Aida
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| Operas by Giuseppe Verdi |
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Oberto (1839) |
Aida (sometimes spelled Aïda, pronounced /ɑːˈiːdə/ ah-EE-də, from Arabic: عايدة [ˈʕaːjdah]) an Arabic female name meaning "visitor" or "returning") is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Antonio Ghislanzoni, based on a scenario written by French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette (although there are scholars who argue that the scenario was really written by Temistocle Solera).[1] It was first performed at the Khedivial Opera House in Cairo on December 24, 1871 conducted by Giovanni Bottesini.
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[edit] Production history
Ismail Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, commissioned Verdi to write the opera for performance in January 1871, paying him 150,000 francs,[2] but the premiere was delayed because of the Franco-Prussian War. Contrary to popular belief, the opera was not written to celebrate the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, nor that of the Khedivial Opera House (which opened with Verdi's Rigoletto) in the same year.[3] Verdi had been asked to compose an ode for the opening of the Canal, but declined on the grounds that he did not write "occasional pieces."
[edit] Performance history
Verdi originally chose not to write an overture for the opera, but merely a brief orchestral prelude. He then composed an overture of the "potpourri" variety to replace the original prelude. However, in the end he decided not to have the overture performed because of its - his own words - 'pretentious insipidity'.
Aida met with great acclaim when it finally opened in Cairo on 24 December 1871. However, although Verdi did not attend, he was most dissatisfied with the fact that the audience consisted of invited dignitaries, politicians and critics, but no members of the general public. He therefore considered the Italian (and European) premiere, to be held at La Scala, Milan on 8 February the following year, and in which he was heavily involved at every stage, to be its real premiere.
He had also written the role of Aida for the voice of Teresa Stolz, who sang it for the first time at the Milan premiere.[4] The Milan Amneris, Maria Waldmann, was his favourite in the role and she repeated it a number of times at his request.[5] Verdi had also asked Angelo Mariani (Teresa Stolz's fiancé at the time) to conduct the Cairo premiere, but he declined, so Giovanni Bottesini filled the gap.
Further premieres followed in many locations throughout the world: Buenos Aires: 4 October 1873[6]; New York: 26 November 1873, Academy of Music[6][7]; Berlin: 20 April 1874[6]; Vienna: 29 April 1874[6]; Madrid: 12 December 1874[6]; Budapest: 10 April 1875[6]; St Petersburg: 1 December 1875[6]; Prague: 11 December 1875[6]; Paris: 22 April 1876[6]; London: 22 June 1876, Royal Opera House, Covent Garden[6][7]; Melbourne: 6 September 1877, Royal Theatre.[8] It continues to be a staple of the standard operatic repertoire and appears as number 16 on Opera America's list of the 20 most-performed operas in North America.[9] There are many recordings, and it is one of the most popular operas.
During a performance of Aida in South America in 1886, the conducter was booed off the stage. Arturo Toscanini, at the age of 19 and at the time a cellist in the orchestra performing, was persuaded to take up the baton for the performance. However, due to his bad eyesight, he could not read the score. Toscanini conducted the entire opera from memory.[citation needed] This would be the start of a promising career.
[edit] Roles
| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, 24 December 1871[10] Cairo (Conductor: Giovanni Bottesini) |
European premiere 8 February 1872 La Scala, Milan (Conductor: Franco Faccio) |
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| Aida, an Ethiopian princess | soprano | Antonietta Anastasi-Pozzoni | Teresa Stolz |
| The King of Egypt | bass | Tommaso Costa | |
| Amneris, daughter of the King | mezzo-soprano | Eleonora Grossi | Maria Waldmann |
| Radames, Captain of the Guard | tenor | Pietro Mongini | Giuseppe Fancelli |
| Amonasro, King of Ethiopia | baritone | Francesco Steller | Francesco Pandolfini |
| Ramfis, high Priest | bass | Paolo Medini | Ormando Maini |
| A messenger | tenor | Luigi Stecchi-Bottardi | |
| Voice of a Priestess | soprano | Marietta Allievi | |
| Priests, priestesses, ministers, captains, soldiers, officials, Ethiopians, slaves and prisoners, Egyptians, animals and chorus | |||
[edit] Synopsis
Overview: Aida, an Ethiopian princess, is captured and brought into slavery in Egypt. A military commander, Radames, struggles to choose between his love for her and his loyalty to the Pharaoh. To complicate the story further, Radames is loved by the Pharaoh's daughter Amneris, although he does not return her feelings.
