Rules of chess

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Game in a public park in Kiev, using a chess clock

The rules of chess (also known as the laws of chess) are rules governing the play of the game of chess. While the exact origins of chess are unclear, the modern rules first took form in Italy during the 16th century. The rules continued to be slightly modified until the early 19th century, when they reached essentially their current form. The rules also varied somewhat from place to place. Today Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), also known as the World Chess Organization, sets the standard rules, with slight modifications made by some national organizations for their own purposes. There are variations of the rules for fast chess, correspondence chess, online chess, and chess variants.

Chess is a game played by two persons on a chessboard, with 32 pieces (16 for each player) of six types. Each type of piece moves in a distinct way. The goal of the game is to checkmate, i.e. to threaten the opponent's king with inevitable capture. Games do not necessarily end with checkmate – players often resign if they believe they will lose. In addition, there are several ways that a game can end in a draw (a tie).

Besides the basic movement of the pieces, rules also govern the equipment used, the time control, the conduct and ethics of players, accommodations for handicapped players, the recording of moves using chess notation, as well as procedures for irregularities that occur during a game.

[edit] Initial setup

Starting position

Chess is played on a chessboard, a square board divided into 64 squares (eight-by-eight) of alternating color, which is similar to that used in draughts (checkers) (FIDE 2008). No matter what the actual colors of the board, the lighter-colored squares are called "light" or "white", and the darker-colored squares are called "dark" or "black". Sixteen "white" and sixteen "black" pieces are placed on the board at the beginning of the game. The board is placed so that a white square is in each player's near-right corner, and a black one in the near-left. Each player controls sixteen pieces:

Piece	King	Queen	Rook	Bishop	Knight	Pawn
Number	1	1	2	2	2	8
Symbols

At the beginning of the game, the pieces are arranged as shown in the diagram to the right. The second row from the player contains the eight pawns; the row nearest the player contains the remaining pieces. Popular phrases used to remember the setup, often heard in beginners' clubs, are "queen on own color" and "white on right". The latter refers to setting up the board so that the square closest to each player's right is white (Schiller 2003:16–17).

[edit] Identifying squares

Naming the squares in algebraic notation

Each square of the chessboard is identified with a unique pair of a letter and a number. The vertical files are labeled a through h, from White's left (i.e. the queenside) to White's right. Similarly, the horizontal ranks are numbered from 1 to 8, starting from the one nearest White's side of the board. Each square of the board, then, is uniquely identified by its file letter and rank number. The white king, for example, starts the game on square e1. The black knight on b8 can move to a6 or c6.

[edit] Play of the game

Each player has control of one of the two sets of colored pieces and is typically referred to by the nominal color of the player's respective pieces, i.e., White or Black. White moves first and, as in most board games, the players alternate moves. Making a move is compulsory; it is not legal to "pass", even when having to move is detrimental. Play continues until a king is checkmated, a player resigns, or a draw is declared, as explained below. In addition, if the game is being played under a time control players who exceed their time limit lose the game.

The official chess rules do not include a procedure for determining who plays White. Instead, this decision is left open to tournament-specific rules (e.g. a Swiss system tournament or Round-robin tournament) or, in the case of non-competitive play, mutual agreement, in which case some kind of random choice is often employed.

[edit] Movement

[edit] Basic moves

Basic moves of a king	Moves of a rook
Moves of a bishop	Moves of a queen
Moves of a knight	Moves of a pawn The white pawns can move to the squares marked with "X" in front of them. The pawn on the c6 square can also take either black rook.

Each chess piece has its own style of moving. Moves are made to vacant squares except when capturing an opponent's piece.

With the exception of the knight, pieces cannot jump over each other. When a piece is captured (or taken), the attacking piece replaces the enemy piece on its square (en passant being the only exception). The captured piece is thus removed from the game and may not be returned to play for the remainder of the game.^[1] The king can be put in check but cannot be captured (see below).

