'wikipedia *2 asia cities culture former gandhi holiday india india-metropolitan indian-cities locations maharashtra may-day mumbai no_tag people population portuguese-colonies society travel

My tags:

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mumbai (मुंबई)
Cuffe Parade
Mumbai (मुंबई)  Location of Mumbai (मुंबई) in Maharashtra and India
Country	India
State	Maharashtra
District(s)	Mumbai City Mumbai Suburban
Municipal commissioner	Jairaj Phatak
Mayor	Shubha Raul
Population • Density • Metro	13,922,125 (1st) (2008[update]) • 21,880 /km2 (56,669 /sq mi) • 20,870,764 (1st) (2008[update])
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Area • Elevation	603.4 km² (233 sq mi) • 8 m (26 ft)
Codes • Pincode • 400 xxx • Telephone • +022 • UN/LOCODE • IN BOM • Vehicle • MH 01—03
Website	www.mcgm.gov.in
Seal of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai

Coordinates: 18°58′N 72°49′E / 18.96°N 72.82°E / 18.96; 72.82

Mumbai (Marathi: मुंबई, Mumbaī, IPA: [ˈmʊm.bəi] (help·info))— formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. The city proper is the most populated city in the world with approximately 14 million people^[1] and, along with the neighbouring suburbs of Navi Mumbai and Thane, Mumbai forms the world's 4th largest urban agglomeration with around 19 million people. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. Mumbai's port handles over half of India's maritime cargo.^[2]

Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment centre of India, generating 5% of India's GDP^[3] and accounting for 25% of industrial output, 40% of maritime trade, and 70% of capital transactions to India's economy.^[4] Mumbai is home to important financial institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India and the corporate headquarters of many Indian companies and numerous multinational corporations. The city also houses India's Hindi film and television industry, known as Bollywood. Mumbai's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a better standard of living, attract migrants from all over India and, in turn, make the city a potpourri of many communities and cultures.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 4 Climate 5 Economy 6 Civic administration 7 Transport 8 Utility services 9 Demographics 10 People and culture 11 Media 12 Education 13 Sports 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links

[edit] Etymology

The name Mumbai is an eponym, etymologically derived from Mumba or Maha-Amba—the name of the Hindu goddess Mumbadevi—and Aai, "mother" in Marathi.^[5] The former name Bombay had its origins in the 16th century when the Portuguese arrived in the area and called it by various names, which finally took the written form Bombaim, still common in current Portuguese use. After the British gained possession in the 17th century, it was anglicised to Bombay, although it was known as Mumbai or Mambai to Marathi and Gujarati-speakers, and as Bambai in Hindi, Persian and Urdu. It is sometimes still referred to by its older names, like Kakamuchee and Galajunkja.^[6][7] The name was officially changed to its Marathi pronunciation of Mumbai in 1996.^[8]

A widespread explanation of the origin of the traditional English name Bombay holds that it was derived from a Portuguese name meaning "good bay".^[9] This is based on the fact that bom (masc.) is Portuguese for "good" whereas the English word "bay" is similar to the Portuguese baía (fem., bahia in old spelling).The normal Portuguese rendering of "good bay" would have been boa bahia rather than the grammatically incorrect bom bahia. However, it is possible to find the form baim (masc.) for "little bay" in sixteenth-century Portuguese.

Other sources have a different origin for the Portuguese toponym Bombaim. José Pedro Machado's Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa ("Portuguese Dictionary of Onomastics and Etymology") mentions what is probably the first Portuguese reference to the place, dated from 1516, as Benamajambu or Tena-Maiambu,^[10] pointing out that "MAIAMBU"' seems to refer to Mumba-Devi, the Hindu goddess after which the place is named in Marathi (Mumbai). In that same century, the spelling seems to have evolved to Mombayn (1525)^[11] and then Mombaim (1563).^[12] The final form Bombaim appears later in the 16th century, as recorded by Gaspar Correia in his Lendas da Índia ("Legends of India").^[13] J.P. Machado seems to reject the "Bom Bahia" hypothesis, asserting that Portuguese records mentioning the presence of a bay at the place led the English to assume that the noun (bahia, "bay") was an integral part of the Portuguese toponym, hence the English version Bombay, adapted from Portuguese.^[14]

[edit] History

Artifacts found near Kandivali in northern Mumbai indicate that these islands had been inhabited since the Stone Age. Documented evidence of human habitation dates back to 250 BC, when it was known as Heptanesia (Ptolemy) (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands).In the 3rd century BC, the islands formed part of the Maurya Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka. During its first few centuries, control over Mumbai was disputed between the Indo-Scythian, Western Satraps and the Satavahanas. The Hindu rulers of the Silhara Dynasty later governed the islands until 1343, when Gujarat annexed them. Some of the oldest edifices of the archipelago – the Elephanta Caves and the Walkeshwar temple complex date from this era.

In 1534, the Portuguese appropriated the islands from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. They were ceded to Charles II of England in 1661, as dowry^[16] for Catherine de Braganza. These islands, were in turn leased to the British East India Company in 1668 for a sum of £10 per annum. The company found the deep harbour on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent. The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675; In 1687, the British East India Company transferred its headquarters from Surat to Mumbai. The city eventually became the headquarters of the Bombay Presidency.

