Federico Fellini

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Federico Fellini

Born January 20, 1920(1920-01-20)
Rimini, Italy
Died October 31, 1993 (aged 73)
Rome, Italy
Years active (1945 - 1990)
Spouse(s) Giulietta Masina (1943 - 1993)

Federico Fellini, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI[1] (January 20, 1920 – October 31, 1993) was an Italian film director. Known for a distinct style which meshes fantasy and baroque images, he is considered as one of the most influential and widely revered filmmakers of the 20th century.

Contents

[edit] Life

Federico Fellini was born in 1920 to Ida Barbiani (1896-1984) and Urbano Fellini (1894-1956), a traveling salesman and wholesale vendor from Gambettola. Fellini's mother and father had a civil marriage ceremony in August 1918, followed by a religious wedding celebration the following January, 1919. Fellini had two siblings: Riccardo (1921-1991) and Maria Maddalena (m. Fabbri; 1929-2002). Fellini was born in Rimini, and his childhood experiences would later play an important part in many of his films, in particular, I vitelloni (1953), 8½ (1963) and Amarcord (1973). Although Fellini drew from his real life experiences, his intimate friends, such as screenwriters Tullio Pinelli and Bernardino Zapponi, cinematographer Giuseppe Rotunno and set designer Dante Ferretti have insisted that Fellini invented his own memories simply for the pleasure of narrating them in his films.[2]

During Mussolini's Fascist regime, Fellini and his brother, Riccardo, were part of the Avanguardista, the fascist youth group that every adolescent Italian male was obliged to join. After moving to Rome in the spring of 1939, Fellini landed a well-paid job writing articles for the hugely popular satirical weekly, Marc’Aurelio. It was at this time that he interviewed Aldo Fabrizi, inaugurating a friendship that would lead to professional collaboration and radio work. Of conscription age since 1939, Fellini had nonetheless managed to avoid being drafted through a suite of clever ruses. Commenting on this turbulent epoch, Fellini biographer Tullio Kezich notes that although "the Marc'Aurelio period was happy, the happiness masked a phase of shameless political apathy. Many living under the Mussolini dictatorship during its last years experienced the schizophrenic tug between official loyalty to the regime and the intrinsic freedom of humor."[3] In 1942, Fellini met Giulietta Masina, and a year later, on October 30, 1943, they were married. Thus began one of the great creative partnerships in world cinema. Several months after their marriage, Masina fell down the stairs and suffered a miscarriage. Then, on March 22, 1945, Pierfederico (nicknamed Federichino) was born but died a mere month later on April 24. These family tragedies affected the couple in profound ways, particularly in the conception of La strada (1954).[4]

The fascist regime fell on July 25, 1943, and the Allies liberated Rome on June 4, 1944. During that euphoric summer, Fellini set up the Funny-Face Shop with his friend De Seta, drawing caricatures of Allied soldiers for money. It was here that Roberto Rossellini came to see Fellini about his project, titled Rome, Open City (1945). Rossellini wanted the young man to introduce him to Aldo Fabrizi and collaborate on the script (with Suso Cecchi D'Amato, Piero Tellini, and Alberto Lattuada). Fellini accepted, contributing gags and dialogue. Fellini also worked with Rossellini on the anthology film L'Amore (1948), co-writing the screenplay, and appearing as actor in one segment "The Miracle" with Anna Magnani.

In 1993, Fellini received an Oscar "in recognition of his cinematic accomplishments that have thrilled and entertained audiences worldwide." That same year, he died of a heart attack in Rome at the age of 73, a day after his fiftieth wedding anniversary on October 31st. His wife, Giulietta Masina, died six months later of lung cancer on March 23 1994. Fellini, Giulietta Masina and their son Pierfederico are buried in the same bronze tomb sculpted by Arnaldo Pomodoro. Shaped like a ship's prow in the water, the tomb is located at the main entrance to the Cemetery of Rimini. The Federico Fellini International Airport in Rimini is named in his honor.

[edit] Career

Variety Lights (1950), Fellini's first film, was co-directed with the more experienced director, Alberto Lattuada. The film is a charming backstage comedy set amongst the world of small-time traveling performers, a world Fellini knew well after working on Roberto Rossellini's Paisà in 1946. While the film shoot was an exhilarating one for the 30-year-old Fellini, its release to poor reviews and limited distribution proved a disaster for all concerned. The production company went bankrupt, leaving both Fellini and Lattuada with debts to pay for over a decade.[5]

Fellini's first solo-directed film was The White Sheik (1952). Starring Alberto Sordi, the film is a revised version of a treatment first written by Michelangelo Antonioni in 1949 and based on the fotoromanzi, the very popular photographed cartoon strip romance magazines published in Italy at the time. Producer Carlo Ponti had commissioned Fellini and Tullio Pinelli to develop the treatment. Finding the finished screenplay perplexing, Antonioni gave it to Alberto Lattuada who also turned it down. Fellini then decided to take the plunge and direct the film himself.

