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Binge drinking is often defined nowadays as drinking alcoholic beverages with the primary intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time.^[1] It is a kind of purposeful drinking style that is popular in several countries worldwide, and overlaps somewhat with social drinking since it is often done in groups. The exact degree of intoxication, however, varies between and within various cultures that engage in this practice. Formerly, most countries defined the term as a multi-day heavy drinking session during which the drinker neglects usual responsibilities and otherwise behaves recklessly.^[2][3] In Russia, many people often still define it this way.^[4]

There is currently no international consensus^[5] on how many drinks constitute a "binge," but the term is often taken to mean consuming 5 or more standard drinks (male), or 4 or more drinks (female), in about for a typical adult. This is called the "5/4 definition." However, these numbers vary significantly based on weight and numerous other variables.^[6] Other, less common definitions are based on blood alcohol concentration. For example, the NIAAA recently redefined the term "binge drinking" as anytime one reaches a peak BAC of 0.08% or higher ^[7] as opposed to some (arguably) arbitrary number of drinks in an evening. One study showed that university students often have numerous different definitions of "binge drinking" depending on their drinking habits, with drinkers having significantly higher definitions than nondrinkers.^[8] Whatever the numerical definition used, rapid consumption (shots, chugging, or drinking games) is often implied when the term is used colloquially, since one can remain relatively sober if the 4 or 5 drinks are spread out widely over the course of a long evening.

The British Medical Association notes that "in common usage, binge drinking is now usually used to refer to heavy drinking over an evening or similar time span - sometimes also referred to as heavy episodic drinking. Binge drinking is often associated with drinking with the intention of becoming intoxicated and, sometimes, with drinking in large groups."^[9] It is sometimes associated with physical or social harm.

In the United States, sometimes the term "extreme drinking" or "industrial-strength bingeing" is used to describe a more severe form of (single-evening) binge drinking; it is often defined as ten or more standard American drinks on a single occasion (sometimes as eight drinks for women).^[10][11] If done over 2 to 3 hours, a typical adult would have a peak BAC of at least 0.20. This particularly hazardous (but less common) type of binge drinking was given a new name — presumably because the term "binge drinking" was no longer strong enough or had already been taken.

Contents 1 Prevalence of binge drinking 1.1 Australia 1.2 Continental Europe 1.2.1 Malta 1.2.2 Spain 1.3 United Kingdom 1.4 Russia 1.5 United States 1.5.1 Prevention 1.6 Canada 1.7 New Zealand 2 Clinical considerations 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Prevalence of binge drinking

[edit] Australia

A culture of binge drinking is prevalent among many communities. In a minority of social circles, binge drinking may begin at as young as 12-16, and may be very widely practiced and accepted by some by age 12-16, despite the fact that the legal drinking age is 18. In 2004-05, statistics from the National Health Survey ^[12] show that among the general population over 18, 48% of males and 30% of females engaged in binge drinking at least once in the past year, with 12% and 4%, respectively, doing so at least once a week. Among 18-24 year olds, 19% of males and 11% of females did so at least once a week. At the time, the definition for "binge drinking" corresponded to 7 or more standard Australian drinks per occasion for males and 5 or more for females, roughly equivalent to (but slightly less than) the 5/4 (standard American) drinks definition.^[13]

In March 2008, the Australian government earmarked AUD$ 53 million towards a campaign against binge drinking, citing two studies done in the past eight years which showed that binge drinking in Australia was at what Prime Minister Kevin Rudd called "epidemic".^[14] On June 15, the Australian Medical Association released new guidelines defining binge drinking as four standard Australian drinks a night.^[15]

The last survey of drinking habits by the Australian Bureau of Statistics found there was an increase in drinking outside the home. In 1999, 34 percent of spending on alcoholic drinks took place on premise. By 2004 this figure had risen to 38 percent. This figure is expected to fall in 2008 in Australia because of stricter licensing laws, smoking bans in pubs and the extra premium people have to pay for buying alcohol in a bar.^[16]

[edit] Continental Europe

In Europe, youngsters routinely experience alcohol early on in life. The drinking age in most countries is 18, and in many jurisdictions younger people can purchase certain types. Licensees may also choose to provide beverages such as diluted wine or beer mixed with lemonade (shandy or Lager Top) with a meal to encourage responsible consumption of alcohol. For example the legal age for drinking and buying beer in Denmark, Switzerland, Germany, Portugal, Austria, Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg is 16 years of age. It is generally perceived that binge drinking is most prevalent in the Vodka Belt (most of Northern and some of Eastern Europe) and least common in the southern part of the continent, in Italy, France, and the Mediterranean (the Wine Belt)^[17]. Using a "5-drink, 30-days" (5 standard drinks in a row during the last 30 days) definition, Denmark leads European binge drinking, with 60% of 15-16 year olds reporting participating in this behavior (and 61% reporting intoxication), and Turkey is the lowest in Europe at 15%.^[18] However, there currently appears to be at least some convergence of drinking patterns and styles between the northern and southern countries, with the south beginning to drink more like the north more so than the other way around.