• The king can move exactly one square horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. At most once in every game, each king is allowed to make a special move, known as castling (see below).
• The rook moves any number of vacant squares vertically or horizontally. It also is moved while castling.
• The bishop moves any number of vacant squares in any diagonal direction.
• The queen can move any number of vacant squares diagonally, horizontally, or vertically.
• The knight moves to the nearest square not on the same rank, file, or diagonal. In other words, the knight moves two squares like the rook and then one square perpendicular to that. Its move is not blocked by other pieces, i.e. it leaps to the new square. The knight moves in an "L" or "7" shape (or either shape inverted) with two steps one direction, a 90° turn, and one step in the new direction.
• Pawns have the most complex rules of movement:

• A pawn can move forward one square, if that square is unoccupied. If it has not yet moved, the pawn has the option of moving two squares forward provided both squares in front of the pawn are unoccupied. A pawn cannot move backward.
• Pawns are the only pieces that capture differently from how they move. They can capture an enemy piece on either of the two spaces adjacent to the space in front of them (i.e., the two squares diagonally in front of them) but cannot move to these spaces if they are vacant.

The pawn is also involved in the two special moves en passant and promotion (Schiller 2003:17–19).

[edit] Castling

Position of pieces before castling

Positions of the king and rook after kingside (White) and queenside (Black) castling

Castling consists of moving the king two squares towards a rook, then placing the rook on the other side of the king, adjacent to it.^[2] Castling is only permissible if all of the following conditions hold:

1. The king and rook involved in castling must not have previously moved;
2. There must be no pieces between the king and the rook;
3. The king may not currently be in check, nor may the king pass through or end up in a square that is under attack by an enemy piece (though the rook is permitted to be under attack and to pass over an attacked square);
4. The king and the rook must be on the same rank (Schiller 2003:19).^[3]

[edit] En passant

en passant

The pawn on the g5 square can also capture the black pawn en passant if Black's last move was the pawn from the f7 square to the f5 square. The white pawn moves to the f6 square.

If player A's pawn moves forward two squares and player B has a pawn on the fifth rank and on an adjacent file, B's pawn can capture A's pawn as if A's pawn had only moved one square. This capture can only be made on the immediately subsequent move. In this example, an en passant capture would remove the black pawn and the white pawn would move to the f6 square, marked by an "x" (Schiller 2003:18).

[edit] Pawn promotion

If a pawn advances to its eighth rank, it is then promoted (converted) to a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color, the choice being at the discretion of its player (a queen is usually chosen). The choice is not limited to previously captured pieces. Hence it is theoretically possible for a player to have up to nine queens or up to ten rooks, bishops, or knights if all of their pawns are promoted. If the desired piece is not available, the player should call the arbiter to provide the piece (Schiller 2003:17–19).^[4]

[edit] Check

diagram from (Harkness 1967)

The black king is in check. Black can get out of check by moving the king to an unattacked square, moving the bishop to the e5 square, or the black knight to the f4 square to block the check, or by capturing the white bishop with the knight.

When a player makes a move that threatens the opposing king with capture (not necessarily by the piece that was moved), the king is said to be in check. The definition of check is that one or more opposing pieces could theoretically capture the king on the next move (although the king is never actually captured). If a player's king is in check then the player must make a move that eliminates the threat(s) of capture; a player may never leave their king in check at the end of their move. The possible ways to remove the threat of capture are:

• Move the king to a square where it is not threatened.
• Capture the threatening piece (possibly with the king, if doing so does not put the king in check).
• Place a piece between the king and the opponent's threatening piece. This is impossible if the threatening piece is a knight or pawn, or if a checking queen, rook or bishop is adjacent to the checked king.

In the case of double check, when there are two pieces attacking the king, only a king move will get out of check; the king may capture an enemy piece.

In informal games, it is customary to announce check when making a move that puts the opponent's king in check. However, in formal competitions check is rarely announced (Just & Burg 2003:28).

A player may not make any move which places or leaves their king in check, even if the checking piece cannot move due to a pin, i.e. moving it would expose their own king to check. This also means that a player cannot place his king on any square adjacent to the enemy king, because doing so would leave their king able to be taken by the enemy king and therefore in check.

[edit] End of the game

[edit] Checkmate

diagram from (Harkness 1967)

The white king has been checkmated, Black wins.

If a player's king is placed in check and there is no legal move that player can make to escape check, then the king is said to be checkmated, the game ends, and that player loses (Schiller 2003:20–21). Unlike other pieces, the king is never actually captured or removed from the board because checkmate ends the game (Burgess 2000:457).

The diagram to the right shows a typical checkmate position. The white king is threatened by the black queen; every square to which the king could move is also threatened; it cannot capture the queen, because it would then be threatened by the rook.

