Guangzhou

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City of Guangzhou
广州市
From top: Tianhe CBD, Pearl River Bridge, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hall, and the Five Rams
From top: Tianhe CBD, Pearl River Bridge, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hall, and the Five Rams
Nickname(s): The Flower City, Five Rams City
Location of Guangzhou within Guangdong in China
Location of Guangzhou within Guangdong in China
City of Guangzhou is located in China
City of Guangzhou
City of Guangzhou
Location in China
Coordinates: 23°06′32″N 113°15′53″E / 23.10889°N 113.26472°E / 23.10889; 113.26472
Country  People's Republic of China
Province Guangdong
Officiated 1918
Government
 - Mayor Zhang Guangning
Area
 - City 7,434.4 km2 (2,870.4 sq mi)
 - Urban 3,843.4 km2 (6,000 sq mi)
 - Metro 9,123 km2 (3,522.4 sq mi)
Elevation 11 m (37 ft)
Population (2006)[citation needed]
 - City 7,607,200
 - Density 1,023/km2 (2,649.6/sq mi)
 - Urban 6,253,300
 - Metro 9,754,600
 - Metro Density 1,627/km2 (4,213.9/sq mi)
Time zone UTC (UTC+8)
Postal code 510000
Website http://www.gz.gov.cn
Guangzhou
Simplified Chinese: 广州
Traditional Chinese: 廣州
Cantonese Jyutping: Gwong² zau1
Hanyu Pinyin: Guǎngzhōu

Guangzhou (simplified Chinese: 广州; traditional Chinese: 廣州; pinyin: Guǎngzhōu; jyutping : Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the capital of Guangdong (Kwangtung / Canton) Province and a sub-provincial cityin the southern part of the People's Republic of China. The city and surrounding areas, particularly the areas between the city and Hong Kong, through the heavily traded Pearl River Delta region, are often simply called by their provincial name in English, Canton. It is a port on the Pearl River, navigable to the South China Sea, and is located about 120 km (75 miles) northwest of Hong Kong. As of the 2000 census, the city has a population of 6 million, and a metropolitan population of roughly 8.5 million (though some estimates are as high as 12.6 million)[1] making it the most populous city in the province and the third most populous metropolitan area in mainland China. The official estimate of the metro's population at end 2006 by the Provincial Government was 9,754,600.

Contents

[edit] History

Site of the first National Congress of Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party)

The first known city built at the site of Guangzhou was Panyu (蕃禺, later simplified to 番禺; Poon Yu in Cantonese) founded in 214 BC. The city has been continuously occupied since that time. Panyu was expanded when it became the capital of the Nanyue Kingdom (南越) in 206 BC.

Recent archaeological founding of her palace suggests that the city might have traded frequently with foreigners by the sea routes. The foreign trade continued through every following dynasty and the city remains a major international trading port to this day.

The Han Dynasty annexed Nanyue in 111 BC, and Panyu became a provincial capital and remains so until this day. In 226 AD, the city however became the seat of the Guang Prefecture (廣州; Guangzhou). Therefore, "Guangzhou" was the name of the prefecture, not of the city. However, people grew accustomed to calling the city Guangzhou, instead of Panyu.

Although the Chinese name of Guangzhou replaced Panyu as the name of the walled city, Panyu was still the name of the area surrounding the walled city until the end of Qing era.

Arab and Persian pirates sacked Guangzhou (known to them as Sin-Kalan) in AD 758, ² according to a local Guangzhou government report on October 30 758, which corresponded to the day of Guisi (癸巳) of the ninth lunar month in the first year of the Qianyuan era of Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty.[2][3][4]

During the Northern Song Dynasty, a celebrated poet called Su Shi (Shisu) visited Guangzhou's Baozhuangyan Temple and wrote the inscription "Liu Rong" (Six Banyan Trees) because of the six banyan trees he saw there. It has since been called the Temple of the 6 Banyan Trees.

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive to the city by sea, establishing a monopoly on the external trade out of its harbor by 1511. They were later expelled from their settlements in Guangzhou (in Portuguese Cantão), but instead granted use of Macau as a trade base with the city in 1557. They would keep a near monopoly of foreign trade in the region until the arrival of the Dutch in the early seventeenth century.


