Healthy diet

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Fresh vegetables are important components of a healthy diet.

A healthy diet is one that helps maintain or improve health. It is important for the prevention of many chronic disease such as: obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.[1]

A healthy diet involves consuming appropriate amounts all of the food groups, including an adequate amount of water. Nutrients can be obtained from many different food, thus a healthy diet may vary widely.

Contents

[edit] Overview

The WHO makes the following 6 recommendations with respect to both populations and individuals:[2]

Other recommendations include:

  • Sufficient essential amino acids ("complete protein") to provide cellular replenishment and transport proteins. All essential amino acids are present in animals. A select few plants (such as soy and hemp) give all the essential acids. A combination of other plants may also provide all essential amino acids (except rice and beans which have limitations).
  • Essential micronutrients such as vitamins and certain minerals.
  • Avoiding directly poisonous (e.g. heavy metals) and carcinogenic (e.g. benzene) substances;
  • Avoiding foods contaminated by human pathogens (e.g. E. coli, tapeworm eggs).

[edit] Fruits and vegetables

The WHO recommends a minimum of 400g of fruit and vegetables per day. This groups excludes potatoes and other starchy tubers.[3] Fruits and vegetables also prevent several micronutrient deficiencies.[3]

[edit] Meat

Some evidence shows an increased mortality with high red meat intake.[4]

[edit] Salt

While a moderate amount of salt is required for health, a high salt diet can have detrimental effects on blood pressure.[citation needed]

[edit] Healthy diets

[edit] DASH diet

See main article: DASH diet

[edit] Unhealthy diets

An unhealthy diet is a major risk factor for a number of chronic diseases including: high blood pressure, diabetes, abnormal blood lipids, overweight/obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.[5]

The WHO estimates that 2.7 million deaths are attributable to a diet low in fruit and vegetable every year.[5] Globally it is estimated to cause about 19% of gastrointestinal cancer, 31% of ischaemic heart disease, and 11% of strokes.[3] Thus making it one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide.[6]

[edit] Food additive controversy

Some claim that food additives, such as artificial sweeteners, colorants, preserving agents, and flavorings may cause health problems such as increasing the risk of cancer or ADHD.

Several recent studies have also shown that artificial sweeteners, such as Aspartame, may increase risks of obesity. A study led by Sharon P. Fowler found that drinking two cans of either regular or diet soft-drink a day increased the risk of becoming overweight or obese by 50%.[citation needed]

There is a lot of controversy around the use of Aspartame alone, and one test has shown that the Aspartame in Diet Coke "decomposes into formaldehyde, methyl alcohol, formic acid, diketopiperazine and other toxins. In a study on 7 monkeys 5 had grand mal seizures and one died, a casualty rate of 86%." It has also been shown in studies that Diet Coke may cause 92 symptoms listed by the FDA, one of them being Death. However, Aspartame has not been actually "proven" to be dangerous in any way, and the makers of it claim that it is one of the safest artificial sweeteners, and that it has been tested several times by their company.

[edit] Fast food

Examples of fast food critics include Morgan Spurlock and Eric Schlosser.

[edit] Fad diets

See main article: Fad diet

[edit] Public health

Fears of high cholesterol were frequently voiced up until the mid-1990s. However, more recent research has shown that the distinction between high- and low-density lipoprotein ('good' and 'bad' cholesterol, respectively) must be addressed when speaking of the potential ill effects of cholesterol. Low-density lipoprotein is often prevalent in animal products, such as bacon and egg yolks, whereas high-density lipoprotein is more common in plant and fish tissues, such as olive oil and salmon.

Media coverage of mass-produced, processed, "snack" or "sweet" products directly marketed at children has worked to undermine policy efforts to improve eating habits. The main problem with such advertisements for foods is that alcohol and fast food are portrayed as offering excitement, escape and instant gratification.

Particularly within the last five years government agencies have attempted to combat the amount and method of media coverage lavished upon "junk" foods. Governments also put pressure on businesses to promote healthful food options, consider limiting the availability of junk food in state-run schools, and tax foods that are high in fat. Most recently, the United Kingdom removed the rights for McDonald's to advertise its products, as the majority of the foods that were seen have low nutrient values were aimed at children under the guise of the "Happy Meal". The British Heart Foundation released its own government-funded advertisements, labeled "Food4Thought", which were targeted at children and adults displaying the gory nature of how fast food is generally constituted.