From 1817 onwards, the city was reshaped with large civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the islands in the archipelago into a single amalgamated mass. This project, known as the Hornby Vellard, was completed by 1845, and resulted in the total area swelling to 438 km². In 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Mumbai to the town of Thane. During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy and subsequently enhancing the city's stature.

The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the Arabian Sea.^[17] Over the next thirty years, the city grew into a major urban centre, spurred by an improvement in infrastructure and the construction of many of the city's institutions. The population of the city swelled to one million by 1906, making it the second largest in India after Calcutta. As capital of the Bombay Presidency, it was a major base for the Indian independence movement, with the Quit India Movement called by Mahatma Gandhi in 1942 being its most rubric event. After India's independence in 1947, it became the capital of Bombay State. In the 1950s, the city expanded to its present limits by incorporating parts of Salsette island which lay to the north.

After 1955, when the State of Bombay was being reorganised along linguistic lines into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat, there was a demand that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state. Bombay Citizens' committee, an advocacy group comprising of leading Gujarati industrialists lobbied for Mumbai's independent status. However, the Samyukta Maharashtra movement opposed this, and insisted that Mumbai be declared the capital of Maharashtra. Following protests in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra state was formed with Mumbai as its capital on May 1, 1960. In 1996, the city was renamed Mumbai^[18] by the Shiv Sena government of Maharashtra, in keeping with their policy of renaming colonial institutions after historic local names and also was the demand of the local population.

The city's secular fabric was torn apart in the riots of 1992–93, after large scale sectarian violence caused extensive loss of life and property. A few months later, a series of co-ordinated bombings at several city landmarks by Islamic extremists and the Bombay underworld killed around three hundred people. Over two hundred people were killed in the 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings when several bombs exploded on the Mumbai Suburban Railway.^[19] Recently the city has seen a series of politically motivated assaults on the North Indian population by the members of Maharashtra Navnirman Sena.^[20] From 26 November through 29 November, 2008, a group of armed Islamic terrorists launched attacks in the southern part of Mumbai, murdering nearly 200 people, injuring hundreds and taking hostages in multiple locations including the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station, the Taj Mahal Hotel, the Oberoi Trident Hotel, Leopold Café and the Jewish outreach center at Nariman House.^[21]

[edit] Geography

Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River off the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the Konkan. It sits on Salsette Island, partially shared with the district of Thane. Much of the city lies just above sea level, with average elevations ranging from 10 m (33 ft) to 15 m (49 ft). Northern Mumbai is hilly, and the highest point in the city is 450 m (1,476 ft).^[22] The city spans a total area of 603 km² (233  sq mi).

Sanjay Gandhi National Park is located near to the city, and covers almost 1/6th of the city area. It is to be noted big cats such as panthers are still residing in this national park^[23][24] next to millions of people in an age of habitat shrinkage and species extinction.

Apart from the Bhatsa Dam, six major lakes supply water to the city: Vihar, Vaitarna, Upper Vaitarna, Tulsi, Tansa and Powai. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in Borivili National Park, within the city's metropolitan limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for industrial purposes. Three small rivers, the Dahisar, Poinsar (or Poisar) and Ohiwara (or Oshiwara) originate within the park, while the now infamous Mithi River originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays. The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove swamps, rich in biodiversity. The western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.

Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows, and their acid and basic variants dating back to the late Cretaceous and early Eocene eras. Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone^[25] owing to the presence of three fault lines in the vicinity. The area is classified as a Zone III region, which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter-scale may be expected.^[26][27]

[edit] Climate

Lying in a tropical zone and the near the Arabian Sea, Mumbai's climate falls into two main seasons: the humid and the dry season. The humid season, between March and October, is characterized by high humidity and temperatures of over 30 °C (86 °F). Between June and September, the monsoon rains lash the city, supplying most of the city's annual rainfall of 2,200 millimetres (86.6 in). The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 millimetres (135.9 in) in 1954.^[28] The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 millimetres (37.17 in) on July 26, 2005.^[29] The dry season, between November and February, is characterized by moderate levels of humidity and warm to cool weather. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill during January and February.

Annual temperatures range from a high of 38 °C (100 °F) to a low of 11 °C (52 °F). The record high is 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) and record low is 7.4 °C (45.3 °F) on January 22, 1962.^[30] Though 7.4 °C (45.3 °F) is the lowest recorded by one of the two official meteorological weather stations, a low of 6.5 °C (43.7 °F) was recorded on February 8, 2008 at a weather station near Kanheri Caves that lies within city limits.^[31]

[edit] Economy

Mumbai is India's largest city, and is called the financial capital of the country. It serves as an important economic hub of the India, contributing 10% of all factory employment, 40% of all income tax collections, 60% of all customs duty collections, 20% of all central excise tax collections, 40% of India's foreign trade and Rs. 40 billion (US$ 800 million) in corporate taxes.^[32] Mumbai's per-capita income is Rs. 48,954 (US$ 980) which is almost three times the national average.^[33] Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including State Bank of India, LIC, Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance), and five of the Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Mumbai.^[34] Many foreign banks and financial institutions also have branches in this area, the World Trade Centre (Mumbai)^[35] being the most prominent^[36] one. Until the 1980s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since been diversified to include engineering, diamond-polishing, healthcare and information technology.^[37] Mumbai is home to the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, and most of India's specialized, technical industries, having a modern industrial infrastructure and vast, skilled human resources. Rising venture capital firms, start-ups and established brands work in aerospace, optical engineering, medical research, computers and electronic equipment of all varieties, shipbuilding and salvaging, and renewable energy and power.^[38]