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After China claimed control of Taiwan in 1683, the Qing government became open to encouraging foreign trade. Guangzhou quickly emerged as one of the most adaptable ports for negotiating commerce and before long, many foreign ships were going there to procure cargos.

Portuguese in Macau, Spanish in Manila, and Armenians and Muslims from India were already actively trading in the port by the 1690s, when the French and English British East India Company's ships began frequenting the port through the Canton System.

Other companies were soon to follow: the Ostend General India company in 1717; Dutch East India Company in 1729; the first Danish ship in 1731, which was followed by a Danish Asiatic Company ship in 1734; the Swedish East India Company in 1732; followed by an occasional Prussian and Trieste Company ship; the Americans in 1784; and the first ships from Australia in 1788.

By the middle of the 18th century, Guangzhou had emerged as one of the world's great trading ports under the Thirteen Factories, which was a distinction it maintained until the outbreak of the Opium Wars in 1839 and the opening of other ports in China in 1842. The privilege during this period made Guangzhou one of the top 3 cities in the world.[5]

Combat at Guangzhou during the Second Opium War
1919 street scene

Guangzhou's monopoly on English trade ended with the Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1842 to end the First Opium War between Britain and China. The treaty opened four new treaty ports, allowing British merchants to trade in Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, and Shanghai in addition to Guangzhou.

1888 German map of Hong Kong, Macau, and Guangzhou

In 1918, the city's urban council was established and "Guangzhou" became the official name of the city. Panyu became a county's name to the southern side of Guangzhou.

In both 1930 and 1953, Guangzhou was promoted to the status of a Municipality, but each time promotion was canceled within the year.

Japanese troops occupied Guangzhou from October 12, 1938 to September 16, 1945, after violent bombings. In the city, the Imperial Japanese Army conducted bacteriological research unit 8604, a section of unit 731, where Japanese doctors experimented on human prisoners.

Communist forces entered the city on October 14, 1949. Their urban renewal projects improved the lives of some residents. New housing on the shores of the Pearl River provided homes for the poor boat people. Reforms by Deng Xiaoping, who came to power in the late 1970s, led to rapid economic growth due to the city's close proximity to Hong Kong and access to the Pearl River.

As labor costs increased in Hong Kong, manufacturers opened new plants in the cities of Guangdong including Guangzhou. As the largest city in one of China's wealthiest provinces, Guangzhou attracts farmers from the countryside looking for factory work. Cantonese links to overseas Chinese and beneficial tax reforms of the 1990s have aided the city's rapid growth.

In 2000, Huadu and Panyu were merged into Guangzhou as districts, and Conghua and Zengcheng became county-level cities of Guangzhou.

[edit] Geography and climate

Guangzhou is located at 112°57'E to 114°3'E and 22°26'N to 23°56'N. The city is part of the Pearl River Delta.

Guangzhou has a humid subtropical climate influenced by the Asian monsoon. Summers are wet with high temperatures and a high humidity index. Winters are mild, dry and sunny.


 Weather averages for Guangzhou 
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 17
(64)		 17
(64)		 20
(69)		 25
(77)		 28
(84)		 30
(87)		 32
(90)		 32
(90)		 31
(88)		 27
(82)		 23
(74)		 20
(68)		 25
(78)
Average low °C (°F) 10
(51)		 12
(54)		 15
(60)		 19
(67)		 22
(73)		 25
(77)		 26
(79)		 26
(79)		 24
(76)		 21
(70)		 16
(61)		 11
(52)		 18
(66)
Precipitation cm (inches) 4.1
(1.6)		 6.9
(2.7)		 9.7
(3.8)		 17
(6.7)		 26.4
(10.4)		 26.4
(10.4)		 24.6
(9.7)		 23.1
(9.1)		 15.7
(6.2)		 6.3
(2.5)		 4.1
(1.6)		 3
(1.2)		 169.2
(66.6)
Source: Weatherbase[6] Mar 2009
CITIC Plaza
Shamian Island

[edit] Significant buildings

The IFP Tower (left) with
IFC/West Tower (right) and Guangzhou Opera House (front) under construction