[edit] Resigning

Either player may resign at any time and their opponent wins the game. This normally happens when the player believes he or she is very likely to lose the game. A player may resign by saying it verbally or by indicating it on their scoresheet in any of three ways: (1) by writing "resigns", (2) by circling the result of the game, or (3) by writing "1–0" if Black resigns or "0–1" if White resigns (Schiller 2003:21). Tipping over the king also indicates resignation, but it is not frequently used. Stopping both clocks is not an indication of resigning, since clocks can be stopped to call the arbiter. An offer of a handshake is not necessarily a resignation either, since one player could think they are agreeing to a draw (Just & Burg 2003:29).

[edit] Draws

diagram from (Harkness 1967)

Black to move is in stalemate, since it has no legal move

The game ends in a draw if any of these conditions occur:

• The game is automatically a draw if the player to move is not in check but has no legal move. This situation is called a stalemate. An example of such a position is shown in the diagram to the right.
• No possible sequence of legal moves leads to checkmate. Usually this is because there is insufficient material, for example if one player has a king and a bishop or knight and the other only a king.
• Both players agree to a draw after one of the players makes such an offer.

The player having the move may claim a draw by declaring that one of the following conditions exists, or by declaring an intention to make a move which will bring about one of these conditions:

• Fifty moves have been played by each player without any capture or a pawn being moved.
• The same board position has occurred three times, with the same player to move and all pieces having the same rights to move, including the right to castle or capture en passant.

If the claim is proven true, the game is drawn (Schiller 2003:21,26–28).

At one time, if a player was able to check the opposing king continually (perpetual check) and the player indicated their intention to do so, the game was drawn. This rule is no longer in effect; however, players will usually agree to a draw in such a situation, since either the threefold repetition rule or the fifty-move rule will eventually be applicable (Staunton 1847:21–22), (Reinfeld 1954:175).

[edit] Time control

A game played under time control will end as a loss for a player who uses up all of their allotted time (see the Timing section below). There are different types of time control. Players may have a fixed amount of time for the entire game or they may have to make a certain number of moves within a specified time. Also, a small increment of time may be added for each move made.

[edit] Competition rules

These rules apply to games played "over the board". There are special rules for correspondence chess, blitz chess, computer chess, and for handicapped players.

[edit] Act of moving the pieces

The movement of pieces is to be done with one hand. Once the hand is taken off a piece, the move cannot be retracted (if it is a legal move). When castling (see below), the player should first move the king with one hand and then move the rook with the same hand (Schiller 2003:19–20).

In the case of a pawn promotion, if the player releases the pawn on the eighth rank, the player must promote the pawn. After the pawn has moved, the player may touch any piece not on the board and the promotion is not finalized until the new piece is released on the promotion square (Just & Burg 2003:18,22).

[edit] Touch-move rule

In serious play, if a player having the move touches one of their pieces as if having the intention of moving it, then the player must move it if it can be legally moved. So long as the hand has not left the piece on a new square, the latter can be placed on any accessible square. If a player touches one of the opponent's pieces then he or she must capture that piece if it can be captured. If none of the touched pieces can be moved or captured there is no penalty, but the rule still applies to the players own pieces (Schiller 2003:19–20).

When castling, the king must be the first piece touched.^[5] If the player touches their rook at the same time as touching the king, the player must castle with that rook if it is legal to do so. If the player completes a two-square king move without touching a rook, the player must move the correct rook accordingly if castling in that direction is legal. If a player starts to castle illegally, another legal king move must be made if possible, including castling with the other rook (Schiller 2003:20).

When a pawn is moved to its eighth rank, once the player takes their hand off the pawn, it can no longer be substituted for a different move of the pawn. However, the move is not complete until the promoted piece is released on that square.

If a player wishes to touch a piece with the intention of adjusting its position on a square, the player must first alert their opponent of their intention by saying "J'adoube" or "I adjust". Once the game has started, only the player with the move may touch the pieces on the board (Schiller 2003:19–20).

[edit] Timing

Digital game clock

Tournament games are played under time constraints, called time controls, using a game clock. Each player must make their moves within the time control or be subject to forfeiting the game. There are different types of time controls. In some cases each player will have a certain amount of time to make a certain number of moves. In other cases each player will have a limited amount of time to make all of their moves. In addition to having this time limit, the player may gain a small amount of additional time for each move made, either by a small increment added for each move made or by the clock delaying a small amount of time each time it is started after the opponent's move (Schiller 2003:21–24).

