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Auditory processing disorder Classification and external resources
ICD-9	388.4, 389.9, 389.12, or 389.14
MeSH	D001308

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (July 2007)

Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) (also known as "Central Auditory Processing Disorder" (CAPD)) is a disorder in the way auditory information is processed in the brain. It is not a sensory (inner ear) hearing impairment; individuals with APD usually have normal peripheral hearing ability. APD is an umbrella term that describes a variety of problems with the brain that can interfere with processing auditory information.

Contents 1 Definitions 2 Diagnosis 3 Causes 4 Characteristics 4.1 Secondary characteristics 5 Treatment 5.1 Remediations and training 6 Relation to Language Processing Disorder 7 Epidemiology 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

[edit] Definitions

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) published their first definitive Technical Report "(Central) Auditory Processing Disorders" in January 2005 as an update to the "Central Auditory Processing: Current Status of Research and Implications for Clinical Practice (ASHA, 1996)"^[1], and complements the UK's "Medical Research Council's Institute of Hearing Research's" Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) pamphlet, Oct 2004^[2].

Auditory processing disorder can be a congenital or an acquired condition (for example; resulting from ear infections and head injuries) which refers to difficulties in the processing of auditory information within the central nervous system, such as problems with: "...sound localization and lateralization; auditory discrimination; auditory pattern recognition; temporal aspects of audition, including temporal integration, temporal discrimination (e.g., temporal gap detection), temporal ordering, and temporal masking; auditory performance in competing acoustic signals (including dichotic listening); and auditory performance with degraded acoustic signals." (Quote from: (Central) Auditory Processing Disorders, Technical Report, Jan 2005)

It is recommended, and in some areas a legal requirement, that Auditory Processing Disorder is assessed and diagnosed by an audiologist. (Better still, an assessment team composed of an audiologist, a Speech and language Pathologist, and an educational psychologist)^[3]

The Committee of UK Medical Professionals Steering the UK Auditory Processing Disorder Research Program have developed the following working definition of Auditory Processing Disorder:

"APD results from impaired neural function and is characterized by poor recognition, discrimination, separation, grouping, localization, or ordering of non-speech sounds. It does not solely result from a deficit in general attention, language or other cognitive processes." ^[4]

[edit] Diagnosis

APD is recognized as a major cause of dyslexia^[5]. As APD is one of the more difficult information processing disorders to detect and diagnose, it may sometimes be misdiagnosed as ADD/ADHD, Asperger and other forms of autism, but it may also be a comorbid aspect of those conditions if it is considered a significant part of the overall diagnostic picture. APD shares common symptoms in areas of overlap such that professionals who were not aware of APD would diagnose the disabilities as those which they were aware of. APD can also be confused with Language Processing Disorder. Unlike APD, LPD is more specifically a problem associated with the linking of words, both written and spoken, to semantics (meaning) and someone can have both APD and LPD. Unlike those with LPD, those with APD can usually get the meaning of language from written words where those with LPD show problems with both heard and read words, demonstrating that the basic issue is not an auditory one.

People with APD intermittently experience an inability to process verbal information. When people with APD have a processing failure, they do not process what is being said to them. They may be able to repeat the words back word for word, but the meaning of the message is lost. Simply repeating the instruction is of no use if a person with APD is not processing. Neither will increasing the volume help.

People with APD have a disorder processing auditory information within the brain. The written word is a visual notation of verbal language, thus Auditory Processing Disorder can extend into reading and writing. As a consequence, APD has been recognised as one of the major causes of dyslexia.

There are also many other hidden implications, which are not always apparent even to the person with the disability. For example, because people with APD are used to guessing to fill in the processing gaps, they may not even be aware that they have misunderstood something.

[edit] Causes

What causes APD is unknown, as researchers are yet to fully understand the processing abilities of the brain. There is anecdotal evidence to suggest links to autistic spectrum disorder, middle ear infections and lack of oxygen at birth, among other conditions.