State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce.^[39] Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics and other such blue collar professions. The port and shipping industry, too, employs many residents, directly or indirectly.^{[citation needed]} In Dharavi, in central Mumbai, there is an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories.^[40]

The media industry is another major employer in Mumbai.^{[citation needed]} Most of India's major television and satellite networks, as well as its major publishing houses, are headquartered here. The centre of the Hindi movie industry, Bollywood produces the largest number of films per year in the world^{[citation needed]}; and the name Bollywood is a portmanteau of Bombay and Hollywood. Marathi television and Marathi film industry are also based in Mumbai.

Along with the rest of India, Mumbai, its commercial capital, has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalization of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in this decade. The middle class in Mumbai is the segment most impacted by this boom and is the driver behind the consequent consumer boom.^{[citation needed]} Upward mobility among Mumbaikars has led to a direct increase in consumer spending.^{[citation needed]} Mumbai has been ranked 48th on the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008.^[41] In April 2008, Mumbai was ranked seventh in the list of "Top Ten Cities for Billionaires" by Forbes magazine.^[42]

[edit] Civic administration

Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: the city and the suburbs, which also form two separate districts of Maharashtra. The city region is also commonly referred to as the Island City.^[43] Mumbai, both island city and suburbs as a whole, is administered by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) (formerly the Bombay Municipal Corporation), with executive power vested in the Municipal Commissioner, who is an IAS officer appointed by the state government. The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the twenty four municipal wards, five nominated Councillors, and a titular Mayor. The BMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. An Assistant Municipal Commissioner oversees each ward for administrative purposes. Almost all the state political parties field candidates in the elections for Councillors. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region consists of 7 Municipal Corporations and 13 Municipal Councils. In addition to the BMC, it includes the Municipal Corporations of Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali, Navi Mumbai, Mira-Bhayandar, Bhiwandi-Nizampur and Ulhasnagar.^[44] Greater Mumbai forms two districts of Maharashtra, each under the jurisdiction of a District Collector. The Collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the Central Government, and oversee the national elections held in the city.

The Mumbai Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, who is an IPS officer. The Mumbai Police comes under the state Home Ministry. The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen traffic police zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police.^[45] The Mumbai Fire Brigade department is headed by the Chief Fire Officer, who is assisted by four Deputy Chief Fire Officers and six Divisional Officers.

Mumbai is the seat of the Bombay High Court, which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and Goa, and the Union Territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Mumbai also has two lower courts, the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a special TADA (Terrorist and Disruptive Activities) court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city.

The city elects six members to the Lok Sabha and thirty-four members to the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha (State Assembly). Mumbai is headed by mayor Shubha Raul, Municipal Commissioner Jairaj Phatak, and Sheriff Indu Shahani.

[edit] Transport

Public transport systems in Mumbai include the Mumbai Suburban Railway, BEST buses, taxis, auto rickshaws, ferries, and aeroplanes. A metro and monorail are currently under construction.

Mumbai is the headquarters of two railway zones: the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered near Churchgate. The backbone of the city's transport, the Mumbai Suburban Railway, is composed of three separate networks running the length of the city, in a north-south direction. The Mumbai Metro, an underground and elevated railway system that is currently under construction, will run from Versova to Andheri to Ghatkopar when the first phase is completed in 2011. The Mumbai Monorail will run from Jacob Circle to Wadala when it is completed. Mumbai is well connected to most parts of India by the Indian Railways. Trains originate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Dadar, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai Central, Bandra terminus and Andheri. Mumbai's suburban rail systems carry a total of 6.3 million passengers every day.^[47]

Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai and Thane. Buses are used for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for long distance commutes. The BEST runs a total of 3,408 buses,^[48] ferrying 4.5 million passengers daily over 340 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned and the Euro III compliant compressed natural gas powered buses. MSRTC buses provide intercity transport and connect Mumbai with other major cities of Maharashtra and India. The Mumbai Darshan is a tourist bus service which explores numerous tourist attractions in Mumbai. Separate BRTS lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai and construction is to begin from January 2009.

Black and yellow-metered, taxis traverse most of the metropolis. Auto rickshaws operate in the suburban areas of Mumbai. Rickshaws, which run on Compressed Natural Gas, are the main form of hired transport. These three-wheeled vehicles are a quick way to get around. They are the cheapest form of hired transport and can accommodate up to three passengers.

Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport is the main aviation hub in the city and the busiest airport in South Asia.^[46] The Juhu aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts a flying club and a heliport. The proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport which is to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area, has been sanctioned by the Government and would help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport. Mumbai handles about 25% of the domestic and 38% of the international air passenger traffic in the country.

