Betty Friedan

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Betty Friedan

Friedan in 1960
Born February 4, 1921(1921-02-04)
Died February 4, 2006 (aged 85)
Education [[]]
University of
Occupation Author, jorunalist, activist, political organizer
Known for Reawakening the Feminist Movement in the United States by writing The Feminine Mystique
Fouding the National Organization for North Carolina
Founding NARAL
Organizing the Women's Strike for Equality
Title President of the National Organization for Women
Religious beliefs Jewish
Spouse(s) Carl Friedan (div.)
Children 3

Betty Naomi Friedan (February 4, 1921 – February 4, 2006) was an American feminist activist and writer, best known for starting the "second wave of the Women's Movement" through the writing of her book The Feminine Mystique in 1963, which attacked the 1950s notion, spread through society by advertising and strict enforcement of traditional gender roles, that women could only find fulfillment in child bearing, doing housework, and serving husbands.[1] The book's success, and the reaction from dissatisfied middle class women, led to the launching of consciousness-raising groups among women and the formation of grassroots women's groups.

Friedan was the primary founder of the National Organization for Women in 1966 which aimed to bring women into the mainstream of American society in "fully equal partnership with men". In 1970, after stepping down as NOW's first president in 1969, Friedan organized the nation-wide Women's Strike for Equality on August 26, the 50th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granting women the right to vote. The national strike was successful beyond expectations in broadening the feminist movement. The New York City march alone attracted over 50,000 women.

Friedan joined other leading feminists, such as Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm, Fannie Lou Hamer, Bella Abzug, and Myrlie Evers-Williams in founding the National Women's Political Caucus in 1971. In 1977 she joined some of the movement's most visible and influential leaders, and 20,000 other women, at the International Women's Year federally-funded convnetion, the National Women's Conference, a legislative conference which sent a report to President Jimmy Carter, the United States Congress, and all the states on how to achieve equality.

Friedan was a strong proponent of the repeal of abortion laws, founding the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws, which after abortion was legalized in 1973, became the National Abortion Rights Action League. She was also a strong supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution.

After the movement, she continued to be an influential author and intellectual and remained active in politics and advocacy for the rest of her life, authoring six books.

Contents

[edit] Early life

Friedan was born Betty Naomi Goldstein on February 4, 1921 in Peoria, Illinois,[2] to Harry and Miriam Goldstein. Harry owned a jewelry palace in Peoria, and Miriam wrote for the society page of a newspaper when Betty's father fell ill. Her mother's new life outside the home seemed much more gratifying.

As a young girl, Betty was active in Marxist and Jewish circles; she later wrote how she felt isolated from the community at times, and felt her "passion against injustice...originated from my feelings of the injustice of anti-Semitism".[3] She attended Peoria High School where she became involved in the school newspaper. When she was turned down for a column, she and six other friends launched a literary magazine called Tide. In this magazine, Betty and her friends talked about home life as opposed to school life.

She attended the all-female Smith College in 1938. She won a scholarship prize in her first year for outstanding academic performance. In her second year, she became interested in poetry, and had many poems published in campus publications. In 1941, she became editor-in-chief of the college newspaper. The editorials became more political under her leadership, taking a strong anti-war stance and occasionally causing controversy.[3] She graduated summa cum laude in 1942, majoring in psychology.

In 1943, she spent a year at the University of California, Berkeley having won a fellowship to undertake graduate work in psychology with Erik Erikson[4] . She became more politically active, continuing to mix with Marxists (many of her friends were investigated by the FBI[3]). Friedan claims in her memoirs that her boyfriend at the time pressured her into turning down a Ph.D fellowship for further study, and abandoned her academic career.

[edit] Writing career

[edit] Before 1963

After leaving Berkeley, Friedan became a journalist for leftist and union publications. Between 1943-46 she wrote for The Federated Press and between 1946-52 she worked for the United Electrical Workers' UE News. One of her assignments was to report on the House Un-American Activities Committee.[4]

Friedan was dismissed from the union newspaper UE News in 1952, because she was pregnant with her second child.[5] After leaving UE News, she became a freelance writer, and wrote for various magazines, including Cosmopolitan.[4]

[edit] The Feminine Mystique

Main article: The Feminine Mystique

For her 15th college reunion in 1957, Friedan conducted a survey of College graduates, focusing on their education, their subsequent experiences and satisfaction with their current lives. She started publishing articles about what she called "the problem with no name," and got passionate responses from many housewives grateful that they were not alone in experiencing this problem.

Friedan then decided to rework and expand this topic into a book, The Feminine Mystique. Published in 1963, it depicted the roles of women in industrial societies, especially the full-time homemaker role, which Friedan deemed stifling. Friedan speaks of her own 'terror' at being alone, and observes in her life never once seeing a positive female role-model who worked and also kept a family. She provides numerous accounts of housewives who feel similarly trapped. With her psychology background, Friedan offers a critique of Freud's penis envy theory, noting a lot of paradoxes in his work. And she attempts to offer some answers to women who wish to pursue an education.