[edit] Demographics

Population (2006)： Metro - 9,754,600, Urban - 6,253,300, and City - 7,607,200

Districts/Cities Population
Yuexiu 1,151,481
Liwan 705,262
Haizhu 890,512
Tianhe 645,453
Baiyun 767,688
Huangpu 193,641
Huadu 636,706
Panyu 947,607
Nansha 147,579
Luogang 167,360
Zengcheng City 810,554
Conghua City 543,377

[edit] Administrative divisions

Guangzhou's Yuexiu CBD and Financial Centres.
Pearl River (China) night cruise
The pedestrian-only Beijing Road, Guangzhou's historical shopping promenade.
Huanghuagang Mausoleum of 72 Martyrs
Sunset in Guangzhou

Guangzhou is a sub-provincial city. It has direct jurisdiction over ten districts and two county-level cities.

Map Name Chinese characters (Hanzi) Hanyu Pinyin Cantonese Yale

Luogang (GZ Economic and Technological Development Zone)
Districts
Yuexiu 越秀区 / 越秀區 Yuèxiù Qū Yut6sau3 Keui1
Liwan 荔湾区 / 荔灣區 Lìwān Qū Lai6waan1 Keui1
Haizhu 海珠区 / 海珠區 Hǎizhū Qū Hoi2jyu1 Keui1
Tianhe 天河区 / 天河區 Tiānhé Qū Tin1ho4 Keui1
Baiyun 白云区 / 白雲區 Báiyún Qū Baak6wan4 Keui1
Huangpu 黄埔区 / 黃埔區 Huángpǔ Qū Wong4bou3 Keui1
Huadu 花都区 / 花都區 Huādu Qū Fa1dou1 Keui1
Panyu 番禺区 / 番禺區 Pānyú Qū Pun1yu4 Keui1
Nansha 南沙区 / 南沙區 Nánshā Qū Naam4sa1 Keui1
Luogang 萝岗区 / 蘿崗區 Luógǎng Qū Lo4gong1 Keui1
County-level cities
Zengcheng City 增城市 / 增城市 Zēngchéng Shì Jang1sing4 Si5
Conghua City 从化市 / 從化市 Cónghuà Shì Chung4fa3 Si5

As of April 28, 2005, the districts of Dongshan and Fangcun have been abolished and merged into Yuexiu and Liwan respectively; at the same time the district of Nansha was established out of parts of Panyu, and the district of Luogang was established out of parts of Baiyun, Tianhe, and Zengcheng, plus a part of Huangpu, making an exclave next to Huangpu.

[edit] City of Guangfo

In January 2009 the National People's Congress approved a development plan for the Pearl River Delta Region. On March 19, 2009 the Guangzhou Municipal Government and Foshan Municipal Government both agreed to establish a framework to merge the two cities.[7]

[edit] Economy

Guangzhou is the economic centre of the Pearl River Delta, one of mainland China's leading commercial and manufacturing regions. In 2008, the GDP reached ¥821.58 billion (US $118 billion), per capita was ¥81,233 (US $11,696), ranking 6th among the other 659 Chinese cities.[citation needed]

The China Import and Export Fair, also called "Canton Fair", is held every year in April and October by Ministry of Trading. Inaugurated in the spring of 1957, the Fair is a major event for the city. From the 104th session, Liuhua Complex is not in use to hold Canton Fair. All the booths have been transferred to Pazhou Complex. From the 104th session, Canton Fair has been arranged in 3 phrases instead of 2 phrases.[8]

[edit] Industrial zones

  • Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Guangzhou Nansha Development Zone
  • Shantou Free Trade Zone

[edit] Science City

[edit] Culture

[edit] Parks and gardens

[edit] Education

[edit] Higher education institutes

Sun Yat-sen College of Medical Science, Sun Yat-sen University
The main gate of Sun Yat-sen University

National universities

Public universities and colleges

Note: Institutes without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.