With its unique topography, Mumbai has one of the best natural harbours in the world, handling 50% of the country's passenger traffic, and much of India's cargo.^[2] It is also an important base for the Indian Navy, being the headquarters of the Western Naval Command.^[49] Ferries from Ferry Wharf allow cheap access to islands and beaches in the area.

[edit] Utility services

The BMC supplies potable water to the city, most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes, as well as a few lakes further north. The water is filtered at Bhandup, which is Asia's largest water filtration plant. Even India's first underground water tunnel will come up in Mumbai.^[50] The BMC is also responsible for the road maintenance and garbage collection in the city. Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes is transported to dumping grounds in Gorai in the northwest, Mulund in the northeast, and Deonar in the east. Sewage treatment is carried out at Worli and Bandra, and disposed off by two independent marine outfalls of 3.4 km (2.1 mi) and 3.7 km (2.3 mi) at Bandra and Worli respectively. A third outfall at Malad is in the planning stages.

Electricity is distributed by BEST in the island city, and by Reliance Energy, Tata Power, and Mahavitaran (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd) in the suburbs. Most of the city's electricity is hydroelectric and nuclear based. Consumption of electricity is growing faster than production capacity. The largest telephone service provider is the state-owned MTNL, which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile WLL services. Cell phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are Vodafone Essar, Airtel, MTNL, BPL group, Reliance Communications, Idea Cellular and Tata Indicom. Both GSM and CDMA services are available in the city. Broadband internet penetration is increasing in the city, with MTNL and Tata being the leading service providers.

[edit] Demographics

Population Growth
Census	Pop.		%±
1971	5,970,575		—
1981	8,243,405		38.1%
1991	9,925,891		20.4%
2001	11,914,398		20.0%
Source: www.mmrdamumbai.org Data is based on Government of India Census.

According to the 2001 census, the population of Mumbai was 11,914,398,^[51] According to extrapolations carried out by the World Gazetteer in 2008, Mumbai has a population of 13,662,885^[52] and the Mumbai Metropolitan Area has a population of 20,870,764.^[53] The population density is estimated to be about 22,000 persons per square kilometre. The overall literacy rate of the city is above 86%, higher than the national average.^[54] There are 875 females to every 1,000 males, lower than the national average.^{[citation needed]}

The religions represented in Mumbai include Hindus (67.39%), Muslims (18.56%), Buddhists (5.22%), Jains (3.99%) and Christians (3.72%), with Sikhs and Parsis making up the rest of the population^[55]. The linguistic/ethnic demographics are: Maharashtrians (53%), Gujaratis (22%), North Indians (17%), Tamils (3%), Sindhis (3%), Tuluvas/Kannadigas (2%) and others^[56]. This unique mix of cultures is a result of the settlement of people of various communities from India. The city also attracts foreign nationals because of the business opportunities available in the city.

Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any other metropolitan city of India. Marathi, the official language of Maharashtra state, is widely spoken. Other languages spoken are Hindi, Gujarati, and English. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as Mumbaiya – a blend of Marathi, Hindi, Indian English and some invented words – is spoken on the streets. English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce.

Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries: widespread poverty and unemployment, poor public health and poor civic and educational standards for a large section of the population. With available space at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. According to the 2001 census, 54.1% of Mumbai's population lives in slums.^[57] Dharavi, Asia's second largest slum^[58] is located in central Mumbai and houses 800,000 people.^[59] The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991-2001 decade was 1.12 million, which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.^[60] In 2004, there were 27,577 incidents of crime reported in Mumbai, which is down 11% from 30,991 in 2001^{[citation needed]}. The city's main jail is the Arthur Road Jail.

[edit] People and culture

Residents of Mumbai call themselves Mumbaikar, Mumbaiite. Many residents live close to major railway stations for easy access to their workplaces^{[citation needed]}, as a significant amount of time is spent on daily commuting. Mumbai's appetizing foods and cuisines have been influenced by the rich but not too spicy styles of cooking from all over the country. Some of the unique and famous palatable specialties include Dhan Sak, Khicheri, Bombli Batata Bhaji, Kamag Kakri, Solachi Kadhi, Min Vela Curry and Curried Bombay Duck.^[61] Local roadside fast food includes vada pav, panipuri, paav bhaji, and bhelpuri. The city is dotted with several small restaurants that serve South Indian or Punjabi dishes.

Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema – Dadasaheb Phalke laid the foundations with silent movies followed by Marathi talkies – and the oldest film broadcast here in the early 20th century. Mumbai also has a large number of movie theatres, including the world's largest IMAX dome theatre,^[62] which feature Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. Many film festivals are held in the city throughout the year.^{[citation needed]} Despite most of the professional theater groups that formed during the British Raj having disbanded by the 1950s, Mumbai has developed a thriving "theater movement" tradition in Marathi, Hindi,^{[not in citation given]} English^{[not in citation given]} and other regional languages.^[63]

Contemporary art is well-represented in both government funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded art galleries include The Jehangir Art Gallery and The National Gallery of Modern Art. Built in 1833, the Asiatic Society of Bombay is the oldest public library in the city. The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (formerly The Prince of Wales Museum) is a renowned museum in the heart of South Mumbai near the Gateway of India which houses rare and ancient exhibits of Indian history.^[64] Mumbai has a very popular zoo named Jijamata Udyaan, which also harbours a garden within its boundaries.^[65]

Mumbai has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the Elephanta Caves.^[66] Popular places in the city are Nariman Point, Girgaum Chowpatti, Juhu Beach, and Marine Drive. Essel World^[67] is an theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach. Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom, is also located in Mumbai.

