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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

上海合作组织 Шанхайская организация сотрудничества Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Member states      Observer states
Secretariat		Beijing, China (PRC)
Working languages		Chinese, Russian
Member states		6 Members  China  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Russia  Tajikistan  Uzbekistan 4 Observers  India  Iran  Mongolia  Pakistan 3 Guests  Afghanistan  ASEAN  CIS
Leaders
-	Secretary General	Bolat Nurgaliyev
-	Deputy Secretary General	Vladimir Zakharov
Formation
-	Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions	26 April 1996
-	Declaration of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation	15 June 2001
Area
-	Total	30,178,460 km2  11,651,969 sq mi
Population
-	2008 estimate	1,526,000,952
-	Density	50.57/km2  131/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2007 estimate
-	Total	$9,625.712 billion
-	Per capita	$6,308
GDP (nominal)		2007 estimate
-	Total	$4,704.376 billion
-	Per capita	$3,083
Currency		6 Kazakhstani tenge Kyrgyzstani som Renminbi Russian ruble Tajikistani somoni Uzbekistani som
Time zone		(UTC+2 to +12)
Website www.sectsco.org

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is an intergovernmental mutual-security organisation which was founded in 2001 by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Except for Uzbekistan, the other countries had been members of the Shanghai Five, founded in 1996; after the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the members renamed the organisation.

Contents 1 Official names 2 Membership 3 Origins 4 Structure 5 Activities 5.1 Cooperation on security 5.2 Economic cooperation 5.3 Cultural cooperation 6 Summits 6.1 List of Summits 7 Future membership possibilities 7.1 Current observers 7.2 Other countries 8 Relations with the West 9 See also 10 External links 11 References

[edit] Official names

The official working languages of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation are Chinese and Russian. The official names of the organisation in the two languages, abbreviations in parentheses, are:

Chinese:

• Simplified Chinese: 上海合作组织 [ Listen (help·info) ] (上合组织)
• Romanisation: Shànghǎi Hézuò Zǔzhī (Shàng Hé Zǔzhī)
• Cyrillisation: Шанхай Хэцзо Цзучжи (Шанхэ Цзучжи)

Russian:

• Cyrillic: Шанхайская организация сотрудничества (ШОС)
• Romanisation: Shankhayskaya organizatsiya sotrudnichestva (ShOS)

[edit] Membership

[edit] Origins

The Shanghai Five grouping was originally created April 26, 1996 with the signing of the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions in Shanghai by the heads of states of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan. April 24, 1997 the same countries signed the Treaty on Reduction of Military Forces in Border Regions in a meeting in Moscow.

Subsequent annual summits of the Shanghai Five group occurred in Almaty (Kazakhstan) in 1998, in Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) in 1999, and in Dushanbe (Tajikistan) in 2000.

In 2001, the annual summit returned to Shanghai, China. There the five member nations first admitted Uzbekistan in the Shanghai Five mechanism (thus transforming it into the Shanghai Six). Then all six heads of state signed on June 15, 2001, the Declaration of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, praising the role played thus far by the Shanghai Five mechanism and aiming to transform it to a higher level of cooperation. In July 2001, Russia and the PRC, the organisation's two leading nations, signed the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation.

In June 2002, the heads of the SCO member states met in Saint Petersburg, Russia. There they signed the SCO Charter which expounded on the organisation's purposes, principles, structures and form of operation, and established it officially from the point of view of international law.

[edit] Structure

The Council of Heads of State is the top decision-making body in the SCO. This council meets at the SCO summits, which are held each year in one of the member states' capital cities. The current Council of Heads of State consists of:

• Kurmanbek Bakiyev (Kyrgyzstan)
• Hu Jintao (People's Republic of China)
• Islom Karimov (Uzbekistan)
• Nursultan Nazarbayev (Kazakhstan)
• Dmitry Medvedev (Russia)
• Emomalii Rahmon (Tajikistan)

The Council of Heads of Government is the second-highest council in the organisation. This council also holds annual summits, at which time members discuss issues of multilateral cooperation. The council also approves the organisation's budget.

