Aspect ratio (image)

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The aspect ratio of an image is its width divided by its height.

Aspect ratios are mathematically expressed as x :y (pronounced "x-to-y") and x×y (pronounced "x-by-y"). The most common aspect ratios used today in the presentation of films in movie theaters are 1.85:1 and 2.39:1[1]. Two common videographic aspect ratios are 4:3 (1.33:1), universal for standard-definition video formats, and 16:9 (1.78:1), universal to high-definition television and European digital television. Other cinema and video aspect ratios exist, but are used infrequently. In still camera photography, the most common aspect ratios are 4:3, 3:2, and more recently being found in consumer cameras, previously only commonly seen in professional cameras, 16:9[2][3]. Other aspect ratios, such as 5:4, 6:7, and 1:1 (square format), are used in photography as well.

Converting formats of unequal ratios is done by either cropping the original image to the receiving format's aspect ratio, by adding horizontal mattes (letterboxing) or vertical mattes (pillarboxing) to retain the original format's aspect ratio, or by distorting the image to fill the receiving format's ratio. Cinematographic aspect ratios are usually denoted as a decimal fraction width to unit height, while videographic aspect ratios are usually denoted by ratios of whole numbers.[citation needed]

Five common aspect ratios
4:3
3:2
16:9
1.85:1
2.39:1

Contents

[edit] The evolution of film and television aspect ratios

Comparison of five common aspect ratios constrained by the screen's diagonal measure (black circle). The two widest and shortest boxes (purple, 2.39:1 and yellow, 1.85:1), are common cinematographic formats. The slightly taller blue box (16:9) is the Video wide screen standard used in high-definition television. The green box (3:2) depicts a common photography format, and the tallest (red, 4:3) box is the standard definition television format, which is also widely used in photography.

[edit] Why 16:9?

When the 16:9 aspect ratio was proposed by Kerns H. Powers, nobody was creating 16:9 videos. The popular choices in 1980 were 4:3 (based on television standard's ratio at the time), 1.66:1 (the European "flat" ratio), 1.85:1 (the American "flat" ratio), 2.20:1 (the ratio of 70 mm films) and 2.35:1 (the ratio of anamorphic widescreen films). Powers discovered that all of those aspects when normalized to constant area would fit within an outer rectangle and when over-lapped, all shared a common inner rectangle.[1] The aspect ratio of these rectangles is simply the geometric mean of the extremes of 4:3 and 2.35:1, that is, 1.77:1, which is coincidentally close to 16:9, or 1.78:1.

While 1.78:1 was initially selected as a compromise format, the popularity of HDTV broadcast has solidified 1.78:1 as perhaps the most important video aspect ratio for the future. Most 1.33:1 and 2.35:1 video is now recorded such that a 1.78:1 inner rectangle is "protected" for HD broadcast.[clarification needed]

(The diagram to the right does not represent Powers's scheme, since the rectangles are normalized to constant diagonal, not area. That results in a compromise aspect ratio of 2.04, not 1.77.)

[edit] Practical limitations

In motion picture formats, the physical size of the film area between the sprocket perforations determines the image's size. The universal standard (established by William Dickson and Thomas Edison in 1892) is a frame that is four perforations high. The film itself is 35 mm wide (1.38 in), but the area between the perforations is 24.89 mm×18.67 mm (0.980 in×0.735 in), leaving the de facto ratio of 4:3, or 1.33:1.[4]

With a space designated for the standard optical soundtrack, and the frame size reduced to maintain an image that is wider than taller (mimicking human eyesight), this resulted in the Academy aperture of 22 mm × 16 mm (0.866 in × 0.630 in) or 1.37:1 aspect ratio.

[edit] Cinema terminology

The motion picture industry convention assigns a value of 1.0 to the image’s height; thus, an anamorphic frame (actually 2.39:1) is described (rounded) as 2.40:1 or 2.40 ("two-four-oh"). In American cinemas, the common projection ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.40:1. Some European countries have 1.66:1 as the wide screen standard. The "Academy ratio" of 1.37:1 was used for all cinema films until 1953. However, when television, which also had a screen ratio of 1.33:1, became a threat to movie audiences, Hollywood gave birth to a large number of wide-screen formats: Cinemascope, Todd-AO, and VistaVision to name just a few. During that period, the "flat" 1.85:1 aspect ratio became one of the most common cinema projection standards in the U.S. and elsewhere.