[edit] Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre

Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre also known as Guangzhou University City is a large university complex located in the southeast suburbs of Guangzhou. This huge higher education centre occupies the entire Xiaoguwei island in Panyu District, covering an area of about 18 square kilometres. It houses campuses from ten universities, some of which also have other campuses elsewhere. The whole Higher Education Mega Centre can accommodate up to 200,000 students, 20,000 teachers and 50,000 staffs.[9]

Universities which have campuses in the Mega Centre:

[edit] Secondary and high schools

[edit] International schools

[edit] Media

Guangzhou has two local radio stations, the provincial Radio Guangdong and the municipal Radio Guangzhou. Together they broadcast Cantonese and Mandarin programmes in more than ten channels. The Beijing-based China National Radio broadcasts Putonghua programmes in the city, while other radio stations from cities around Guangzhou mainly broadcast in Cantonese, channels of which can be received in some parts of the city. Radio Guangdong produces a 15-minute weekly English programme, Guangdong Today, which is broadcast globally through the World Radio Network but not in local channels. English news and several other short English programmes are also produced by Radio Guangdong.

Both TVB Pearl and ATV World, two major English channels in Hong Kong, can be received through cable TV in Guangzhou. The local Guangzhou Television also has its own English channel. It runs all-English programmes from evening to midnight every day.

Guangzhou has some of the best Chinese-language newspapers in Mainland China, published by three big newspaper groups in the city. The Guangzhou Daily Press Group, Nanfang Press Corporation and Yangcheng Evening News Group dominate the newspaper market of Guangdong Province or even South Mainland China. The leading newspaper of the city is Guangzhou Daily which, with a circulation of 1.8 million, has been China's most successful newspaper for 14 years in terms of advertising revenue. In addition to Guangzhou's Chinese-language publications, there are a few English magazines and newspapers, most notably That's PRD (formerly That's Guangzhou) which was started more than a decade ago and has since blossomed into one of China's leading expat magazines with issues in Beijing, Shanghai and formerly Suzhou.

[edit] Infrastructure

One of the new buses
The Sun Yat-Sen University Station of Guangzhou Metro
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

With the the first line of Guangzhou Metro opened in 1997, Guangzhou is the fourth city in Mainland China to have an underground railway system, behind Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai. Currently the underground network is made up of four lines, covering a total length of 116km, while another four lines are under construction and due to be completed in 2010 before the Asian Games. A long term plan is to make the city's underground system expand over 500km by 2020 with 15 lines in operation.

The existing four lines of Guangzhou Metro network:

  • Line 1: From Guangzhou East Railway Station to Xilang Station
  • Line 2: From Sanyuanli Station to Wanshengwei Station
  • Line 3: From Guangzhou East Railway Station and Tianhe Coach Terminal Station to Panyu Square Station
  • Line 4: From Wanshengwei Station to Jinzhou Station

Guangzhou's main airport is the New Baiyun International Airport in Huadu District open on August 5, 2004, replacing the old Baiyun International Airport which was very close to the city centre and failed to meet the fast-growing air traffic demand.

Guangzhou is well connected to Hong Kong by train, coach and ferry. Express trains depart from the Guangzhou East railway station (simplified Chinese: 广州东站; traditional Chinese: 廣州東站; pinyin: Gǔangzhōu Dōngzhàn) and arrive at the Hung Hom KCR station in Hong Kong. The route is approximately 182km in length and the ride takes less than two hours. Frequent coach services are also provided, with coaches depart every day from different locations (mostly major hotels) around the city.

There are daily ferry services including an overnight steamer service, which takes eight hours, as well as high-speed catamaran service which takes three hours, to the China Ferry Terminal or Macau Ferry Pier in Hong Kong. The Nansha Pier (新南沙客運港), located in the distant Nansha District outside the city centre, is also operating six daily 75-minute catamaran services to Hong Kong.

From January 1, 2007, the municipal government has banned motorcycles in the urban areas. Motorcycles found violating the ban will be confiscated.[10] The Guangzhou traffic bureau claimed to have reported reduced traffic problems and accidents in the downtown area since the ban[11].

According to the official China Daily of July 6, 2007, all buses and taxis in Guangzhou will be LPG-fueled by 2010 to promote clean energy for transportation and improve the environment [12]. At present, Guangzhou is the city that uses the most LPG-fueled vehicles in the world. Till the end of 2006, 6,500 buses and 16,000 taxis were using LPG, taking up 85% of all buses and taxis .

