Robert Fludd
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Robert Fludd, also known as Robertus de Fluctibus (1574, Bearsted, Kent – September 8, 1637, London) was a prominent English Paracelsian physician, astrologer, and mystic. He was not a member of the Rosicrucians, as often alleged, but he defended their thoughts in the Apologia Compendiaria of 1616.[1]
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[edit] Life
He was the son of Sir Thomas Fludd, a high-ranking governmental official (Queen Elizabeth I's treasurer for war in Europe).
He obtained an MD from University of Oxford.
Between 1598 and 1604, Fludd studied medicine, chemistry and the occult on the European mainland, but he is best known for his research in occult philosophy. He had a celebrated exchange of views with Johannes Kepler concerning the scientific and hermetic approaches to knowledge.[2]
[edit] Works
His philosophy is presented in Utriusque Cosmi, Maioris scilicet et Minoris, metaphysica, physica, atque technica Historia (The metaphysical, physical, and technical history of the two worlds, namely the greater and the lesser, published in Germany between 1617 and 1621)[3]; according to Frances Yates, his memory system (which she describes in detail in The Art of Memory, pp. 321-341) may reflect the layout of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre (The Art of Memory, Chapter XVI).
In 1618, Fludd wrote De Musica Mundana (Mundane Music) which described his theories of music, including his mundane (also known as "divine" or "celestial") monochord.[4]
In 1630, Fludd proposed many perpetual motion machines. People were trying to patent variations of Fludd's machine in the 1870s. Fludd's machine worked by recirculation by means of a water wheel and Archimedean screw. The device pumps the water back into its own supply tank.[5][6]
Fludd was the first person to discuss the circulation of the blood, and did in fact arrive at the correct conclusion. His conclusion was based on the macrocosm-microcosm analogy, a theory in which all occurrences in the microcosm (man) are influenced by the macrocosm (the heavens). His theory was that the blood must circulate because the heart is like the sun and the blood like the planets and, by this time, it was known that the planets orbit around the sun. William Harvey later explained the circulation of blood in more modern and experimental terms, though still referring to the macrocosm-microcosm analogy of Fludd.
[edit] Gwynedd connection
He was a descendant of Cunedda Wledig ap Edern, King of Gwynedd, which is now part of Wales.
[edit] In popular culture
In conspiracy theories, such as the one promoted in The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, Fludd has been alleged to be the sixteenth Grand Master of the Priory of Sion.
[edit] Notes
- ^ William H. Huffman, Robert Fludd and the end of the Renaissance (Routledge London & New York, 1988)
- ^ Wolfgang Pauli, Wolfgang Pauli - Writings on physics and philosophy, translated by Robert Schlapp and edited by P. Enz and Karl von Meyenn (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1994), Section 21, The influence of archetypical ideas on the scientific theories of Kepler. ISBN 354-05685-9X, ISBN 978-354-05685-99.
- ^ Karsten Kenklies, Wissenschaft als Ethisches Programm. Robert Fludd und die Reform der Bildung im 17. Jahrhundert (Jena, 2005)
- ^ Manly P. Hall, The Secret Teachings of All Ages: An Encyclopedic outline of Masonic, Hermetic, Qabbalistic, and Rosicrucian symbolical philosophy (H.S. Crocker Company, Inc., 1928)
- ^ http://www.uh.edu/engines/pmm1.jpg
- ^ http://www.windmillworld.com/mills/images/fludd1618.gif
[edit] Further reading
- Allen G. Debus, The English Paracelsians, New York: Watts, 1965.
- Tita French Baumlin, "Robert Fludd," The Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 281: British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500-1660, Second Series, Detroit: Gale, 2003, pp. 85-99.
- J. B. Craven, Doctor Fludd (Robertus de Fluctibus), the English Rosicrucian: Life and Writings, Kirkwall: William Peace & Son, 1902.
- Joscelyn Godwin, Robert Fludd: Hermetic Philosopher and Surveyor of Two Worlds, London: Thames and Hudson, 1979.
- Frances A. Yates, The Art of Memory, London: Routledge, 1966.
- William H. Huffman, ed., Robert Fludd: Essential Readings, London: Aquarian/Thorsons, 1992.
[edit] External links
- Robert Fludd biography at Levity
- Fludd's magnum opus, 'Utriusque Cosmi maioris salicet et minoris metaphysica..'(1617-1619) is available as ZIP or PDF download.
- A large section of 'Utriusque Cosmi maioris salicet et minoris metaphysica..' is available as page images at the University of Utah.
- Online originals of works by Robert Fludd
- JR Ritman Library: Treasures from the Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica
- Robert Fludd chronology