The "Problem That Has No Name" was described by Friedan in the beginning of the book:

"The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning [that is, a longing] that women suffered in the middle of the 20th century in the United States. Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries … she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question — 'Is this all?"

Friedan noted that women are as capable of men to do any type of work or follow any career path, and the mass mediat, educators, and psychologists argued to the contrary.[6] The restrictions of the 1950s, and the trapped, imprisoned, feeling of many women forced into these roles, spoke to American women who soon began attending consciousness-raising sessions and lobbying for the reform of oppressive laws and social views that restricted women.

The book became a bestseller, which many historians believe was the impetus for the "second wave" of the Women's Movement, and significantly shaped national and world events.[7] .

[edit] Other works

Friedan published six books. Her other books include The Second Stage, It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement, and The Fountain of Age. Her autobiography, Life so Far, was published in 2000.

[edit] Activism in the Women's Movement

[edit] National Organization for Women

In 1966 Betty Friedan co-founded, and became the first president of, the National Organization for Women She, with Pauli Murray, the first black female Episcopal priest, wrote its mission statement.[8] Friedan stepped down as president in 1969.[9]

Under Friedan, NOW advocated fiercly for the legal equality of women and men. They lobbied for enforcement of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the first two major legislative victories of the movement, and forced the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to stop ignoring, and start treating with dignity and urgency, claims filed involving sex discrimination. They successfully campaigned for a 1967 Executive Order extending the same Affirmative Action granted to blacks to women and a 1968 EEOC decision ruling illegal sex-segregated help want ads, later upheld by the Supreme Court. NOW was vocal in support of the legalization of abortion, something that divided some feminists. Also divisive in the 1960s among women was the Equal Rights Amendment, which NOW fully endorsed; by the 1970s the women and labor unions opposed to ERA warmed up to it and began to fully support it. NOW also lobbied for national day-care.[10]

In 1973, Friedan founded the First Women's Bank and Trust Company.

[edit] Women's Strike for Equality

In 1970, NOW, with Friedan leading the cause, was instrumental in bringing down the nomination of G. Harrold Carswell, who had opposed the 1964 Civil Rights Act which granted women and men workplace equality, to the Supreme Court. On August 26, 1970, the 50th anniversary of the Women's Suffrage Amendment to the Constitution, Friedan organized the national Women's Strike for Equality, and led a march of 50,000 women in New York City. Unbelievably successful, the march expanded the movement widely, to Friedan's delight.

[11] [12] [13]

[edit] National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws

Friedan founded the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws, renamed NARAL Pro-Choice America after the Supeme Court legalized abortion in 1973.

[edit] Politics

In 1971 Friedan, along with countless other leading women's movement leaders, including Gloria Steinem, founded the National Women's Political Caucus.

In 1972, Friedan unsuccessfully ran as a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention in support of Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm.[14]

[edit] Movement image and unity

One of the most influential feminists of 20th century, Friedan opposed "equating feminism with lesbianism". She later acknowledged that she had been "very square" and was uncomfortable about homosexuality.[15] However, at the 1977 National Women's Conference, Friedan rose on the floor to address a controversial issue, the inclusion of lesbian rights in the Conference's National Plan of Action, and spoke in full support of lesbian rights, to the shock of many. Friedan said she never had a problem with lesbian rights. "I wanted the women's movement to have an image that would appeal to all women", she said. She urged the some 20,000 women at the Conference to stop division in the movement and come together. As early as 1964, very early in the movement, and only a year after the publication of The Feminine Mystique, Friedan appeared on television to address the fact the media was, at that point, trying to dismiss the movement as a joke and centering argument and debate around whether or not to wear bras, and other such ridicilous issues.[16] In 1982, the end of the second wave, she wrote a book for the post-feminist 1980s called The Second Stage, about family life, now that women had conquered the social and legal obstacles.

[17] [18] [19]

[edit] Influence

Betty Friedan’s activist work and her book The Feminine Mystique have influenced many individuals like authors, educators, writers, anthropologists, journalist, activist, organizations, unions, and your everyday woman to take part in the feminist movement.[20] Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine Mystique has inspired many people for her active role during the 60’s in the feminist movement to write books, be activist and join part in feminism. She is credited for starting the contemporary feminist movement and writing one of the most powerful works in America.[21] Allan Wolf is an author very much inspired by Friedan’s and writes about Friedan’s life and individuals who have studied The Feminine Mystique in great detail in his article The Mystique of Betty Friedan. Wolf states that “She helped to change not only the thinking but the lives of many American women, but recent books throw into question the intellectual and personal sources of her work.”[21] His work, like the works of Judith Hennessee's Betty Friedan: Her Life and Daniel Horowitz's Betty Friedan and the Making of the Feminine Mystique: the American Left, the Cold War, and Modern Feminism, go into detail of Friedan’s works and life. Although there have been some debates on Friedan’s work in The Feminine Mystique her work for equality for women was sincere and committed.