• If a player delivers a checkmate, the game is over and that player wins, no matter what is subsequently noticed about the time on the clock.
• If player A calls attention to the fact that player B is out of time while player A is not out of time and some sequence of legal moves leads to B being checkmated then player A wins automatically. If player A does not have the possibility of checkmating B then the game is a draw (Schiller 2003:28).^[6]
• If player A calls attention to the fact that player B is out of time, but it is then noted that player A is also out of time, then:
  • If a sudden death control is not being used, the game continues in the next time control.
  • if the game is played under a sudden death time control (each player has a fixed amount of time no matter how many moves are played), then if it can be established which player ran out of time first, the game is lost by that player; otherwise the game is drawn.

If a player believes their opponent is attempting to win the game on time and not by normal means (i.e. checkmate), if it is a sudden death time control and the player has less than two minutes remaining, the player may stop the clocks and claim a draw with the arbiter. The arbiter may declare the game a draw or postpone the decision and allot the opponent two extra minutes (Schiller 2003:21–24,29).

[edit] Recording moves

A scoresheet from a game by Capablanca, in descriptive notation

In formal competition, each player is obliged to record each move as it is played in a chess notation in order to settle disputes about illegal positions, overstepping time control, and making claims of draws by the fifty-move rule or repetition of position. Algebraic chess notation is the accepted standard for recording games today. There are other systems such as ICCF numeric notation for international correspondence chess and the obsolete descriptive chess notation.

Offers of a draw are indicated by writing "=". Notations about the time on the clocks can be made. If a player has less than five minutes left to complete all of their moves, they are not required to record the moves (unless a delay of at least thirty seconds per move is being used). The scoresheet must be made available to the arbiter at all times. A player may respond to an opponent's move before writing it down (Schiller 2003:25–26).

[edit] Irregularities

[edit] Illegal move

A player who makes an illegal move must retract that move and make a legal move. That move must be made with the same piece if possible, because the touch-move rule applies. If the illegal move was an attempt to castle, the touch-move rule applies to the king but not to the rook. The arbiter should adjust the time on the clock according to the best evidence. If the mistake is only noticed later on, the game should be restarted from the position in which the error occurred (Schiller 2003:24–25).

If blitz chess is being played (in which both players have a small, limited time, e.g. five minutes) the rule varies. A player may correct an illegal move if the player has not pressed their clock. If a player has pressed their clock, the opponent may claim a win if he or she hasn't moved. If the opponent moves, the illegal move is accepted and without penalty (Schiller 2003:77).^[7]

[edit] Illegal position

If it is discovered during the game that the starting position was incorrect, the game is restarted. If it is discovered during the game that the board is oriented incorrectly, the game is continued with the pieces transferred to a correctly-oriented board. If the game starts with the colors of the pieces reversed, the game continues (unless the arbiter rules otherwise). If a player knocks over pieces, it is their responsibility to restore them to their correct position on their time. If it is discovered that an illegal move has been made, or that pieces have been displaced, the game is restored to the position before the irregularity. If that position cannot be determined, the game is restored to the last known correct position (Schiller 2003:24–25).

[edit] Conduct

Players may not use any notes, outside sources of information (including computers), or advice from other people. Analysis on another board is not permitted. Scoresheets are to record objective facts about the game only, such as time on the clock or draw offers (indicated by "="). Players may not leave the competition area without permission of the arbiter (Schiller 2003:30–31).

High standards of etiquette and ethics are expected. Players should shake hands before and after the game. Generally a player should not speak during the game, except to offer a draw, resign, or to call attention to an irregularity. An announcement of "check" is made in amateur games but should not be used in officially sanctioned games. A player may not distract or annoy another player by any means, including repeatedly offering a draw (Schiller 2003:30–31,49–52).

[edit] Equipment

Original Staunton chess pieces, introduced in 1849. Left to right: pawn, rook, knight, bishop, queen, and king

Pieces at the start of a game and an analog chess clock.

The size of the squares of the chessboard should be approximately 1.25–1.3 times the diameter of the base of the king, or 50–65 mm. Squares of approximately 57 mm (2+¹⁄₄ inches) normally are well-suited for pieces with the kings in the preferred size range. The darker squares are usually brown or green and the lighter squares are off-white or buff.