Working on the new script with Fellini and Pinelli was playwright Ennio Flaiano (who also co-wrote Variety Lights with Fellini and Lattuada). Together, they crafted a now classic tale of a newly-wed couple whose outward appearance of respectability is demolished by the fantasies of the immature wife (convincingly portrayed by Brunella Bovo). For the first time, Fellini and his composer, Nino Rota, worked together on the film's score. Having met in Rome in 1945, their collaboration continued successfully until Rota's death during the making of the ill-fated City of Women in 1980. This exceptional artistic relationship has been memorably described as one of "empathy, irrationality and magic."[6]

A major discovery for Fellini after his Italian neorealism period (1950-1959) was the work of Carl Jung, whom he first read in 1961 under the supervision of noted Jungian psychoanalyst, Ernst Bernhard. Jung's seminal ideas on the anima and the animus, the role of archetypes and the collective unconscious, were vigorously explored in such classics as 8½ (1963), Juliet of the Spirits (1965), Satyricon (1969), Casanova (1976) and City of Women (1980).[7]

Fellini's films were widely acclaimed, and four of his films won the Best Foreign Film Oscar: La strada (1954); Le Notti di Cabiria (1957); 8½ (1963) and Amarcord (1973). La dolce vita (1960) was also awarded the Palme d'Or at Festival de Cannes and is considered a quintessential film of the 1960s.[citation needed] The film also contributed the term paparazzi to the language, derived from Paparazzo, the photographer friend of journalist Marcello Rubini (Marcello Mastroianni). [8]

Fellini's works garnered numerous awards, including four Oscars, two Silver Lions, a Palme d'Or and a grand prize at the Moscow International Film Festival. In 1990, Fellini won the prestigious Praemium Imperiale awarded by the Japan Art Association. Considered as the equivalent of the Nobel Prize, the award covers five disciplines: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Music, and Theatre/Film. Other winners include Akira Kurosawa, David Hockney, Balthus, Pina Bausch, and Maurice Béjart.

[edit] Other work

In 1948, Fellini acted in Roberto Rossellini's Il miracolo with Anna Magnani. To play the role of a silent rogue who is mistaken by Magnani for a saint, Fellini had to bleach his black hair blond. Fellini also wrote scripts for radio shows and movies (most notably for Rossellini, Pietro Germi, Eduardo De Filippo and Mario Monicelli) as well as numerous and often uncredited gags for well known comic actors like Aldo Fabrizi. A gifted caricaturist, Fellini produced satirical drawings in pencil, watercolors and colored felt pens that toured Europe and North America, and which are now eagerly sought after by collectors. Much of the inspiration for his sketches was derived from his own dreams while the films-in-progress stimulated drawings for decor, costumes and set designs (just as it was for Sergei Eisenstein whose own drawings share striking affinities with Fellini's work). [9]

In 1990, Fellini's graphic novel Trip to Tulum was published in the magazine Crisis with artwork by Milo Manara and English translation by Stefano Gaudiano, and as a comic book novel by Catalan Communications later the same year. [10] In 1991 and 1992 Fellini worked in close collaboration with Canadian filmmaker Damian Pettigrew to establish "the longest and most detailed conversations ever recorded on film." [11] Excerpts from these conversations later served as the basis of Pettigrew's feature documentary, Fellini: I'm a Born Liar (2002) and the book, I'm a Born Liar: A Fellini Lexicon. Italian film critic and Fellini biographer, Tullio Kezich, has described these works as the "Maestro's spiritual testament." [12]

[edit] Influence and legacy

Plaque to Fellini on Via Veneto, Rome

A unique combination of memory, dreams, fantasy and desire, Fellini's films are deeply personal visions of society, often portraying people at their most bizarre. The term "Felliniesque" is used to describe any scene in which a hallucinatory image invades an otherwise ordinary situation. Important contemporary filmmakers such as Woody Allen, David Lynch, Girish Kasaravalli, David Cronenberg, Stanley Kubrick, Martin Scorsese, [13] Tim Burton,[14] Pedro Almodovar, Terry Gilliam[15] and Emir Kusturica[16] have all cited Fellini's influence on their work. Woody Allen, in particular, has used Fellini's imagery and themes in several films: Stardust Memories evokes 8 1/2, Radio Days is reminiscent of Amarcord while Broadway Danny Rose and The Purple Rose of Cairo echo Variety Lights and The White Sheik, respectively.[citation needed]

Polish director, Wojciech Has, whose two major films, The Saragossa Manuscript (1965) and The Hour-Glass Sanatorium (1973) are outstanding examples of modernist fantasies, has been compared to Fellini for the sheer "luxuriance of his images." [17] In 2001, singer Fish released an album titled Fellini Days, taking inspiration for the lyrics and music from the works of Fellini. Fellini's work was, and continues to be, a strong inspiration for the music and image of the rock band, the B-52's. They cited his influence from films such as 8 1/2 for their trademark bouffant hairstyles and retro-futuristic clothing styles.[citation needed] Most recently, his work was the main inspiration behind their latest album, Funplex (2008) with the song Juliet of the Spirits.