- Time:
- Place: Ancient Egypt
[edit] Act 1
Scene 1: A hall in the King's palace; through the rear gate the pyramids and temples of Memphis
Ramfis, the high priest of Egypt tells Radames, the young warrior, that war with the Ethiopians seems inevitable, and Radames expresses the hope that he be chosen as the Egyptian commander. (Ramfis, Radames : Si, corre voce I'Etiope ardisca / "Yes, it is rumored that Ethiopia dares once agin to threaten our power").
Radames dreams both of gaining victory on the battle field and of Aida, the Ethiopian slave, with whom he is secretly in love (Radames: Se quel guerrier io fossi!...Celeste Aida - "Heavenly Aïda"). Aida, who is also secretly in love with Radames, is the captured daughter of the Ethiopian King Amonasro, but her Egyptian captors are unaware of her true identity. Her father has invaded Egypt to deliver her from servitude.
Amneris, the daughter of the Egyptian King enters the hall. She too loves Radames, but fears that his heart belongs to somebody else (Radames, Amneris: Quale insolita giola nel tuo sguardo - "In thy visage I trace").
Then Aida appears and, when Radames sees her, Amneris notices that he looks disturbed. She suspects that Aida could be her rival, but she is able to hide her jealousy and approaches her (Amneris, Aida, Radames: Vieni, o diletta, appressati / "In your looks I trace a joy unwanted").
The King enters, along with the High Priest, Ramfis, and the whole palace court. A messenger announces that the Ethiopians, led by King Amonasro, are marching towards Thebes. The King declares war and also proclaims Radames to be the man chosen by the goddess Isis as leader of the army (The King, Messenger, Radames, Aida, Amneris, chorus: Alta cagion v'aduna / "Oh fate o'er Egypt looming"). Upon receiving the mandate from the King, Radames proceeds to the temple of Vulcan to take up the sacred arms (The King, Radames, Aida, Amneris, chorus: Su! del Nilo al sacro lido / "On! Of Nilus' sacred river, guard the shores").
Alone in the hall, Aida is torn between her love for her father, her country, and Radames. (Aida: Ritorna vincitor - "Return a conqueror").
Scene 2: Inside the Temple of Vulcan
Solemn ceremonies and dances by the priestesses take place (High Priestess, chorus, Radames: Possente Ftha...Tu che dal nulla - "O mighty Ptha.") followed by the installation of Radames to the office of commander-in-chief. (High Priestess, chorus, Radames: Immenso Ftha .. Mortal, diletto ai Numi / "O mighty one, guard and protect!"). All present in the temple pray for the victory of Egypt and protection for their warriors (Nume, custode e vindice/ "Hear us, O guardian deity").
[edit] Act 2
Scene 1: In Amneris chamber
Dances and music to celebrate Radames' victory take place (Chorus, Amneris: Chi mai fra gli inni e i plausi / "Our songs his glory praising"'). However, Amneris is still in doubt about Radames' love and wonders whether Aida is in love with the young warrior. She tries to forget her doubt, entertaining her worried heart with the dance of Moorish slaves (Chorus, Amneris: Vieni: sul crin ti piovano / "Come bind your flowing tresses").