[edit] Cultural and psychological factors

From a psychological perspective, a new healthy diet may be difficult to achieve for a person with poor eating habits. This may be due to tastes acquired in early adolescence and preferences for fatty foods. It may be easier for such a person to transition to a healthy diet if treats such as chocolate are allowed; sweets may act as mood stabilizers, which could help reinforce correct nutrient intake.

It is known that the experiences we have in childhood relating to consumption of food affect our perspective on food consumption in later life. From this, we are able to determine ourselves our limits of how much we will eat, as well as foods we will not eat - which can develop into eating disorders, such as anorexia, bulimia, or orthorexia This is also true with how we perceive the sizes of the meals or amounts of food we consume daily; people have different interpretations of small and large meals based on upbringing.

While plants, vegetables, and fruits are known to help reduce the incidence of chronic disease,[citation needed] the benefits on health posed by plant-based foods, as well as the percentage of which a diet needs to be plant based in order to have health benefits is unknown. Nevertheless, plant-based food diets in society and between nutritionist circles are linked to health and longevity, as well as contributing to lowering cholesterol, weight loss, and in some cases, stress reduction.[citation needed]

Indeed, ideas of what counts as "healthy eating" have varied in different times and places, according to scientific advances in the field of nutrition, cultural fashions, religious proscriptions, or personal considerations.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ "WHO | Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption around the world". WHO. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/fruit/en/index.html. 
  2. ^ "WHO | Diet". WHO. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/diet/en/index.html. 
  3. ^ a b c "WHO | Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption around the world". WHO. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/fruit/en/index.html. 
  4. ^ "Arch Intern Med -- Meat Intake and Mortality: A Prospective Study of Over Half a Million People, March 23, 2009, Sinha et al. 169 (6): 562". http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/169/6/562. 
  5. ^ a b "WHO | Diet and physical activity: a public health priority". http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/en/. 
  6. ^ Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ (May 2006). "Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data". Lancet 367 (9524): 1747–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9. PMID 16731270. 

[edit] Notes

  1. ^  MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food) 1990: Eight Guidelines for a healthy diet London: Food Sense
  2. ^  Barasi, Mary E. (2003) Human Nutrition: A Health Perspective London:Arnold
  3. ^  Spurlock, M. Supersize Me - A film of epic Proportions Columbia Tristar
  4. ^  Nestle, M. (1998) Animal v plant foods in human diets and health - Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
  5. ^  National Health Service (2005) Five a day - a guide to healthy eating NHS Press (http://www.5aday.nhs.uk/)
  6. ^  Johnson, R. K. (2000). The 2000 Dietary Guidelines for Americans: foundation of US nutrition policy. - British Nutrition Foundation Nutrition Bulletin 25. p241-248
  7. ^  Achterberg, C., McDonnell, E., Fagby, R. (1994) How to put the Food Guide Pyramid into practice - Jornal of the American Dietetic Association Volume 94 p 1030-1035
  8. ^  United Kingdom Department of Health (2005): Choosing Health: making healthier choices easier -- Public Health White Paper CM 6374 retrieved from: United Kingdom Department of Health Website
  9. ^ United States Department of Agriculture (2005) . MyPyramid - Guidelines for healthy eating - Dietary guidelines for Americans USDA Press/Printing retrieved from United States Department of agriculture - MyPyramid replaces food pyramid guide
  10. ^  Oliver, J., Channel Four (2005) Jamie's School Dinners - Documentary produced for channel four Television Programme.
  11. ^  Food standards Authority (2005) 8 easy steps to keeping a healthy and balanced diet - Eat well, be well retrieved from Eat well, be well website.
  12. ^  National Cancer Institute (2005) Eat five to Nine servings of fruits and vegetables per day retrieved from 5-a-day National Cancer institute
  13. ^  British Heart Foundation (2005). Food4Thought - Campaign against junk food within children's diets. retrieved from British Heart Foundation Food4Thought

[edit] External links

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