[edit] Movie camera systems

Development of various film camera systems must ultimately cater to the placement of the frame in relation to the lateral constraints of the perforations and the optical soundtrack area. One clever wide screen alternative, VistaVision, used standard 35 mm film running sideways through the camera gate, so that the sprocket holes were above and below frame, allowing a larger horizontal negative size per frame as only the vertical size was now restricted by the perforations. However, the 1.50:1 ratio of the initial VistaVision image was optically converted to a vertical print (on standard 4-perforation 35 mm film) to show in the projectors available at theaters, and was then masked in the projector to the US standard of 1.85:1. Though the format was briefly revived by Lucasfilm in the 1970s for special effects work that required larger negative size (due to image degradation from the optical printing steps necessary to make multi-layer composites), it went into obsolescence largely due to better cameras, lenses, and film stocks available to standard 4-perforation formats, in addition to increased lab costs of making prints in comparison to more standard vertical processes. (The horizontal process was later adapted to 70 mm film by IMAX.)

Super 16 mm film is frequently used for television production due to its lower cost, lack of need for soundtrack space on the film itself (as it is not projected but rather transferred to video), and aspect ratio similar to 16:9 (the native ratio of Super 16 mm 1.66:1 whilst 16:9 is 1.78:1). It also can be blown up to 35 mm for theatrical release and therefore is also used for feature films.

[edit] Current video standards

[edit] 4:3 standard

The 4:3 ratio (generally named as: "Four-Three", "Four-by-Three" , "Four-to-Three", or "Academy Ratio") for standard television has been in use since television's origins and many computer monitors use the same aspect ratio. 4:3 is the aspect ratio defined by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences as a standard after the advent of optical sound-on-film. By having TV match this aspect ratio, films previously photographed on film could be satisfactorily viewed on TV in the early days of the medium (i.e. the 1940s and the 1950s). When cinema attendance dropped, Hollywood created widescreen aspect ratios (such as the 1.85:1 ratio mentioned earlier) in order to differentiate their industry from the TV.

[edit] 16:9 standard

16:9 (generally named as: "Sixteen-Nine", "Sixteen-by-Nine" or "Sixteen-to-Nine") is the international standard format of HDTV as used in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan, South Korea, and the United States, as well as in Europe on HDTV, non-HD digital television and analog widescreen television (EDTV) PALplus. Japan's Hi-Vision originally started with a 5:3 ratio but converted when the international standards group introduced a wider ratio of 5⅓ to 3 (=16:9), invented by Kerns H. Powers in 1984. The 1.78:1 aspect ratio was the compromise between the 35 mm US and UK widescreen standard (1.85:1) and the 35 mm European widescreen standard (1.66:1)[citation needed]. Many digital video cameras have the capability to record in 16:9. Anamorphic DVD transfers store the information vertically stretched in a 4:3 aspect ratio; if the TV can handle an anamorphic image, it will horizontally decompress the signal to 16:9. If not, the DVD player can reduce scan lines and add letterboxing before sending the image to the TV, made easier by the simple 4:3 aspect ratio between 4:3 and 16:9 (16:9 = 4:3 × 4:3). Wider ratios such as 1.85:1 and 2.40:1[1] are accommodated within the 16:9 DVD frame by additional black bars within the image itself. After the original 16:9 Action Plan of the early 1990s, the European Union and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina have instituted the 16:9 Action Plan,[citation needed] just to accelerate the development of the advanced television services in 16:9 aspect ratio, both in PAL and also in HDTV. The Community fund for the 16:9 Action Plan amounted to 228 million.

[edit] 16:9 in Europe

In Europe 16:9 is being adopted as the standard broadcast format for digital and high definition TV; some countries have even adopted the format for analogue television by means of the PalPlus standard.