When Aida enters the chamber, Amneris asks everyone to leave. By falsely telling Aida that Radames has died in the battle, she tricks her into professing her love for him. In grief, and shocked by the news, Aida confesses that her heart belongs to Radames eternally (Amneris, Aida: Fu la sorte dell' armi a' tuoi funesta / "The battle's outcome was cruel for your people...").
This confession fires Amneris with rage, and she plans on taking revenge on Aida. Ignoring Aida's pleadings, (Amneris, Aida, chorus: Su! del Nilo al sacro lido / "Up! at the sacred shores of the Nile") Amneris leaves her alone in the chamber.
Scene 2: The grand gate of the city of Thebes
Radames returns victorious and the troops march into the city (Chorus, Ramfis: Gloria all'Egitto, ad Iside / "Glory to Egypt, to Isis!"). The Egyptian king decrees that on this day the triumphant Radames may have anything he wishes. The Ethiopian captives are rounded up and Amonasro appears among them. Aida immediately rushes to her father, but their true identities are still unknown to the Egyptians. Amonasro declares that the Ethiopian king (he himself) has been slain in battle. Aida, Amonasro and the captured Ethiopians plead with the Egyptian King for mercy, but the Egyptians call for their death (Aida, Amneris, Radames, The King, Amonasro, chorus: Che veggo! .. Egli? .. Mio padre! .. Anch'io pugnai / "What do I see?.. Is it he? My father?").
As his reward from the King, Radames pleads with him to spare the lives of the prisoners and to set them free. Gratefully, the King of Egypt declares Radames to be his successor and to be his daughter's betrothed (Aida, Amneris, Radames, The King, Amonasro, chorus: O Re: pei sacri Numi! .. Gloria all'Egitto / "O King, by the sacred gods..."). Aida and Amonasro remain as hostages to ensure that the Ethiopians do not avenge their defeat.
[edit] Act 3
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On the banks of the Nile, near the Temple of Isis
Prayers are said (Chorus, Ramfis, Amneris: O tu che sei d'Osiride / "O thou who to Osiris art...") on the eve of Amneris and Radames' wedding in the Temple of Isis. Outside, Aida waits to meet with Radames as they had planned (Aida: Qui Radames verra .. O patria mia / "Oh, my dear country!").
Amonasro appears and forces Aida to agree to find out the location of the Egyptian army from Radames (Aida, Amonasro: Ciel, mio padre! .. Rivedrai le foreste imbalsamate / "Once again shalt thou gaze."). When he arrives, Amonasro hides behind a rock and listens to their conversation.
Radames affirms that Aida is the person he will marry ( Pur ti riveggo, mio dolce Aida .. Nel fiero anelito ; Fuggiam gli ardori inospiti .. La, tra foreste vergini / "I see you again, my sweet Aida!" ), and Aida convinces him to flee to the desert with her.
In order to make their escape easier, Radames proposes that they use a safe route without any fear of discovery and he also reveals the location where his army has chosen to attack. Upon hearing this, Amonasro comes out of hiding and reveals his identity. Radames feels dishonored. At the same time Amneris and Ramfis leave the temple and, seeing Radames with their enemy, call the guards. Amonasro and Aida try to convince Radames to escape with them, but he refuses and surrenders to the imperial guards.
[edit] Act 4
Scene 1: A hall in the Temple of Justice. To one side is the door leading to Radames' prison cell
Amneris ( L'aborrita rivale a me sfuggia / "My hated rival has escaped me") desires to save Radames. She calls for the guard to bring him to her.
She asks Radames to deny the accusations, but Radames refuses. Certain that, as punishment, he will be condemned to death, Amneris implores him to defend himself, but Radames firmly refuses. He is relieved to know Aida is still alive and hopes she has reached her own country (Amneris, Radames: Gia i Sacerdoti adunasi / "Already the priests are assembling"). His decision hurts Amneris.
Radames' trial takes place offstage; he does not reply to Ramfis' accusations and is condemned to death, while Amneris, who remains onstage, pleads with the priests to show him mercy. As he is sentenced to be buried alive, Amneris curses the priests while Radames is taken away (Judgment scene, Amneris, Ramfis, and chorus: Ohime! .. morir mi sento / "Heavenly spirit, descend").