The council of Foreign Ministers also hold regular meetings, where they discuss the current international situation and the SCO's interaction with other international organisations.^[1]

As the name suggests, the Council of National Coordinators coordinates the multilateral cooperation of member states within the framework of the SCO's charter.

The Secretariat of the SCO is the primary executive body of the organisation. It serves to implement organisational decisions and decrees, drafts proposed documents (such as declarations and agendas), function as a document depository for the organisation, arranges specific activities within the SCO framework, and promotes and disseminates information about the SCO. It is located in Beijing. The current SCO Secretary-General is Bolat Nurgaliyev of Kazakhstan.^[2]

The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), headquartered in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, is a permanent organ of the SCO which serves to promote cooperation of member states against the three evils of terrorism, separatism and extremism. The Head of RATS is elected to a three-year term. Each member state also sends a permanent representative to RATS.^[3]

[edit] Activities

[edit] Cooperation on security

The SCO is primarily centered around its member nations' Central Asian security-related concerns, often describing the main threats it confronts as being terrorism, separatism and extremism. However evidence is growing that its activities in the area of social development of its member states is increasing fast.^{[citation needed]}

At the June 16-17 2004 SCO summit, held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, the Regional Antiterrorism Structure (RATS) was established. On 21 April 2006, the SCO announced plans to fight cross-border drug crimes under the counter-terrorism rubric.^[4]

Grigory Logninov claimed in April 2006 that the SCO has no plans to become a military bloc; nonetheless he argued that the increased threats of "terrorism, extremism and separatism" make necessary a full-scale involvement of armed forces.^[5]

There have been a number of SCO joint military exercises. The first of these was held in 2003, with the first phase taking place in Kazakhstan and the second in China.^[6]

On a larger scale, but outside the SCO framework, the first ever joint military exercise between the PRC and Russia, called Peace Mission 2005 started on August 19, 2005. Following their successful completion, Russian officials have begun speaking of India joining such exercises in the future and the SCO taking on a military role.

The joint military exercises in 2007 (known as "Peace Mission 2007") took place in Chelyabinsk Russia, near the Ural Mountains and close to Central Asia, as was agreed upon on April 2006 at a meeting of SCO Defense Ministers. More than 4,000 soldiers participated from China. Air forces and precision-guided weapons were have likely to be used. Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov said that the exercises will be transparent and open to media and the public.^[6][7]

In October 2007, the SCO signed an agreement with the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), in the Tajik capital Dushanbe, to broaden cooperation on issues such as security, crime, and drug trafficking.^[8] Joint action plans between the two organisations are planned to be signed by early 2008 in Beijing.^[9]

[edit] Economic cooperation

All SCO members but China are also members of the Eurasian Economic Community. A Framework Agreement to enhance economic cooperation was signed by the SCO member states on 23 September 2003. At the same meeting the PRC's Premier, Wen Jiabao, proposed a long-term objective to establish a free trade area in the SCO, while other more immediate measures would be taken to improve the flow of goods in the region.^[10][11] A follow up plan with 100 specific actions was signed one year later, on September 23, 2004.^[12]

On 26 October 2005, the Moscow Summit of the SCO, the Secretary General of the Organisation said that the SCO will prioritise joint energy projects; such will include the oil and gas sector, the exploration of new hydrocarbon reserves, and joint use of water resources. The creation of an Inter-bank SCO Council was also agreed upon at that summit in order to fund future joint projects. The first meeting of the SCO Interbank Association was held in Beijing on 21-22 February 2006.^[13][14] On 30 November 2006, at The SCO: Results and Perspectives, an international conference held in Almaty, the representative of the Russian Foreign Ministry announced that Russia is developing plans for an SCO "Energy Club".^[15]. The need for this "club" was reiterated by Moscow at an SCO summit in November 2007. Other SCO members, however, have not committed themselves to the idea.^[16] However on 28 August 2008 summit it was stated that "Against the backdrop of a slowdown in the growth of world economy pursuing a responsible currency and financial policy, control over the capital flowing, ensuring food and energy security have been gaining special significance."^[17]