Pieces of the Staunton chess set design are the standard and are usually made of wood or plastic. They are often black and white; other colors may be used (like a dark wood or even red for the dark pieces) but they would still be called the "white" and "black" pieces (see White and Black in chess). The height of the king should be 85–105 millimetres (3.35–4.13 inches).^[8] A height of approximately 95–102 mm (3+³⁄₄–4 inches) is preferred by most players. The diameter of the king should be 40–50% of its height. The size of the other pieces should be in proportion to the king. The pieces should be well balanced (Just & Burg 2003:225–27).^[9]

In games subject to time control, a game clock is used, consisting of two adjacent clocks and buttons to stop one clock while starting the other, such that the two component clocks never run simultaneously. The clock can be analog or digital.

[edit] History

The rules of chess have evolved quite a bit over the centuries. The modern rules first took form in Italy during the 16th century (Ruch 2004). The basic moves of the king, rook, and knight are unchanged. Pawns originally did not have the option of moving two squares on their first move and did not promote to another piece if they reached their eighth rank. The queen was originally the fers or farzin, which could move one square diagonally in any direction or leap two squares diagonally, forwards, or to the left or right on its first move. In the Persian game the bishop was a fil or alfil, which could move one or two squares diagonally. In the Arab version, the bishop could leap two squares along any diagonal (Davidson 1981:13). In the Middle Ages the pawn acquired the right to be promoted to a queen (which at that time was the weakest piece) if it reached its eighth rank (Davidson 1981:59–61). During the twelfth century the squares on the board sometimes alternated colors and this became the standard in the thirteenth century (Davidson 1981:146).

Philidor

Between 1200 and 1600 several laws emerged that drastically altered the game. Checkmate became a requirement to win; a player could not win by capturing all of the opponent's pieces. Stalemate was added, although the outcome has changed several times (see Stalemate#History of the stalemate rule). Pawns gained the option of moving two squares on their first move, and the en passant rule was a natural consequence of that new option. The king and rook acquired the right to castle (see Castling#Variations throughout history for different versions of the rule). By 1600 the bishop also acquired its current move, which made it a much stronger piece (Davidson 1981:14–17). About 1475 the queen also got its current move, which transformed it from being the weakest piece to the strongest one (Hooper & Whyld 1992:328). When all of these changes were accepted the game was in essentially its modern form (Davidson 1981:14–17).

The rules for pawn promotion have changed several times. As stated above, originally the pawn could only be promoted to the queen, which at that time was the weakest other piece. When the queen acquired its current move and became the most powerful piece, the pawn could then be promoted to a queen or a rook, bishop, or knight. In the 18th century rules allowed only the promotion to a piece already captured, e.g. the rules published in 1749 by François-André Danican Philidor. In the 19th century this restriction was lifted, which allowed for a player to have more than one queen, e.g. the 1828 rules by Jacob Sarratt (Davidson 1981:59–61).

Two new rules concerning draws were introduced, each of which have changed through the years. The threefold repetition rule was added, although at some times up to six repetitions have been required, and the exact conditions have been specified more clearly (see Threefold repetition#History). The fifty-move rule was also added. At various times, the number of moves required was different, such as twenty-four, sixty, seventy, or seventy-five. For several years in the 20th century, the standard fifty moves was extended to one hundred moves for a few specific endgames (see fifty-move rule#History).

Another group of new laws included (1) the touch-move rule and the accompanying "j'adoube/adjust" rule; (2) that White moves first; (3) the orientation of the board; (4) the procedure if an illegal move was made; (5) the procedure if the king had been left in check for some moves; and (6) issues regarding the behavior of players and spectators. The Staunton chess set was introduced in 1849 and it became the standard style of pieces. The size of pieces and squares of the board was standardized (Hooper & Whyld 1992:220-21,laws, history of).

Until the middle of the 19th century, chess games were played without any time limit. In an 1834 match between Alexander McDonnell and Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais, McDonnell took an inordinate amount of time to move, sometimes up to 1½ hours. In 1836 Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant suggested a time limit, but no action was taken. In the 1851 London tournament, Staunton resigned a game to Elijah Williams because Williams was taking so long to move. The next year a match between Daniel Harrwitz and Johann Löwenthal used a limit of 20 minutes per move. The first use of a modern-style time limit was in a 1861 match between Adolph Anderssen and Ignác Kolisch (Sunnucks 1970:459).

[edit] Codification

Official Chess Rulebook, by Harkness, 1970

The first known publication of chess rules was in a book by Luis Ramirez de Lucena about 1497, shortly after the movement of the queen, bishop, and pawn were changed to their modern form (Just & Burg 2003:xxi). In the 16th and 17th centuries, there were differences of opinion concerning rules such as castling, pawn promotion, stalemate, and en passant. Some of these differences existed until the 19th century (Harkness 1967:3).