Mumbai residents celebrate Western and Indian festivals with great fanfare. Diwali, Holi, Eid, Christmas, Navratri, Good Friday, Dussera, Moharram, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Puja and Maha Shivratri are some of the popular festivals in the city. The Kala Ghoda Arts Festival is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artistes in the fields of music, dance, theater, and films.^[68] A week long fair known as Bandra Fair is celebrated by people of all faiths. The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January, which is organised by the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) at the historic Banganga Tank in Mumbai.^[69] The Elephanta Festival which is celebrated every February on the Elephanta Islands, is dedicated to the classical Indian Dance and Music with artists from across the country arriving on the island.^[70]

Mumbai has sister city agreements with the following cities:^[71]

• Yokohama, Japan.
• Los Angeles, United States.
• London, United Kingdom.
• Berlin, Germany.
• Stuttgart, Germany.
• Saint Petersburg, Russia.

[edit] Media

Mumbai has numerous newspaper publications and television and radio stations. Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include the Times of India, Mid-day, Hindustan Times, DNA, and Indian Express. Marathi newspapers include Loksatta, Lokmat and Maharashtra Times. Newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages. Mumbai is home to Asia's oldest newspaper, Bombay Samachar, which has been published in Gujarati since 1822. Bombay Durpan - the first Marathi newspaper — was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in Mumbai in 1832.^[72] Popular magazines are Saaptahik Sakaal, Lokprabha in Marathi and India Today, Outlook in English.

Numerous Indian and foreign channels can be watched in Mumbai. Mumbai households receive over a hundred television channels via cable, and a majority of them are produced to cater to the city's polyglot populace.^{[citation needed]} The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster, Doordarshan, provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households. ESPN, Star Sports, Zee Marathi, ETV Marathi, DD Sahyadri, Mee Marathi, Zee Talkies, Zee TV, STAR Plus and news channels like Star Majha are popular. Popular news channels entirely dedicated to Mumbai and Maharashtra include Marathi news channels Star Majha, Zee 24 Taas, and Sahara Samay Mumbai. Satellite television (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs. Popular DTH entertainment services in Mumbai include Dish TV and Tata Sky. There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the FM band, and three All India Radio stations broadcasting on the AM band.^[73] Mumbai also has access to popular Commercial radio providers like WorldSpace, Sirius and XM. The Conditional Access System (CAS) started by the Union Government in 2006 has met a very poor response in Mumbai due to the arduous competition from its sister technology Direct-to-Home (DTH) transmission service.^[74]

Bollywood, the Hindi film industry is based in Mumbai. The Indian film industry produces more than 800 films a year, twice as many as Hollywood. Of this, Bollywood alone produces around 150 films every year. Film studios in Goregaon, including Film City, are the location for many movie sets. The Marathi Film Industry is also based in Mumbai.

[edit] Education

Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the BMC) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government. The schools are affiliated either with the Maharashtra State Board (MSBSHSE), the all-India Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) and the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) boards. Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction. The government run public schools lack many facilities, but are the only option for poorer residents who cannot afford the more expensive private schools. A majority of residents prefer private schools because of better infrastructure.

Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling, and then enroll for two years in Junior College, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science. This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering, medicine etc. Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the University of Mumbai, one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates. The Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute and University Institute of Chemical Technology which are India's premier engineering and technology schools, and SNDT Women's University are the other universities in Mumbai. Mumbai is also home to Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), K.J.Somaiya Institute Of Management Studies & Research (SIMSR), S.P.Jain and several other management schools. The oldest law school in India, Government Law College and the first commerce college in Asia, Sydenham College are also in Mumbai.^{[citation needed]} The Sir J. J. School of Art, is affiliated with the University of Mumbai, and offers degrees in fine art and sculpture.

Mumbai is home to two of India's important research institutions – The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). The BARC operates CIRUS, a 40 MW nuclear research reactor at their facility in Trombay.

[edit] Sports

Cricket is the most popular sport in the city (and the country). Due to the short supply of cricket grounds relative to the number of cricket playing people, modified versions of cricket (generally referred to as a whole as galli cricket) with varying rules are played everywhere: parking lots, gardens and streets. Mumbai is home to the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). The Mumbai cricket team represents Mumbai city in the Ranji Trophy, India's domestic cricketing circuit, and is one of the most successful teams. The city is also represented by the Mumbai Indians in the Indian Premier League, and by the Mumbai Champs in the Indian Cricket League. The city has two international cricket stadiums, the Wankhede Stadium and the Brabourne Stadium. The Wankhede stadium is set to host the final of 2011 Cricket World Cup and is currently undergoing expansion and renovation and preparation for the aforementioned event. Eminent cricketers from Mumbai include Sachin Tendulkar and Sunil Gavaskar.^{[citation needed]}