Allan Wolf, Judith Hennessee, and Daniel Horowitz are three individuals who have looked closely into Friedan’s work in "The Feminine Mystique" and have studied her ideals and concepts. Daniel Horowitz’s a labor journalist and author has created works that have been greatly influenced by Betty Friedan than any other individual. Daniel Horowitz book, "Betty Friedan and the Making of "The Feminine Mystique"" studies Friedan’s life and feminism. In his book he focuses on Friedan’s appearance into feminism.[22] Horowitz is also trying to explain how thorough and deep Friedan’s engagement was with women’s issue before she began to work on her book, The Feminine Mystique.[23] Horowitz argues that Friedan’s feminism did not start in the 1950’s but rather before that in the 1940’s.[23] Horowitz goes deep into Friedan’s life not her personal life but rather her ideas in feminism.[23] Horowitz’s over all book is trying to connect Friedan’s life to the history of American Feminism.[23]

Justine Blau was also greatly influenced by Betty Friedan and wrote Betty Friedan: Feminist. Blau writes about the personal and professional life of Friedan through the feminist movement.[24] Lisa Fredenksen Bohannon also wrote about Friedan’s life in her book Woman’s work: The story of Betty Friedan. In this book Bohannon goes deep into Friedan’s personal life and writes about her relationship with her mother.[25] There are also individuals like Sandra Henry, Emily Taitz who wrote Betty Friedan, Fighter for Woman’s Rights and Susan Taylor Boyd who wrote Betty Friedan: Voice of Woman’s Right, Advocates of Human Rights who wrote biographies on Friedan’s life and works like The Feminine Mystique. Janann Sheman a journalist was very influenced by Friedan and got to work with Betty Friedan while she was still alive and wrote a book on her twenty- two interviews she had with Friedan. Her book took thirty-six years in publication. Her book Interviews with Betty Friedan has interviews with the New York Times, Working Women, and Playboy. Sheman has interviews that relate to her views on men, women and the American Family and traces her life and interviews on The Feminine Mystique.[26] Betty Friedan has influenced many individuals into writing about her and topics about women's rights and equality.

[edit] Personality

The New York Times obituary for Friedan noted that she was "famously abrasive" and that she could be "thin-skinned and imperious, subject to screaming fits of temperament." And in February 2006, shortly after Friedan's death, the feminist writer Germaine Greer published an article in The Guardian,[27] in which she described Friedan as pompous and egotistic, somewhat demanding, and sometimes selfish, as evidenced by repeated incidents during a tour of Iran in 1972.[1]

Betty Friedan "changed the course of human history almost single-handedly." Her ex-husband, Carl Friedan, believes this; Betty believed it too. This belief was the key to a good deal of Betty's behaviour; she would become breathless with outrage if she didn't get the deference she thought she deserved. Though her behaviour was often tiresome, I figured that she had a point. Women don't get the respect they deserve unless they are wielding male-shaped power; if they represent women they will be called "love" and expected to clear up after themselves. Betty wanted to change that forever.

– Germaine Greer, "The Betty I Knew," The Guardian (February 7, 2006)

Indeed, Carl Friedan had been quoted as saying "She changed the course of history almost singlehandedly. It took a driven, super aggressive, egocentric, almost lunatic dynamo to rock the world the way she did. Unfortunately, she was that same person at home, where that kind of conduct doesn't work. She simply never understood this."[28]

Writer Camille Paglia, who had been denounced by Friedan in a Playboy interview, wrote a brief obituary for her in Entertainment Weekly:

Betty Friedan wasn't afraid to be called abrasive. She pursued her feminist principles with a flamboyant pugnacity that has become all too rare in these yuppified times. She hated girliness and bourgeois decorum and never lost her earthly ethnicity.

– Camille Paglia, December 29, 2006/January 5, 2007 double End of the Year issue, section Farewell, pg. 94

[edit] Personal life

Betty married Carl Friedan, a theatre-producer, in 1947 whilst working at UE News. Betty Friedan continued to work after marriage, first as a paid employee and, after 1952, as a freelance journalist. Betty and Carl divorced in May 1969. Betty claimed in her memoir, Life So Far (2000), that Carl had beaten her during their marriage; friends such as Dolores Alexander recalled having to cover up black eyes from Carl's abuse in time for press conferences (Brownmiller 1999, p. 70). Carl Friedan denied abusing her in an interview with Time magazine shortly after the book was published, describing the claim as a "complete fabrication".[29] She later said, on Good Morning America, "I almost wish I hadn't even written about it, because it's been sensationalized out of context. My husband was not a wife-beater, and I was no passive victim of a wife-beater. We fought a lot, and he was bigger than me." Carl Friedan died in December, 2005.