Country Channel
Flag of Austria Austria ORF1, ORF2, ORF Sport Plus and ORF1 HD
Flag of Belgium Belgium Flanders: all main channels
Wallonia: La Une, La Deux, RTL TVI, Club RTL, Plug TV
Flag of Bulgaria Bulgaria The Voice TV, RE:TV, TV7*, Ring TV*
* Do not set the aspect ratio correctly when broadcasting in 16:9 and the image appears stretched on 4:3 TV sets. Such stations use mostly 4:3 programming.
Flag of the Czech Republic Czechia TV Nova, Česká televize, TV Nova HD
Flag of Denmark Denmark Almost all main channels
Flag of Finland Finland All main channels, including but not limited to YLE TV1, YLE TV2, MTV3, Nelonen
Flag of France France TF1, France 2, France 3, Canal+ (5 channels), France 5, M6, ARTE, Direct 8, TMC, NRJ 12,
France 4, IDF1, NRJ Paris, TPS Star, LCI, NRJ Hits, Luxe TV
Flag of Germany Germany ARD (Das Erste, EinsExtra, EinsFestival, EinsPlus; BR and BR-alpha, HR, WDR, SWR, RBB, RB), ZDF, 3sat, Arte, DW, Phoenix; kabel eins, ProSieben, Sat.1; RTL, RTL II, Super RTL, VOX; … (all main channels)
Flag of Greece Greece Skai TV[5], ERT Digital
Flag of Hungary Hungary m1, m2,
Flag of Ireland Ireland RTÉ One, RTÉ Two, TV3 Ireland and TG4
Flag of Italy Italy All the 11 SKY Cinema Channels; SKY Sport 16:9; Rai Sport Più[6]; Rai Uno; Rai 4; Luxe TV; All HDTV Channels
Flag of Montenegro Montenegro RTV Panorama
Flag of the Netherlands Netherlands Almost all nationwide channels (Netherlands Public Broadcasting, RTL, SBS)
Flag of Norway Norway Almost all main channels
Flag of Poland Poland Polsat 2, Polsat News, Polsat Sport, Polsat Sport Extra, Canal+, Canal+ Film, Canal+ Sport, Ale Kino!, TVN Siedem, Religia TV, TVN 24, TVN Meteo, TVN CNBC Biznes
Flag of Portugal Portugal RTP1, RTP2
Flag of Serbia Serbia Cinemania
Flag of Slovakia Slovakia TV Markiza, Slovenská Televízia
Flag of Slovenia Slovenia RTS Tele 59, ( 16:9 Letterbox INFO TV POP TV, Kanal A, TV Pika, SportKlub, TV3, TV Slovenia 1 and 2 )
Flag of Spain Spain TV3
Flag of Sweden Sweden Almost all main channels
Flag of Switzerland Switzerland All SRG SSR idée suisse channels
Flag of the United Kingdom UK Almost all main channels (BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Five and their digital channels)

[edit] Visual comparisons

Comparing two different aspect ratios is arguably difficult. Given the same diagonal, the 4:3 screen offers more area. For CRT-based technology, an aspect ratio that is closer to square is cheaper to manufacture. The same is true for projectors, and other optical devices such as cameras, camcorders, etc. For LCD and Plasma displays, however, the cost is more related to the area. Therefore, 16:9 screens are cheaper than 4:3 screens with the same diagonal.

  • Two aspect ratios compared with images using the same diagonal size:
4:3 (1.33:1)
16:9 (1.78:1)
  • Two aspect ratios compared with images using the same area (number of pixels):
4:3 (1.33:1)
16:9 (1.78:1)
  • Two aspect ratios compared with images using the same height (vertical size):
4:3 (1.33:1)
16:9 (1.78:1)
  • Two aspect ratios compared with images using the same width (horizontal size):
4:3 (1.33:1)
16:9 (1.78:1)