[edit] Characteristics

Persons with APD often:

• have trouble paying attention to and remembering information presented orally; they cope better with visually acquired information
• may have trouble paying attention and remembering information when information is simultaneously presented in multiple modalities
• have problems carrying out multi-step directions given orally; need to hear only one direction at a time
• appear to have poor listening skills, and need people to speak slowly
• need more time to process information.
• develop a dislike for locations with background noise such as bar, clubs or other social locations
• prefer written communication (e.g. text chat)
• have behavioral problems.

APD can manifest as problems determining the direction of sounds, difficulty perceiving differences between speech sounds and the sequencing of these sounds into meaningful words, confusing similar sounds such as "hat" with "bat", "there" with "where", etc. Fewer words may be perceived than were actually said, as there can be problems detecting the gaps between words, creating the sense that someone is speaking unfamiliar or nonsense words. Those suffering from APD may have problems relating what has been said with its meaning, despite obvious recognition that a word has been said, as well as repetition of the word. Background noise, such as the sound of a radio, television or a noisy bar can make it difficult to impossible to understand speech, depending on the severity of the auditory processing disorder. Using a telephone can be problematic for someone with auditory processing disorder, in comparison with someone with normal auditory processing, due to low quality audio, poor signal, intermittent sounds and the chopping of words.^[6] Many who have auditory processing disorder subconsciously develop visual coping strategies, such as lip reading, reading body language, and eye contact, to compensate for their auditory deficit, and these coping strategies are not available when using a telephone.

[edit] Secondary characteristics

Those who have APD tend to be quiet or shy, even withdrawn from mainstream society due to their communication problems, and the lack of understanding of these problems by their peers.

One who fails to process any part of the communication of others may be unable to comprehend what is being communicated. This has some obvious social and educational implication, which can cause a lack of understanding from others. In adults this can lead to persistent interpersonal relationship problems.

Some of these symptoms can be shared with other related disorders which can also have areas of overlap, such as acquired brain injury, attention deficits, dyslexia or learning difficulties, hearing loss, and psychologically-based behavioral problems.

APD may be related to cluttering^[7], a fluency disorder marked by word and phrase repetitions.

[edit] Treatment

[edit] Remediations and training

There are no research supported treatments for APD available, however a variety of treatments have been offered commercially in the absence of solid empirical research support for their efficacy.

• Management of Auditory Processing Disorders is taken from the notes provided at a presentation by Dr. Dilys Treharne as part of her UK NHS fund APD Research program.
• Auditory Integration Training typically involves a child attending two 30-minute sessions per day for ten days.^[8]
• Lindamood-Bell Learning Processes (particularly, the Visualizing and Verbalizing program)
• Physical activities which require frequent crossing of the midline (e.g. occupational therapy)
• Sound Field Amplification

[edit] Relation to Language Processing Disorder

APD can be distinguished from Verbal Agnosia or Language Processing Disorder. Those with APD have auditory difficulty distinguishing sounds including speech from extraneous sounds, e.g. fans or other chatter. APD is purely about processing what you hear both verbal and non-verbal. For those who have APD processing language although a problems is only one of many symptoms APD can be one of many issues that could contribute to, or be an underlying cause of a Language Processing Disorder.

Those who have a Language Processing Disorder will struggle to access the meaning to both verbal language and its visual notation, the written word, and require non-verbal help to match their stronger learning styles and skills. Which may require more visual aides such as pictures and diagrams, the use of body language, and other alternative forms of communication to work around their problems accessing these man made communication systems. ^[9][10].

APD has been seen as one of many underlying causes of many Developmental Language Disorders such as Dyslexia and Autism. ^{[11] [12] [13]}

[edit] Epidemiology

APD is thought to affect 5% of school-aged children.^[14]

[edit] See also

• Pure Word Deafness
• Asperger syndrome
• Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Auditory processing disorder at the Open Directory Project
• Auditory Integration Training Institute
• Neuron Learning suppliers of Fast ForWord family of programmes
• A Cognitive Approach
• Filtered Sound Training