As chess clubs arose and tournaments became common, there was a need to formalize the rules. In 1749 Philidor (1726–1795) wrote a set of rules that were widely used, as well as rules by later writers such as the 1828 rules by Jacob Sarratt (1772–1819) and rules by George Walker (1803–1879). In the 19th century, many major clubs published their own rules, including The Hague in 1803, London in 1807, Paris in 1836, and St. Petersburg in 1854. In 1851 Howard Staunton (1810–1874) called for a "Constituent Assembly for Remodeling the Laws of Chess" and proposals by Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa (1818–1889) were published in 1854. Staunton had published rules in Chess Player's Handbook in 1847, and his new proposals were published in 1860 in Chess Praxis; they were generally accepted in English-speaking countries. German-speaking countries usually used the writings of chess authority Johann Berger (1845–1933) or Handbuch des Schachspiels by Paul Rudolf von Bilguer (1815–1840), first published in 1843.

FIDE logo

In 1924, FIDE was formed, and in 1929 it took up the task of standardizing the rules. At first FIDE tried to establish a universal set of rules, but translations to various languages differed slightly. Although FIDE rules were used for international competition under their control, some countries continued to use their own rules internally. FIDE issued new editions of the rules every few years (1929, 1952, 1955, 1966, 1974, 1992, etc.), with amendments in some other years. In 1984 FIDE abandoned the idea of a universal set of laws, although FIDE rules are the standard for high-level play (Hooper & Whyld 1992:220–21). The rules of national FIDE affiliates (such as the United States Chess Federation, or USCF) are based on the FIDE rules, with slight variations (Just & Burg 2003).^[10] Kenneth Harkness published popular rulebooks in the United States starting in 1956, and the USCF continues to publish rulebooks for use in USCF tournaments.

[edit] Articles about rules

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Burgess, Graham (2000), The Mammoth Book of Chess (2nd ed.), Carroll & Graf, ISBN 978-0-7867-0725-6 
• Davidson, Henry (1949), A Short History of Chess, McKay (1981 ed.), ISBN 0-679-14550-8 
• FIDE (2008) (html), FIDE Laws of Chess, FIDE, http://www.fide.com/info/handbook?id=32&view=category, retrieved on 2008-09-10 
• Harkness, Kenneth (1967), Official Chess Handbook, McKay 
• Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280049-3 
• Just, Tim; Burg, Daniel B. (2003), U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess (5th ed.), McKay, ISBN 0-8129-3559-4 
• Reinfeld, Fred (1954), How To Be A Winner At Chess, Fawcett, ISBN 0-449-91206-X 
• Ruch, Eric (2004) (html), The Italian Rules, ICCF, http://amici.iccf.com/issues/issue_01/issue_01_the_italian_rules.html, retrieved on 2008-09-10 
• Schiller, Eric (2003), Official Rules of Chess (2nd ed.), Cardoza, ISBN 978-1-58042-092-1 
• Staunton, Howard (1847), The Chess-Player's Handbook, London: H. G. Bohn, pp. 21–22  (1985 Batsford reprint, ISBN 1-85958-005-X)
• Sunnucks, Anne (1970), The Encyclopaedia of Chess, St. Martins Press (2nd ed.), ISBN 978-0709146971 

[edit] Further reading

• Golombek, Harry (1977). Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess. Crown Publishing. ISBN 0-517-53146-1. 
• Harkness, Kenneth (1970). Official Chess Rulebook. McKay. ISBN 0-679-13028-4. 

[edit] External links

• FIDE Laws of Chess, FIDE, http://www.fide.com/info/handbook?id=32&view=category 
• FIDE equipment standards, FIDE, http://www.fide.com/info/handbook?id=16&view=category 
• Learn to play chess, USCF, http://main.uschess.org/content/view/7324/28/ 
• Let's Play Chess, USCF, http://www.uschess.org/beginners/letsplay.php 
• USCF clock rules, USCF, http://www.uschess.org/tds/clockrules.php 
• The Rules and History of Chess, College Sports Scholarships, http://www.collegesportsscholarships.com/chess.htm 
• The History Of Chess, Cafe Demetrio, http://www.cafedemetrio.com/Demetrio_History/Chess_History/chess_history.html