[edit] Previous and presently used aspect ratios

See List of common resolutions for a listing of computer resolutions and aspect ratios.
See List of film formats for a full listing of film formats, including their aspect ratios.
Comparison between several film aspect ratios.
Aspect ratio Description
1.33:1 35 mm original silent film ratio, commonly known in TV and video as 4:3. Also standard ratio for MPEG-2 video compression. This format is still used in most personal video cameras today. It is also the standard 16 mm ratio.
1.37:1 35 mm full-screen sound film image, nearly universal in movies between 1932 and 1953. Officially adopted as the Academy ratio in 1932 by AMPAS. Rarely used in theatrical context nowadays, but occasionally used for other context.
1.43:1 IMAX format. Imax productions use 70 mm wide film (the same as used for 70 mm feature films), but the film runs through the camera and projector sideways. This allows for a physically larger area for each image.
1.50:1 The aspect ratio of 35 mm film used for still photography. Usually called 3:2. Also the native aspect ratio of VistaVision.
1.56:1 Widescreen aspect ratio 14:9. Often used in shooting commercials etc. as a compromise format between 4:3 (12:9) and 16:9, especially when the output will be used in both standard TV and widescreen. When converted to a 16:9 frame, there is slight pillarboxing, while conversion to 4:3 creates slight letterboxing.
1.66:1 35 mm Originally a flat ratio invented by Paramount Pictures, now a standard among several European countries; native Super 16 mm frame ratio. (5:3, sometimes expressed more accurately as "1.67".)
1.75:1 Early 35 mm widescreen ratio, primarily used by MGM and Warner Bros. between 1953 and 1955, and since abandoned.
1.78:1 Video widescreen standard (16:9), used in high-definition television, one of three ratios specified for MPEG-2 video compression. Also used in some personal video cameras.
1.85:1 35 mm US and UK widescreen standard for theatrical film. Uses approximately 3 perforations ("perfs") of image space per 4 perf frame; films can be shot in 3-perf to save cost of film stock.
2.00:1 Original SuperScope ratio, also used in Univisium. Used as a flat ratio for some American studios in the 1950s, abandoned in the 1960s.
2.20:1 70 mm standard. Originally developed for Todd-AO in the 1950s. 2.21:1 is specified for MPEG-2 but not used.
2.35:1 35 mm anamorphic prior to 1970, used by CinemaScope ("'Scope") and early Panavision. The anamorphic standard has subtly changed so that modern anamorphic productions are actually 2.39,[1] but often referred to as 2.35 anyway, due to old convention. (Note that anamorphic refers to the compression of the image on film to maximize an area slightly taller than standard 4-perf Academy aperture, but presents the widest of aspect ratios.)
2.39:1 35 mm anamorphic from 1970 onwards. Sometimes rounded up to 2.40:1[1] Often commercially branded as Panavision format or 'Scope.
2.55:1 Original aspect ratio of CinemaScope before optical sound was added to the film. This was also the aspect ratio of CinemaScope 55.
2.59:1 Cinerama at full height (three specially captured 35 mm images projected side-by-side into one composite widescreen image).
2.66:1 Full frame output from Super 16 mm negative when an anamorphic lens system has been used. Effectively, an image that is of the ratio 2.66:1 is squashed onto the native 15:9 aspect ratio of a Super 16 mm negative.
2.76:1 MGM Camera 65 (65 mm with 1.25x anamorphic squeeze). Used only on a handful of films between 1956 and 1964, such as Ben-Hur (1959).
4.00:1 Polyvision, three 35 mm 1.33 images projected side by side. Used only on Abel Gance's Napoléon (1927).

[edit] Aspect ratio releases

[edit] Original aspect ratio (OAR)

Original Aspect Ratio (OAR) is a home cinema term for the aspect ratio or dimensions in which a film or visual production was produced — as envisioned by the people involved in the creation of the work. As an example, the film Gladiator was released to theaters in the 2.39:1 aspect ratio. It was filmed in Super 35 mm film and, in addition to being presented in cinemas and television in the Original Aspect Ratio of 2.39:1, it was also broadcast without the matte altering the aspect ratio to the television standard of 1.33:1. Because of the varied ways in which films are shot, IAR (Intended Aspect Ratio) is a more appropriate term, but is rarely used.