[edit] Tourist attractions

Temple of the Six Banyan Trees
Shishi Sacred Heart Cathedral
The Huaisheng Mosque

Guangzhou has a lovely climate year-round with almost no winter. Annual average temperature is 21.8 degrees. Autumn, from October to December, is very moderate, cool and windy, and is the best travel time.[13] There are many tourist attractions around the city which include:

[edit] Local products

  • Canton Sculpture includes Canton Ivory Carvings, Jade Sculpture, Wood Sculpture and Olive Sculpture.
  • Canton Enamel is short for Guangzhou Colorful Pottery. It has a history of over 300 years.
  • Canton Embroidery, namely Yue Embroidery, is one of the Four Famous Chinese Embroideries together with Su Embroidery, Xiang Embroidery and Shu Embroidery.
  • Canton Bacon is the general designation of cured meat in the Guangzhou Area.
  • Zhujiang Beer

[edit] Sister cities

Pearl River at night
Guangzhou TV & Sightseeing Tower, 2008

Guangzhou is twinned with the following cities:

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Demographia World Urban Areas population projections
  2. ^ Welsh, Frank (1974). Maya Rao. ed. A Borrowed Place: The History of Hong Kong. pp. 13. ISBN 1-56836-134-3. 
  3. ^ Needham, Joseph (1954). Science & Civilisation in China. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1, 179. 
  4. ^ Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government). 
  5. ^ "Top 10 Cities of the Year 1800". About.com. http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201e.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-28. 
  6. ^ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Guangzhou, China" (in English). Weatherbase. 2007. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=078295&refer=. 
  7. ^ Guangzhou and Foshan signed "City Merge Cooperation Framework"
  8. ^ "Canton Fair". China Highlights. http://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/canton-fair/. Retrieved on 2008-11-10. 
  9. ^ "Mega Campus goes Wireless" (PDF). Intel Corporation. http://www.intel.com/business/casestudies/guangzhou_higher_education.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-08-28. 
  10. ^ "Guangzhou Bans Motorcycles". Life of Guangzhou. 2007-01-03. http://www.lifeofguangzhou.com/node_10/node_37/node_85/2007/01/03/116778797013245.shtml. Retrieved on 2008-08-28. 
  11. ^ "Traffic Jam Improve after Motorcycle Ban". Life of Guangzhou. 2007-01-19. http://www.lifeofguangzhou.com/node_10/node_37/node_85/2007/01/19/116916856413959.shtml. Retrieved on 2008-08-28. 
  12. ^ "Date set for LPG-fueled buses, taxis". China Daily. 2007-07-06. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-07/06/content_911176.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-28. 
  13. ^ "Travel China Guide: Fascinating Guangzhou". Blogspot. 2008-08-12. http://worldstepper-daworldisntenough.blogspot.com/2008/08/travel-china-guide-fascinating.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-21. 

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Guangzhou


Preceded by
Nanjing		 Capital of the Republic of China (during Chinese Civil War)
1949		 Succeeded by
Chongqing
v • d • e
Guangdong Province
History • Politics • People • Economy • Language • Music • Cuisine
Sub-provincial cities
Guangzhou • Shenzhen
Hunan in China
Prefecture-level cities
See also: List of Guangdong County-level divisions
v • d • e
Pearl River Delta Region
Pearl River Delta Economic Zone
Cities
Guangzhou • Shenzhen • Zhuhai • Dongguan • Zhongshan • Foshan • Jiangmen
Huizhou: (Huicheng • Huidong • Boluo) • Zhaoqing: (Sihui • Gaoyao) • Hong Kong • Macau
Pearl River Delta
Economy of China
v • d • e
Districts of Guangzhou
Districts

Yuexiu · Liwan · Haizhu · Tianhe · Baiyun · Huangpu · Huadu · Panyu · Nansha · Luogang
Guangzhou
County-level cities
v • d • e
Major cities of Greater China
People's Republic of China
Changchun · Chengdu · Dalian · Guangzhou · Hangzhou · Jinan · Harbin · Nanjing · Ningbo · Qingdao · Shenyang · Shenzhen · Wuhan · Xi'an · Xiamen
Provincial capitals (not included above)
Republic of China
v • d • e
World's fifty most-populous urban areas

Coordinates: 23°06′32″N 113°15′53″E / 23.10889°N 113.26472°E / 23.10889; 113.26472

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