Football is the second most popular sport with the city.^{[citation needed]} The FIFA World Cup is one of the most widely watched television events in Mumbai.^{[citation needed]} India's national sport, field hockey, has gone into decline, losing out in terms of popularity to cricket.^{[citation needed]} Mumbai is home to the Maratha Warriors, one of the few teams competing for the Premier Hockey League (PHL) from Maharashtra. Chess is also a very popular indoor sport played in Mumbai. Other fairly common sports played in Mumbai are tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf.^{[citation needed]} Mumbai also plays Rugby union, one of the few Indian cities to do so. Every February, Mumbai holds the Derby races in the Mahalaxmi Racecourse. In recent times Formula 1 racing has also become popular^{[citation needed]} and the Force India F1 team unveiled its 2008 car in Mumbai.^[75] In March 2004, the Mumbai Grand Prix was held as part of the F1 powerboat world championship. Sports like volleyball and basketball are popular in schools and colleges.^{[citation needed]}

In 2004, the Mumbai Marathon, an annual marathon event, was established in a bid to bring the sport to the Indian public. Since 2006, Mumbai has also played host to the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open, an International Series tournament of the ATP Tour. Mcdowell's Derby is held in February at the Turf club in Mumbai.^[76]

[edit] See also

v • d • e Mumbai topics History Timeline · Silhara dynasty · Bombay Presidency · Seven islands of Bombay · Elephanta Caves · Kanheri Caves · Banganga Tank · Old Bombay · Worli Fort · Samyukta Maharashtra movement · 1992-93 riots · 1993 bombings · 2006 train bombings · 2008 Mumbai attacks  · Tanks · Growth of Mumbai Geography Flora and fauna · Powai Lake · Vihar Lake · Tulsi Lake · Thane Creek · River Ulhas · Gilbert Hill · Malabar Hill · Salsette Island · Mumbai Harbour · Middle Ground · Weather · Beaches · South Mumbai · Navi Mumbai · City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) Buildings Gateway of India · Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus · Naval Dockyard · Reserve Bank of India · Bombay Stock Exchange · Hutatma Chowk · General Post Office · Shreepati Arcade · Regal Cinema · Mount Mary's Church · Haji Ali Dargah · Flora Fountain · David Sassoon Library · Mahatma Phule Market · Mumba Devi Mandir · Mahalaxmi Temple · Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Museum · National Gallery of Modern Art · Asiatic Society of Bombay · Jehangir Art Gallery · Gowalia Tank · Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Transport Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) · Mumbai Suburban Railway · Central Railway · Western Railway · Harbour Line · Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport · Juhu Aerodrome · Auto rickshaw  · Mumbai Metro · Mumbai Monorail  · Mumbai Maglev · Western Railway Elevated Corridor · Mumbai BRTS Economy Bombay Stock Exchange · Reserve Bank of India · Mint · Dalal Street · Nariman Point · Telecom companies Education Mumbai University · SNDT Women's University · Indian Institute of Technology · St. Xavier's College · Cathedral and John Connon School · Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute · Colleges Institutes for Science and Learning Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) · Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) · Nehru Planetarium · Nehru Science Centre · Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) Civic Mayor · Police Commissioner · Municipal Commissioner · Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation · Mumbai Police · Wards · Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport · Demographics · Water sources · Bombay High Court · Sheriff Culture Marathi · Mumbaiya/Bombaiya/Bambaiya · Dabbawalas · Vada pav · Bhelpuri · Cultural centres · Cinemas · Kala Ghoda festival  · Tourist attractions Parks and grounds Horniman Circle Gardens · Cross Maidan · Kamala Nehru Park · Hanging Gardens · Sanjay Gandhi National Park · Jijamata Udyaan · Brabourne Stadium · Wankhede Stadium · Mahalaxmi Racecourse · Shivaji Park Other topics Bombay High · Marine Drive · Kamathipura · Dharavi · People from Mumbai

v • d • e Tourist attractions in Mumbai  Pre-colonial Elephanta Caves · Kanheri Caves · Worli Fort · Mahim Fort · Old Bombay · INS Vikrant  Colonial Victoria Terminus · BMC Headquarters · Flora Fountain · Worli Fort · David Sassoon Library · Gateway of India · Rajabai Tower · Mount Mary's Church · Crawford Market · Prince of Wales Museum · Bombay High Court · South Mumbai  Beaches Girgaum Chowpatty · Juhu Beach · Versova Beach · Madh Island · Aksa Beach · Marvé Beach · Powai Lake  Places of worship Mumba Devi Mandir · Mahalaxmi Temple · Siddhivinayak temple · Sitala Devi Temple · Walkeshwar Temple · Swaminarayan Mandir  · Haji Ali  · Mahim Church  Cultural National Centre for the Performing Arts · Jehangir Art Gallery · Taraporewala Aquarium · National Gallery of Modern Art · Asiatic Society of Bombay · Marine Drive · Royal Opera House · Regal Cinema · Eros Cinema · Metro Adlabs · Nehru Science Centre · Film City  Boulevards Marine Drive · Fashion Street · Linking Road · Nepean Sea Road · Breach Candy · Bandstand Promenade · Worli Seaface  Districts Nariman Point · Malabar Hill · Kala Ghoda · Colaba · Bandra-Kurla complex  Shopping Chor Bazaar · Fashion Street · Colaba Causeway · Lamington Road · Linking Road  Buildings Bombay Stock Exchange · Hutatma Chowk · David Sassoon Library · Taj Mahal Palace & Tower · Nehru Planetarium · India Government Mint  Parks, zoos  and stadia Hanging Gardens · Gowalia Tank · Sanjay Gandhi National Park · Kamala Nehru Park · Jijamata Udyaan · Horniman Circle Gardens · Cross Maidan · Brabourne Stadium · Wankhede Stadium · Mahalaxmi Racecourse · Shivaji Park · Mumbai Port Trust Garden · Essel World · Water Kingdom