[edit] Filmography as director

Links to Fellini's drawings related to single films

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ quirinale.it
  2. ^ See Bernardino Zapponi's memoir, Il mio Fellini (Roma:Marsilio Editori), 1995, and Fellini's own insistence on having invented his cinematic memories in I'm a Born Liar: A Fellini Lexicon, ed. Damian Pettigrew (New York: Abrams), 2003.
  3. ^ See Kezich, Fellini: His Life and Work, p. 36.
  4. ^ See Kezich, Fellini: His Life and Work, p.157 and the filmed interview with Luigi Titta Benzi in Fellini: I'm a Born Liar (2003).
  5. ^ This information is found in Tullio Kezich, Federico Fellini: His Life and Work (New York: Faber & Faber), 2006, p.114.
  6. ^ See Kezich, Fellini: His Life and Work, p.125.
  7. ^ The influence of Jung and Italian popular culture such as the Corriere dei Piccoli on Fellini's style are closely examined in Peter Bondanella, The Cinema of Federico Fellini, (Princeton:Princeton University Press), 1992.
  8. ^ Fellini scholar Peter Bondanella argues that although "it is indeed an Italian family name, the word paparazzo is probably a corruption of the word papataceo, a large and bothersome mosquito. Ennio Flaiano, the film's co-screenwriter and creator of Paparazzo, reports that he took the name from a character in a novel by George Gissing." Cited in Bondanella, Peter, The Cinema of Federico Fellini, Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 136. The title of Gissing's novel is By the Ionian Sea (1901).
  9. ^ A selection and analysis of these working drawings are available in Pier Marco De Santi, I disegni di Fellini, (Roma: Editori Laterza), 1993. For comparing Fellini's graphic work with Eisenstein's, see S.M. Eisenstein, Dessins secrets (Paris: Seuil), 1999.
  10. ^ Elizabeth Bell supplied additional translations of short essays by Fellini and Vicenzo Mollica for the Catalan Communications North American edition.
  11. ^ Cited in Peter Bondanella's review of the film, Fellini: I'm a Born Liar, in Cineaste Magazine, September 22, 2003, p. 32.
  12. ^ Cited in Kezich's forward to I'm a Born Liar: A Fellini Lexicon, (New York: Abrams), p.5. In Fellini: His Life and Work, Kezich observes that "some consider Fellini yesterday's news, and still others expect that old age will bring an even higher vision and more useful prophecies. That theory seems almost confirmed by the suddenly quite serious and thoughtful interview that Fellini will give Canadian director Damian Pettigrew in April 1992, the maestro's last long intimate discussion" (p. 388).
  13. ^ See City of Absurdity Quote Collection Accessed Sept 17 2008
  14. ^ See Tim Burton Collective Accessed Sept 17 2008
  15. ^ See Gilliam at Senses of Cinema Accessed Sept 17 2008
  16. ^ See Kusturica Interview at BNET Accessed Sept 17 2008
  17. ^ Cited in Gilbert Guez's film review of The Saragossa Manuscript, Le Figaro, 1966.

[edit] Further reading

  • Bondanella, Peter (1992). The Cinema of Federico Fellini. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00875-2.  In-depth study of Fellini's cultural and artistic influences.
  • Kezich, Tullio (2006). Federico Fellini: His Life and Work. New York: Faber and Faber, Inc. ISBN 0-571-21168-2.  Biography of Fellini by renowned specialist and film critic.
  • Walter, Eugene; Katherine Clark (2002). Milking the Moon: A Southerner's Story of Life on This Planet. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-609-80965-2.  The author describes his many years of working with Fellini in Italy.

[edit] Documentaries

[edit] External links

Sister project Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Federico Fellini
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Films directed by Federico Fellini
1950s
The White Sheik (1951)  • I Vitelloni (1953)  • La strada (1954)  • Il Bidone (1955)  • Nights of Cabiria (1957)
1960s
La Dolce Vita (1960)  • 8½ (1963)  • Juliet of the Spirits (1965)  • Satyricon (1969)
1970s
The Clowns (1970)  • Roma (1972)  • Amarcord (1973)  • Casanova (1976)  • Orchestra Rehearsal (1979)
1980s
City of Women (1980)  • And the Ship Sails On (1983)  • Ginger and Fred (1986)  • Intervista (1987)
1990s


Persondata
NAME Fellini, Federico
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Director, screenwriter
DATE OF BIRTH January 20, 1920
PLACE OF BIRTH Rimini, Italy
DATE OF DEATH October 31, 1993
PLACE OF DEATH Rome, Italy
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Fellini"
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