Scene 2: The lower portion of the stage shows the vault in the Temple of Vulcan; the upper portion represents the temple itself
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Radames has been taken into the lower floor of the temple and sealed up in a dark vault. Thinking that he is alone and hoping that Aida is in a safer place, he hears a sigh and then sees Aida. She has hidden herself in the vault in order to die with Radames. (Radames and Aida: La fatal pietra sovra me si chiuse. / "The fatal stone now closes over me.") They accept their terrible fate (Radames: Morir! Si pura e bella / "To die! So pure and lovely!") and bid farewell to earth and its sorrows.[11] Above the vault in the temple of Vulcan, Amneris weeps and prays to the goddess Isis. In the vault below, Aida dies in Radames' arms. (Chorus, Aida, Radames, Amneris: Immenso Ftha / "Almighty Ptha.")[12]
[edit] Adaptations from the original
Its story, but not its music, has been used as the basis for a 1998 musical of the same name written by Elton John and Tim Rice. The opera has been adapted for motion pictures on several occasions, most notably in a 1953 production which starred Lois Maxwell and Sophia Loren, and a 1987 Swedish production. In both cases, the lead actors lip-synched to recordings by actual opera singers
[edit] Recordings
- See Aida discography.
[edit] Other versions
The "Triumphal March" from Aida is a hymn that is sung in football stadiums in Europe. In this music there are many versions of different styles[13]
[edit] Notes
- ^ Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane, Verdi: A Biography, 1992, Oxford University Press, cited in Alexis Hamilton, Origins... Aida, Portland Opera, 2007
- ^ Greene, David Mason (1985). Greene's Biographical Encyclopedia of Composers. Reproducing Piano Roll Fnd.. pp. 622. ISBN 0385142781.
- ^ Budden, Julian (1981). The Operas of Verdi, Vol. 3. London: Cassell. pp. 163–187. ISBN 0-304-30740-8.
- ^ Baltimore Opera Company
- ^ Verdi’s Falstaff in Letters and Contemporary Reviews
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Opera Gems
- ^ a b Holden, Amanda (ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001, page 983. ISBN 0-140-29312-4
- ^ Eric Irvin, Dictionary of the Australian Theatre 1788-1914
- ^ OPERA America's "The Top 20" list of most-performed operas
- ^ Budden, p.160
- ^ The original draft included a speech by Aida (excised from the final version) that explained her presence beneath the Temple: "My heart knew your sentence. For three days I have waited here." The line most familiar to audiences translates as: "My heart forewarned me of your condemnation. In this tomb that was opened for you I entered secretly. Here, away from human sight, in your arms I wish to die."
- ^ The plot description is taken from Melitz, Leo (1921). The Opera Goer's Complete Guide. Dodd, Mead and Company. with updating to its language.
- ^ Berenguer González, Ramón T. "Aida" Marcha Triunfal -Mp3 Techno Cover 6923840, Legran Studio Composers, published with the permission of the owner of the version
[edit] References
- Simon, Henry W. (1946). A Treasury of Grand Opera. Simon and Schuster, New York, New York.
- The Victrola Guide to the Opera, 6th edition.
- Berenguer González, Ramón T. "Aida" Marcha Triunfal -Mp3 Techno Cover 6923840, Legran Studio Composers "I Love Classics" Album.
[edit] External links
- Aida: Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project.
- Opera Guide Synopsis - Libretto - Highlights
- Classics for Kids - The Story of Aida (synopsis with musical examples)
- Opera in a nutshell" Soundfiles (MIDI)
- Complete libretto of the opera or (alternative location)
- Score
- Creative Commons MP3 Recording
- Aria Database list of arias
- Further Aida discography
- San Diego OperaTalk! with Nick Reveles: Verdi's Aida