[edit] Malta

A notable exception to the lower rates of binge drinking in Southern Europe is the Mediterranean island of Malta, which has adopted the British culture of binge drinking, and where teenagers, often still in their early teens, are able to buy alcohol and drink it in the streets of the main club district, Paceville, due to a lack of police enforcement of the legal drinking age of 17^[19]. In fact, statistics show that alcohol consumption in Malta exceeds that in the UK (but binge drinking is slightly lower and intoxication is significantly lower)^[18], and report that Malta ranks 5th in the world in common binge drinking.^[20] Interestingly, Maltese 15-16 year olds report binge drinking at a rate of 50%, using a 5-drink, 30-day definition, but only 20% report intoxication in the past 30 days^[18].

[edit] Spain

Since the mid 1990s the botellón has been growing in popularity among young people. Botellon, which literally means "big bottle" in Spanish, is a drinking party or gathering that involves consuming alcohol, usually spirits (often mixed with soft drinks), in a public or semi-public place (beaches, parks, streets, etc.). This can be considered a case of binge drinking since most people that attend it consume three to five drinks in less than five hours.^{[citation needed]} Among 15-16 year olds, 23% report being intoxicated in the past 30 days^[18].

[edit] United Kingdom

In the UK, some areas of the media are spending a great deal of time reporting on what they see as a social ill that is becoming more prevalent as time passes. In 2003, the cost of binge drinking was estimated as £20 billion.^[21] In response, the government has introduced measures to deter disorderly behavior and sales of alcohol to people under 18, with special provisions in place during the holiday season. In January 2005, it was reported that one million admissions to UK accident and emergency units each year are alcohol-related; in many cities, Friday and Saturday nights are by far the busiest periods for ambulance services.

The culture of drinking in the UK is markedly different from that of some other European nations, and somewhat more extreme than that of the United States and Canada. In mainland Europe, alcohol tends to be consumed more slowly over the course of an evening, often accompanied by a restaurant meal. In the UK, by contrast, alcohol is generally consumed rapidly, leading much more readily to drunkenness. This "drinking urgency" may have been inspired by traditional pre-midnight pub closing hours in the UK, whereas bars in continental Europe would typically remain open for the entire night. This is one of the reason for introducing the Licensing Act 2003 which came into effect in the UK in 2005, and which allows 24 hour licensing (although not all bars have taken advantage of the change). Some observers, however, believed it would exacerbate the problem.^[22] As of 2008, results have been mixed and inconsistent across the country.^[23]

While being drunk (outside of a student context) in mainland Europe is widely viewed as being socially unacceptable, in the UK the reverse is true in many social circles. Particularly amongst young adults, there is often a certain degree of social pressure to get drunk during a night out. It is not unusual for British pub patrons to consume 10 imperial pints in an evening on a Friday or Saturday^{[citation needed]}. This culture is increasingly becoming viewed by politicians and the media as a serious problem that ought to be tackled, partly due to health reasons, but mostly due to its association with violence and anti-social behavior.

Using a 5-drink, 30-days definition, British 15-16 year olds binge drink at a rate of 54%, the fourth highest in Europe, and 46% report intoxication in the past 30 days^[18].

The UK binge drinking culture is also evidenced by the rather unique social phenomena of relatively large groups (8–15) of men/women (of vary different ages) going, without their partners, on a holiday abroad (typically to Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany or other traditional beer countries) with the main purpose of getting drunk together, often in broad daylight.

The British TV channel Granada produces a program called Booze Britain, which documents the binge drinking culture by following groups of young adults.