The Friedans had three children: Emily, Daniel and Jonathan. They had nine grandchildren: Laura, Birgitta, and Benyamin children of Daniel, Rafael, Caleb, and Nataya, children of Jonathan, and David, Isabel, and Meira children of Emily. One of their sons, Daniel Friedan, is a noted theoretical physicist.

Friedan died of congestive heart failure at her home in Washington, D.C., on February 4, 2006, her 85th birthday.[1]

[edit] Books authored

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c "Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause In 'Feminine Mystique,' Dies at 85". New York Times. February 5, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/national/05friedan.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-31. "Betty Friedan, the feminist crusader and author whose searing first book, The Feminine Mystique, ignited the contemporary women's movement in 1963 and as a result permanently transformed the social fabric of the United States and countries around the world, died yesterday, her 85th birthday, at her home in Washington. The cause was congestive heart failure, said Emily Bazelon, a family spokeswoman. ... For decades a familiar presence on television and the lecture circuit, Ms. Friedan, with her short stature and deeply hooded eyes, looked for much of her adult life like a 'combination of Hermione Gingold and Bette Davis,' as Judy Klemesrud wrote in The New York Times Magazine in 1970." 
  2. ^ Wing, Liz (Summer 2006). "NOW Mourns Foremothers of Feminist, Civil Rights Movements". National Organization for Women. http://www.now.org/nnt/summer-2006/foremothers.html. Retrieved on February 19. 
  3. ^ a b c h
  4. ^ a b c Henderson, Margaret (July 2007). "Betty Friedan 1921-2006". Australian Feminist Studies 22 (53): 163–166. doi:10.1080/08164640701361725. 
  5. ^ http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9302633
  6. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/national/05friedan.html?ex=1296795600&en=30472e5004a66ea3&ei=5090
  7. ^ Davis, Flora (1991). Moving the Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 50–53. 
  8. ^ http://www.notablebiographies.com/Fi-Gi/Friedan-Betty.html
  9. ^ NOW statement on Friedan's death
  10. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/national/05friedan.html?pagewanted=3&ei=5090&en=30472e5004a66ea3&ex=1296795600
  11. ^ http://www.notablebiographies.com/Fi-Gi/Friedan-Betty.html
  12. ^ http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9302633
  13. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/national/05friedan.html?ex=1296795600&en=30472e5004a66ea3&ei=5090
  14. ^ Freeman, Jo (February 2005). "Shirley Chisholm's 1972 Presidential Campaign". University of Illinois at Chicago Women's History Project. http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/polhistory/chisholm.htm. 
  15. ^ [1][dead link]
  16. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDZh3nY9clY#
  17. ^ http://www.hulu.com/watch/55118/independent-lens-sisters-of-77
  18. ^ http://www.notablebiographies.com/Fi-Gi/Friedan-Betty.html
  19. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDZh3nY9clY#
  20. ^ National Organization for Women. Tributes to Betty Friedan. http://www.now.org/history/friedan-tribute-compilation.html
  21. ^ a b Wolf, Allan. The Mystique of Betty Friedan. http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/99sep/9909friedan.htm
  22. ^ Iowa Sate University Archive of Women’s Political Communication. Betty Friedan. http://www.womenspeecharchive.org/women/profile/index.cfm?ProfileID=112
  23. ^ a b c d Daniel Horowitz. "Betty Friedan and the Making of "The Feminine Mystique".University of Massachusetts Press, 1998.
  24. ^ Blau, Justine. Betty Friedan: Feminist.Chelsea House Publications 1990.
  25. ^ Bohannon, Lisa Fredenksen. Woman’s work: The story of Betty Friedan. Morgan Reynolds Publishing 2004.
  26. ^ Sheman, Janann. Interviews with Betty Friedan. University Press of Mississippi 2002.
  27. ^ The Betty I knew | World news | The Guardian
  28. ^ Ginsberg L., "Ex-hubby fires back at feminist icon Betty," New York Post, 5 July 2000
  29. ^ Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause in 'Feminine Mystique,' Dies at 85 - New York Times

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Obituaries

[edit] External links

Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Betty Friedan
Sister project Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Betty Friedan
Preceded by
(none)		 President of the National Organization for Women
1966 - 1970		 Succeeded by
Aileen Hernandez
Persondata
NAME Friedan, Betty
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Goldstein, Bettye Naomi
SHORT DESCRIPTION American activist
DATE OF BIRTH February 4, 1921
PLACE OF BIRTH Peoria, Illinois, United States
DATE OF DEATH February 4, 2006
PLACE OF DEATH Washington, D.C., United States
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Friedan"
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