[edit] Cultural cooperation

Cultural cooperation also occurs in the SCO framework. Culture ministers of the SCO met for the first time in Beijing on 12 April 2002, signing a joint statement for continued cooperation. The third meeting of the Culture Ministers took place in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 27-28 April 2006.^[18][19]

An SCO Arts Festival and Exhibition was held for the first time during the Astana Summit in 2005. Kazakhstan has also suggested an SCO folk dance festival to take place in 2008, in Astana.^[20]

[edit] Summits

According to the Charter of the SCO, summits of the Council of Heads of State shall be held annually at alternating venues. The locations of these summits follow the alphabetical order of the member state's name in Russian.^[21] The charter also dictates that the Council of Heads of Government (that is, the Prime Ministers) shall meet annually in a place previously decided upon by the council members. The Council of Foreign Ministers is supposed to hold a summit one month before the annual summit of Heads of State. Extraordinary meetings of the Council of Foreign Ministers can be called by any two member states.^[21]

[edit] List of Summits

Heads of State
Date	Country	Location
2001	People's Republic of China	Shanghai
2002	Russia	Saint Petersburg
2003	Russia	Moscow
2004	Uzbekistan	Tashkent
2005	Kazakhstan	Astana
2006	People's Republic of China	Shanghai
2007	Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek
2008	Tajikistan	Dushanbe[22]
2009	Russia	Yekaterinburg[22]

Heads of Government
Date	Country	Location
2001	Kazakhstan	Almaty
2002	Russia	Saint Petersburg
2003	People's Republic of China	Beijing
2004	Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek
2005	Russia	Moscow
2006	Tajikistan	Dushanbe
2007	Uzbekistan	Tashkent
2008	Kazakhstan	Astana[22]
2009	People's Republic of China[23]	TBA

[edit] Future membership possibilities

Currently, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation does not have an official mechanism for admitting new members.^[24] Several states, however, participate as observers, some of whom have expressed interest in becoming full members in the future. India, Iran, Mongolia, and Pakistan will be full members.^[25]

[edit] Current observers

•  India currently has observer status in the SCO. Members of the SCO have encouraged India to join the organisation as a full-time member. With the world's second largest standing army, fourth largest (PPP) and second fastest growing major economy, and an increasing political and economic clout, India is seen by SCO members as a crucial future strategic partner.^[26] Additional factors working in favor of India joining the SCO are its major military presence in Central Asia, ^[27][28] its close military ties with several Central Asian countries (especially Tajikistan and Russia) and also its deep interest in the region's energy resources.^[29][30] Factors working against India's joining the SCO as a member include India's persistent military rivalry with fellow SCO-observer Pakistan, its nascent strategic tilt towards the United States and its general reluctance to make binding ties to groups that could compromise its strategic independence.

•  Iran currently has observer status in the organisation, and applied for full membership on March 24, 2008.^[31]

•  Mongolia became the first country to receive observer status at the 2004 Tashkent Summit. Pakistan, India and Iran received observer status at the 2005 SCO summit in Astana, Kazakhstan on July 5, 2005.

•  Pakistan currently has observer status in the SCO. Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf argued in favour of Pakistan's qualification to join the organisation as a full member during a joint summit with China in 2006. China said that it would convey Pakistan’s desire to all SCO member states. In turn, Musharraf was formally invited to the sixth summit of the SCO to take place in Shanghai in June. Sino-Pak relations go back decades when Pakistan helped China enter the United Nations and China helped Pakistan get a veto against the Kashmir issue later on. China is Pakistan's biggest arms and technology supplier and the third biggest trading partner as well as the basis for Western China's economic growth as it would need the Ports of Pakistan. The linkages between China and Pakistan are also strengthed through the almost unhindered economic trade between the Northern Areas of Pakistan with the Muslim-majority, semi-autonomous, Xinjiang Province of China, through the Karakorum Highway.

