,946 from non combat causes^[69].U.S. Combat Dead by Theater of war - Europe-Atlantic 183,588; Army ground forces 141,088; United States Army Air Forces 36,461 and Navy/Coast Guard 6,039; Asia-Pacific 108,504; Army ground forces 41,592; United States Army Air Forces 15,694; Navy/Coast Guard 31,485; Marine Corps 19,733. Unidentified Theatres- Army 39^{[69] [16,584-591]}. Included in combat deaths are 14,059 POWs, in Europe (1,124) and (12,935) in Asia^[16,584-591].
    The details of U.S. casualties are listed online: The US Army[109]. The U.S. Army Air Force [110]. The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps [111]. The U.S. Merchant Marine [112]
    Civilian dead were 1,704 American civilians interned, by the Japanese(1,536) and in Europe (168), which are the subject of a U.S. Congressional Research Service report. Go to page CRS-11[113]. During the Attack on Pearl Harbor 68 U.S. civilians were killed by friendly fire^[16,552] and 6 U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in 1945 by Japanese balloon bombs ^[16,580].
    The names of individual U.S. military personnel killed in World War II can be found at the U.S. National Archives website [114]
    The names of U.S. Merchant Mariners killed in World War II can be found at the USMM website [115]
    The names of the 6,043 US military personnel buried at sea, during World War II, are listed at[116] {broken down as US Army 368; US Army Air Forces 33; USMC 1,042; US Navy 4,600}.
    The names of the 74,384 of the US personnel, who served in World War II, whose remains not recovered are listed at [117] {Broken down as US Army 17,096; US Army Air Forces 20,683; USMC 3,119; US Navy 32,636; Civilians 850}.
    American Battle Monuments Commission website lists the names of 176,399 military and civilian war dead from World War II buried in ABMC cemeteries or listed on Walls of the Missing {ABMC Cemeteries have 93,238 buried and 78,979 MIA} [118]
    {Note: the ABMC website notes ABMC database does not list names of 233,174 Americans returned to the United States for burial}. A U.S. Department of Defense report puts in the total number of US World War II missing at 73,291 [119]
    .Examples of non combat casualties within the continental United States-not listed on the ABMC website-were the Port Chicago explosion where 320 were killed and the Women Airforce Service Pilots of whom 38 lost their lives.
    "Project Priam" website lists Pacific Allied/Axis recoveries from 1958 to 2007. See[120]
58. ^ Yugoslavia
    The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954 that concluded that Yugoslav war related deaths were 1,067,000. The U.S. Bureau of the Census noted that the official Yugoslav government figure of 1.7 million war dead was overstated because it "was released soon after the war and was estimated without the benefit of a postwar census" ^[67,23] A recent study by Vladimir Žerjavić estimates total war related deaths at 1,027,000. Military losses of 237,000 Yugoslav partisans and 209,000 Ustaše. Civilian dead of 581,000, including 57,000 Jews. Losses of the Yugoslav Republics were Bosnia 316,000; Serbia 273,000; Croatia 271,000; Slovenia 33,000; Montenegro 27,000; Macedonia 17,000; and killed abroad 80,000. ^[66]. Bogoljub Kočović a statistician, who is a Bosnian Serb by ethnic affiliation, calculated that the actual war losses were 1,014,000^[85,172-80] The late Jozo Tomasevich , Professor Emeritus of Economics at San Francisco State University, believes that the calculations of Kočović and Žerjavić “ seem to be free of bias, we can accept them as reliable” ^[86,737]
    The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows:
    A.Military operations between the Germans, Italians and their Ustaše collaborators on one hand against the Yugoslav partisans and Chetniks^[86,744-50]
    B.German forces, under express orders from Hitler, fought with a special vengeance against the Serbs, who were considered Untermensch ^[86,744-50] One of the worst massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre.
    C. Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants. All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale. At the end of the war Ustaše collaborators were killed during the Bleiburg massacre^[86,744-50]
    D.The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political, religious or racial reasons. The most numerous victims were Serbs ^[86,744-50] The USHMM reports between 56,000 and 97,000 persons were killed at the Jasenovac concentration camp^{[64] [63]}. However, Yad Vashem reports 600,000 deaths at Jasenovac. ^[65]. The genocide of Roma was 40,000 persons.^[13,183-184]Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 67,122.^[14,244]:
    E.The reduced food supply caused famine and disease. ^[86,744-50]:
    F.Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties. The hardest hit localities were Podgorica, Leskovac, Zadar and Belgrade. ^[86,744-50]:
    G. The demographic losses due to a 335,000 reduction in the number of births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties. ^[86,744-50]

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