A popular 'definition' of binge drinking in the UK is the consumption of 50% or more of the recommended maximum weekly number of units of alcohol in 'one session', e.g. one night out. Thus, for a male the consumption of 4 pints of 5% ABV beer/lager would constitute 'binge drinking' (11.36 units of alcohol out of a maximum weekly total of 21), and for a female the consumption of 3 large glasses of white wine (e.g. Sauvignon Blanc at 12% ABV) would again be classified as binge drinking (9 units out of 14).^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Russia

Binge drinking in Russia ("Zapoy" ("Запой") in Russian), often takes the form of two or more days of continuous drunkenness. Sometimes it can even last up to a week. One study found that among men ages 25-54, about 10% had at least one episode of zapoy in the past year, which can be taken as a sign that one has a drinking problem.^[24] Almost half of working-age men in Russia who die are killed by alcohol abuse, reducing Russia's male life expectancy significantly.^[25][26][27] Vodka is the preferred alcoholic beverage, and Russia is notably considered part of the Vodka Belt. Interestingly, however, using a 5-day, past 30 days definition, only 38% of Russian 15-16 year olds have binged and 27% became intoxicated, a percentage that is on par with other European countries, and even lower than some^[18].

[edit] United States

Despite having a legal drinking age of 21, binge drinking in the United States remains very prevalent among college students. Using the popular 5/4 definition of "binge drinking", one study found that, in 1999, 44% of American college students (51% male, 40% female) engaged in this practice at least once in the past two weeks.^[28] One can also look at the prevalence of "extreme drinking" as well. A more recent study of US first-semester college freshmen in 2003 found that, while 41% of males and 34% of females "binged" (using the 5/4 threshold) at least once in the past two weeks, 20% of males and 8% of females drank 10/8 or more drinks (double the 5/4 threshold) at least once in the same period, and 8% of males and 2% of females drank at least 15/12 drinks (triple the threshold). ^[29] Males are clearly much overrepresented among those who engage in "extreme drinking," and the vast majority of college students (male and female), and even most binge drinkers, do not engage in this behavior. A main concern of binge drinking on college campuses is how the negative consequences of binge drinking affect the students. A study done by the Harvard School of Public Health reported that students who engage in binge drinking experience numerous problems such as: missing class, engaging in unplanned or unsafe sexual activity, being victims of sexual assault, unintentional injuries, and physical ailments.^[30]

The population of people who binge drink mainly comprises young adults aged 18–29, although it is by no means rare among older adults. For example, in 2007 (using a 5-drinks definition per occasion for both genders), 42% of 18-25 year olds "binged" at least once a month, while 20% of 16-17 year olds and 19% of those over age 35 did so.^[31] The peak age is 21. The annual Monitoring the Future survey found that, in 2007, 10% of 8th graders, 22% of 10th graders, and 26% of 12th graders report having had five or more drinks at least once in the past two weeks.^[32] Interestingly, the same survey also found that alcohol was considered somewhat easier to obtain than cigarettes for 8th and 10th graders. This is surprising since the mimimum age to purchase alcohol is 21 in all 50 states, while for cigarettes it is 18 (and often poorly enforced) in most states.

[edit] Prevention

Programs in the United States have thought of numerous ways to help prevent binge drinking. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests increasing the cost of alcohol or the excise taxes, restricting the number of stores who may obtain a license to sell liquor (reducing "outlet density"), and implementing stricter law enforcement of underage drinking laws.^[33] There are also a number of individual counseling approaches, such as motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral approaches, that have been shown to reduce drinking among heavy drinking college students.^[34]. In August 2008, a group of college presidents calling itself the Amethyst Initiative asserted that lowering the legal drinking age to 18 (presumably) was one way to curb the "culture of dangerous binge drinking" among college students.^[35] This arguably counterintuitive idea is currently the subject of controversy. Proponents^[36][37] argue that the 21 law forces drinking underground and makes it more dangerous than it has to be, while opponents^[38] argue that lowering the age would only make the problem worse.

[edit] Canada

Canadian binge drinking rates are comparable to the United States. For example, 29% of 15-19 year olds (35% male, 22% female) and 37% of 20-24 year olds (47% male, 17.9% female) report having 5 or more drinks on one occasion, 12 or more times a year in 2000-01^[39]

In university, binge drinking especially common during the first week of orientation, commonly known as "frosh week." The first ever known study comparing the drinking patterns of Canadian and American college students under age 25 (in 1998 and 1999, respectively) found that although Canadian students were more likely to drink, American students drank heavier overall. ^[40] "Heavy alcohol use" was defined as usually having 5/4 drinks or more on the days that the person drinks in the past 30 days (American) or 2-3 months (Canadian). Among past year drinkers, 41% and 35% of American and Canadian students, respectively, reported participated in this behavior. Among the total sample, it was 33% and 30%, respectively. Differences included the lack of a gender gap in Canada compared with America, as well some as age-related differences. Canadians exceeded Americans in reported heavy alcohol use until age 19 (especially among the 1% percentage of students under 18), at which point Americans overtook and then began to exceed Canadians, especially among 21-22 year olds. After age 23, there was no longer much of a difference.^[40]. In Canada, the legal drinking age is 18 or 19, depending on the province.