Pakistan and Iran have been lobbying for full membership, while India and Mongolia have not shown strong interest in becoming official members.^[32] Russia's permanent representative in the SCO Secretariat Grigory Longinov has claimed that the enlargement of the SCO is impeded by "an immature mechanism of admission of new members", while Secretary General Zhang Deguang argued that an over-expansion might hinder the intensification of the cooperation.^[33]

[edit] Other countries

•  Afghanistan, while not an observer, is currently part of the SCO-Afghanistan Contact Group. The contact group was established in November 2005, and serves as a mechanism for SCO member states to jointly contribute to reconstruction and stability in Afghanistan.^[34]

•  Belarus has applied for observer status in the organisation and has been promised Kazakhstan's support towards that goal.^{[citation needed]} However, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov voiced doubt on the probability of Belarus' membership, saying that Belarus was a purely European country.^[35]

[edit] Relations with the West

Although the declaration on the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation contained a statement that it "is not an alliance directed against other states and regions and it adheres to the principle of openness", many observers believe that one of the original purposes of the SCO was to serve as a counterbalance to NATO and the United States and in particular to avoid conflicts that would allow the United States to intervene in areas bordering both Russia and China.^{[36] [37]}

The United States applied for observer status in the SCO, but was rejected in 2005.^[38]

At the Astana summit in July 2005, with the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq foreshadowing an indefinite presence of U.S. forces in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, the SCO urged the U.S. to set a timetable for withdrawing its troops from SCO member states. Shortly afterwards, Uzbekistan asked the U.S. to leave the K-2 air base,^[39] and in February 2009 the government of Kyrgyzstan decided to evict the U.S. forces from the Manas Air Base.

Recently the SCO has made no direct comments against the U.S. or its military presence in the region. However, several indirect statements at the past summits, including the 2007 summit in Bishkek, have been viewed as "thinly veiled swipes at Washington".^[40]

[edit] See also

• China–Russia relations
• Polarity in international relations
• Sino-Islamic connection

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

• Official website
• Official Chinese pages on the SCO from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Xinhua News

Discussion

• The China and Eurasia Forum, an independent research institution.
• China and Eurasia Quarterly, academic journal covering China-Central Asia relations and the SCO.

Media

• "Iran urges Central Asian bloc to counter West"
• "Iran offers Shanghai bloc energy ties"
• Declaration on the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

Articles and research

• Sznajder, Ariel Pablo, “China's Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Strategy” University of California Press, May 2006
• Oresman, Matthew, “Beyond the Battle of Talas: China’s Re-emergence in Central Asia”PDF (4.74 MiB), National Defense University Press, August 2004
• Gill, Bates and Oresman, Matthew, China’s New Journey to the West: Report on China’s Emergence in Central Asia and Implications for U.S. Interests, CSIS Press, August 2003
• Fels, Enrico (2009), Assessing Eurasia's Powerhouse. An Inquiry into the Nature of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Winkler Verlag: Bochum. ISBN 978-3-89911-107
• Yom, Sean L. (2002). "Power Politics in Central Asia: The Future of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation". Harvard Asia Quarterly 6 (4) 48-54.
• Stakelbeck, Frederick W., Jr. (8 August 2005). "The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation". FrontPageMagazine.com.
• Navrozov, Lev. (17 February 2006). "The Sino-Russian 'Shanghai Cooperation Organisation'"^{[dead link]}. NewsMax.com.
• Daly, John. (19 July 2001). "'Shanghai Five' expands to combat Islamic radicals". Jane's Terrorism & Security Monitor.
• Colson, Charles. (5 August 2003). "Central Asia: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Makes Military Debut". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty.
• Cohen, Dr. Ariel. (18 July 2001). "The Russia-China Friendship and Cooperation Treaty: A Strategic Shift in Eurasia?". The Heritage Foundation.
• Cohen, Dr. Ariel. (24 October 2005). "Competition over Eurasia: Are the U.S. and Russia on a Collision Course?". The Heritage Foundation.
• John Keefer Douglas, Matthew B. Nelson, and Kevin Schwartz; “Fueling the Dragon’s Flame: How China’s Energy Demands Affect its Relationships in the Middle East.” PDF (162 KiB), United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission, October 2006.
• Baris Adibelli. "The Eurasia Strategy of China," IQ Publishing House, İstanbul, 2007.

[edit] References

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