[edit] Modified aspect ratio (MAR)

Modified Aspect Ratio is a home cinema term for the aspect ratio or dimensions in which a film was modified to fit a specific type of screen, as opposed to original aspect ratio. Modified aspect ratios are usually either 1.33:1 (historically), or (with the advent of widescreen television sets) 1.78:1 aspect ratio. 1.33:1 is the modified aspect ratio used historically in VHS format. A modified aspect ratio transfer is achieved by means of pan and scan or open matte, the latter meaning removing the cinematic matte from a 1.85:1 film to open up the full 1.33:1 frame.

[edit] Problems in film and television

A windowboxed image

Multiple aspect ratios create additional burdens on filmmakers and consumers, and confusion among TV broadcasters. It is common for a widescreen film to be presented in an altered format (cropped, letterboxed or expanded beyond the Original Aspect Ratio). It is also not uncommon for windowboxing to occur (when letterbox and pillarbox happen simultaneously). For instance, a 16:9 broadcast could embed a 4:3 commercial within the 16:9 image area. A viewer watching on a standard 4:3 (non-widescreen) television would see a 4:3 image of the commercial with 2 sets of black stripes, vertical and horizontal (windowboxing or the postage stamp effect). A similar scenario may also occur for a widescreen set owner when viewing 16:9 material embedded in a 4:3 frame, and then watching that in 16:9. It is also common that a 4:3 image is stretched horizontally to fit a 16:9 screen to avoid pillar boxing.

Both PAL and NTSC have provision for some data pulses contained within the video signal used to signal the aspect ratio (See ITU-R BT.1119-1 - Widescreen signaling for broadcasting). These pulses are detected by television sets that have widescreen displays and cause the television to automatically switch to 16:9 display mode. When 4:3 material is included (such as the aforementioned commercial), the television switches to a 4:3 display mode to correctly display the material. Where a video signal is transmitted via a European SCART connection, one of the status lines is used to signal 16:9 material as well.

For many artists, however, aspect ratio is determined not by the constraints of the technology or medium, but by the content or the story. Indeed, as long ago as the early 20th century, film directors such as D. W. Griffith, one of the early giants in film, would sometimes change the picture aspect ratio within the film. In Intolerance, for example, a single shot where a character falls from a high wall has the sides of the vista greatly cropped to enhance the dramatic height of the fall. More recently, the initial Itchy and Scratchy sketch in The Simpsons Movie is shown in 16:9 ratio, and during the opening the screen widens to 2.35:1.

[edit] Still photography

Common aspect ratios in still photography include 4:3 (1.33) used by most point-and-shoot digital cameras; 3:2 (1.5) used by 35mm film, APS-C ("classic" mode) and most DSLRs; 1.81:1 (close to 16:9) used by APS-H high definition mode; 3:1 used by APS-P panoramic mode; and 1:1 (square) in a variety of cameras.

Common print sizes in the U.S. (in inches) include 4x6 (1.5), 5x7 (1.4), 4x5 and 8x10 (1.25), and 11x14 (1.27); large-format cameras typical use one of these aspect ratios. Medium-format cameras typically have format designated by nominal sizes in centimeters (6x6, 6x7, 6x9, 6x4.5), but these numbers should not be interpreted as exact in computing aspect ratios.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

Cited references
  1. ^ a b c d The 2.39:1 ratio is commonly labeled 2.40:1, e.g., in the American Society of Cinematographers' American Cinematographer Manual, and is mistakenly referred to as 2.35:1 (only cinema films before the 1970 SMPTE revision used 2.35:1)
  2. ^ http://www.techtree.com/India/News/Panasonic_Introduces_2_New_Cameras/551-97953-893.html Panasonic Introduces 2 New Cameras - 16:9 aspect ratio
  3. ^ look at [bestbuy.com], almost all, if not all, consumer cameras feature a 16:9 ratio
  4. ^ Burum, Stephen H.(ed)(2004). American Cinematographer Manual(9th ed). ASC Press. ISBN 0-935578-24-2
  5. ^ "ΣΚΑΪ | Αρχική σελίδα". Skai.gr. http://www.skai.gr. Retrieved on 2008-11-07. 
  6. ^ http://raisport.rai.it
General references

[edit] External links

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