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mumbai

[edit] External links

This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

• Official site of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
• Official City Report
• Mumbai travel guide from Wikitravel

Links to related articles v • d • e State of Maharashtra Topics History · Geography · Economy · Tourism · Marathi language Marathi people  · Marathi literature · Marathi cinema · Maharashtrian cuisine Regions Desh · Khandesh · Konkan · Marathwada · Vidarbha Districts Ahmednagar · Akola · Amravati · Aurangabad · Beed · Bhandara · Buldana · Chandrapur · Dhule · Gadchiroli · Gondia · Hingoli · Jalgaon · Jalna · Kolhapur · Latur · Mumbai (City) · Mumbai (Suburban) · Nagpur · Nanded · Nandurbar · Nashik · Osmanabad · Parbhani · Pune · Raigad · Ratnagiri · Sangli · Satara · Sindhudurg · Solapur · Thane · Wardha · Washim · Yavatmal Major cities Amravati · Aurangabad · Kolhapur · Mumbai · Navi Mumbai · Nagpur · Nashik · Pune · Solapur · Thane Mumbai Metropolitan Region MMRDA · Mumbai · Navi Mumbai · Thane v • d • e State and Union Territory capitals of India Agartala · Aizawl · Bangalore · Bhopal · Bhubaneswar · Chandigarh · Chennai (Madras) · Daman and Diu · Dehradun · Delhi · Dispur · Gandhinagar · Gangtok · Hyderabad · Imphal · Itanagar · Jaipur · Jammu(in winter) · Kavaratti · Kohima · Kolkata (Calcutta) · Lucknow · Mumbai (Bombay) · Panaji · Patna · Puducherry · Port Blair · Raipur · Ranchi · Shillong · Shimla · Silvassa · Srinagar(in summer) · Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) v • d • e Metropolitan cities of India Mumbai · Delhi · Kolkata · Chennai · Bangalore · Hyderabad  · v • d • e Million-plus cities in India Agra · Ahmedabad · Allahabad · Amritsar · Aurangabad · Bangalore · Bhopal · Chandigarh · Chennai · Coimbatore · Delhi · Faridabad · Ghaziabad · Howrah · Hyderabad · Indore · Jabalpur · Jaipur · Jodhpur · Kalyan-Dombivali · Kanpur · Kolkata · Lucknow · Ludhiana · Meerut · Mumbai · Mysore · Nagpur · Nashik · Navi Mumbai · Patna · Pimpri Chinchwad · Pune · Rajkot · Ranchi · Solapur · Srinagar · Surat · Thane · Vadodara · Varanasi · Visakhapatnam v • d • e Mumbai metropolitan area South Mumbai Neigbourhoods Colaba · Parel · Elephanta Caves · Fort · Dadar · Mahalaxmi · Marine Lines · Churchgate · Charni Road · Prabhadevi · Nariman Point · Navy Nagar  · Tardeo · Girgaon  · Kalbadevi · Worli · Cuffe Parade  · Malabar Hill  · Byculla · Chinchpokli · Wadala  · Walkeshwar  · Kala Ghoda · Kotachiwadi  · Elphinstone Road · Sewri  · Dadabhai Naoroji Road East Mumbai Suburban Neighbourhoods Mulund · Nahur · Bhandup · Kanjurmarg · Ghatkopar · Vikroli · Kurla · Vidyavihar · Chembur · Sion · Anushakti Nagar · Mankhurd · Powai · Trombay · Dharavi · Mahul West Mumbai Suburban Neighbourhoods Andheri · Bandra · Goregaon · Malad · Juhu · Kandivali · Borivali · Santacruz · Vile Parle · Dahisar · Versova · Kanheri Caves · Jogeshwari · Aarey Milk Colony · Mahim · Marol  · Matunga Navi Mumbai Neighbourhoods Vashi · Nerul-Seawoods · Ghansoli · Kopar Khairane · Sanpada · Turbhe  · Belapur · Digha · Kharghar · Rabale · Panvel · New Panvel · Airoli  · Juinagar  · Mansarovar (Navi Mumbai)  · Kalamboli  · Khandeshwar Thane City Neighbourhoods Ghodbunder Road · Mumbra · Kalwa · Gawand Baug · Wagle estate · Kopri  · Vasant Vihar Mira-Bhayandar Mira Road · Bhayandar Kalyan-Dombivali Kalyan · Dombivali · Titwala · Mohone · Shahad Vasai-Virar Vasai Road · Virar · Naigaon · Nala Sopara Bhiwandi Bhiwandi Ulhasnagar Ulhasnagar Municipal Councils Ambernath · Karjat · Khopoli · Badlapur · Pen · Uran v • d • e Portuguese Empire North Africa  15th century 1415–1640  Ceuta 1458–1550  Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 1471–1550  Arzila (Asilah) 1471–1662  Tangier 1485–1550  Mazagan (El Jadida) 1487- middle 16th century  Ouadane 1488–1541  Safim (Safi) 16th century 1505–1769  Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir) 1506–1525  Mogador (Essaouira) 1506–1525  Aguz (Souira Guedima) 1506–1769  Mazagan (El Jadida) 1513–1541  Azamor (Azemmour) 1577–1589  Arzila (Asilah) Sub-Saharan Africa  15th century 1455–1633  Arguin 1470–1975  São Tomé1 1474–1778  Annobón 1478–1778  Fernando Poo (Bioko) 