A relatively popular drinking game among the Canadian skateboarder and heavy metal culture is "wizard stick," in which drinkers tape a stack of their empty beer cans to the can from which they are currently drinking. The name comes from the fact that when the stack gets tall enough, it resembles a wizard's staff.^[41]

[edit] New Zealand

Binge drinking is quite prevalent in New Zealand. Concerns over binge drinking by teenagers has led to a review of liquor advertising being announced by the New Zealand government in January 2006. The review considered regulation of sport sponsorship by liquor companies, which at present is commonplace. Previously the drinking age in New Zealand was 20, then dropped to 18 in 1999.^[42] In direct conjunction with the age-lowering, the Police were found to strictly enforce the on-license (bar, restaurant) code for underage-drinking, less so for the off-licences (liquor stores, supermarkets). As a result, young people ages 15-17 (ironically) found it significantly harder to get into (or be served at) bars and restaurants than it was before with a poorly enforced (though higher) drinking age of 20. This asymmetric enforcement led to a period of many of New Zealand's youth getting strangers to purchase high alcohol content beverages for them (e.g. cheap vodka or rum) at liquor stores.^{[citation needed]} A propensity to consume an entire bottle of spirits developed and led to an instant increase in the amount of youths under 18 being admitted to A&E hospitals. The price of alcohol at supermarkets and liquor stores had also gone down.^[43] Alcohol remains cheap, and sweet, spirit-based ready to drink beverages (similar to alcopops) remain popular among young people.^[44]

An example of this binge drinking mentality, often seen amongst university students, is the popularity of drinking games such as Edward Wineyhands and Scrumpy Hands, similar to the American drinking game Edward Fortyhands. A recent study showed that 37% of undergraduates binged at least once in the past week.^[45] The New Zealand health service classifies Binge Drinking as anytime a person consumes 21 or more standard drinks in a sitting.

[edit] Clinical considerations

Alcohol and Health
Short-term effects of alcohol
Long-term effects of alcohol
Alcohol and cardiovascular disease
Alcoholic liver disease
Alcoholic hepatitis
Alcohol and cancer
Alcohol and weight
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Alcoholism
Blackout (alcohol-related amnesia)
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Recommended maximum intake

The bladder may rupture if overfilled and not emptied. This can occur in the case of binge drinkers who have consumed very large quantities, but are not aware, due to stupor, of the need to urinate. This condition is very rare in women, but does occur. Symptoms include localized pain and uraemia (poisoning due to reabsorbed waste). The recovery rate is high, with most fatalities due to septic blood poisoning. A person is more likely to urinate while passed out before the bladder ruptures, as alcohol relaxes the muscles that normally enable one to hold their bladder.^[46] A more common risk of consuming massive quantities of alcohol in a short period of time is a dangerously high blood alcohol level. The result is called alcohol poisoning (overdose), which can be fatal. Choking on (or inhalation of) vomit is also a potential cause of death, as are injuries from falls, fights, motor vehicle and bicycle accidents.

[edit] See also

• Alcohol poisoning
• Alcoholism
• Amethyst Initiative
• Drunkenness
• Pub crawl
• Drinking games
• Drinking culture

[edit] Further reading

• MacLachlan, Malcolm and Smyth, Caroline (eds)Binge Drinking And Youth Culture Liffey Press (October 15, 2004) ISBN 1-90414-842-5
• Walters, Scott and Baer, John Talking with College Students about Alcohol: Motivational Strategies to Reduce Abuse Guilford Press (October 13, 2005) ISBN 978-1593852221
• Wechsler, Henry and Wuethrich, Bernice Dying to Drink: Confronting Binge Drinking on College Campuses Rodale Books (August 17, 2002) ISBN 1-57954-583-1

[edit] References

• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and alcoholism. Alcohol Tolerance (Alcohol Alert number 31 from NIAA). Washington, DC: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1996.

[edit] External links

• Eliminating high-risk drinking: report
• Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004 by the WHO.
• Alcohol Concern Factsheet 20: Binge drinking
• Binge Drinking on College Campuses
• Alcohol time bomb set to explode Australia's binge-drinking culture
• Get Your Sexy Back (GYSB)