1482–1637  Elmina (São Jorge da Mina) 1482–1642  Portuguese Gold Coast 1496–1550  Madagascar (part) 1498–1540  Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500–1630  Malindi 1500–1975  Príncipe1 1501–1975  Portuguese E. Africa (Mozambique) 1502–1659  St. Helena 1503–1698  Zanzibar 1505–1512  Quíloa (Kilwa) 1506–1511  Socotra 1557–1578  Accra 1575–1975  Portuguese W. Africa (Angola) 1588–1974  Cacheu2 1593–1698  Mombassa (Mombasa) 17th century 1642–1975  Cape Verde 1645–1888  Ziguinchor 1680–1961  São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687–1974  Bissau2 18th century 1728–1729  Mombassa (Mombasa) 1753–1975  São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879–1974  Portuguese Guinea 1885–1975  Portuguese Congo (Cabinda) 1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.   2 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879. Southwest Asia  16th century 1506–1615  Gamru (Bandar Abbas) 1507-1643  Sohar 1515–1622  Hormuz (Ormus) 1515-1648  Quriyat 1515-?   Qalhat 1515–1650  Muscat 1515?-?   Barka 1515-1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 1521–1602  Bahrain (Al Muharraq and Manama) 1521-1529?  Qatif 1521?-1551? Tarut Island 1550-1551  Qatif 1588-1648  Matrah 17th century 1620-?   Khor Fakkan 1621?-?   As Sib 1621-1622  Qeshm 1623-?   Khasab 1623-?   Libedia 1624-?   Kalba 1624-?   Madha 1624-1648  Dibba Al-Hisn 1624?-?   Bandar-e Kong Indian subcontinent  15th century 1498–1545  Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep) 16th century Portuguese India    1500–1663  Cochim (Kochi)    1502–1661  Quilon (Coulão/Kollam)    1502–1663  Cannanore (Kannur)    1507–1657  Negapatam (Nagapattinam)    1510–1962  Goa    1512–1525  Calicut (Kozhikode)    1518–1619  Paliacate (Pulicat)    1521–1740  Chaul    1523–1662  São Tomé de Meliapore    1528–1666  Chittagong    1534–1601  Salsette Island    1534–1661  Bombay (Mumbai)    1535–1739  Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)    1536–1662  Cranganore (Kodungallur)    1540–1612  Surat    1548–1658  Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)    1559–1962  Daman and Diu    1568–1659  Mangalore    1579–1632  Hughli    1598–1610  Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) 1518–1521  Maldives 1518–1658  Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1558–1573  Maldives 17th century Portuguese India    1687–1749  São Tomé de Meliapore 18th century Portuguese India    1779–1954  Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania  16th century 1511–1641  Portuguese Malacca 1512–1621  Banda Islands 1512–1621  Moluccas (Maluku Islands)    1522–1575  Ternate    1576–1605  Ambon    1578–1650  Tidore 1512–1665  Makassar 1553–1999  Macau 1533-1545  Ning-po 1571–1639  Decima (Dejima, Nagasaki) 17th century 1642–1975  Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1 19th century Macau    1864–1999  Coloane    1849-1999  Portas do Cerco    1851–1999  Taipa    1890–1999  Ilha Verde 20th century Macau    1938–1941  Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin) 1 1975 is the date of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, the independence of East Timor was recognized by Portugal and the rest of the world. North America and the North Atlantic Ocean  15th century 1420           Madeira 1432           Azores 16th century 1500–1579?  Terra Nova (Newfoundland) 1500-1579?  Labrador 1516–1579?  Nova Scotia Central and South America  16th century 1500–1822  Brazil 1536–1620  Barbados 17th century 1680–1777  Nova Colônia do Sacramento 19th century 1808–1822  Cisplatina (Uruguay) Portuguese colonization of the Americas v • d • e World's fifty most-populous urban areas Tokyo – Yokohama New York Seoul – Incheon Mumbai Jakarta Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Manila Osaka – Kobe – Kyoto Cairo Los Angeles Kolkata Shanghai Moscow Buenos Aires Beijing Shenzhen Rio de Janeiro Istanbul Paris Lagos Karachi Nagoya Chicago London Bangkok Ho Chi Minh City Kinshasa Lima Tehran Dhaka Bogotá Ruhr Area  (Essen–Düsseldorf) Chennai Guangzhou Hong Kong Lahore Bangalore Taipei Johannesburg – East Rand Hyderabad Dongguan Baghdad Toronto – Hamilton Santiago Miami San Francisco – San Jose Philadelphia St. Petersburg