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Barack Obama Obama's official presidential photo, taken January 13, 2009 44th President of the United States Incumbent Assumed office  January 20, 2009 Vice President Joe Biden Preceded by George W. Bush United States Senator from Illinois In office January 4, 2005 – November 16, 2008 Preceded by Peter Fitzgerald Succeeded by Roland Burris Member of the Illinois Senate from the 13th district In office January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004 Preceded by Alice Palmer Succeeded by Kwame Raoul Born August 4, 1961 (1961-08-04) (age 47)[1] Honolulu, Hawaii[2] Birth name Barack Hussein Obama II[2] Nationality American Political party Democratic Spouse Michelle Obama (m. 1992) Children Malia Ann (b.1998) Natasha (Sasha) (b.2001) Residence Chicago, IL (private) White House, Washington, D.C. (official) Alma mater Occidental College Columbia University (B.A.) Harvard Law School (J.D.) Occupation Community organizer Lawyer Constitutional law professor Author Religion Christian,[3] former member of United Church of Christ [4][5] Signature Website The White House This article is part of a series about Barack Obama Background  · Illinois Senate  · U.S. Senate · Political positions · Public image · Family · 2008 primaries · Obama–Biden campaign · Transition · Inauguration · Electoral history · Presidency (Timeline, First 100 days)

Barack Hussein Obama II (pronounced /bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama was the junior United States Senator from Illinois from January 2005 until November 2008, when he resigned following his election to the presidency.

Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the first African American president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree, and worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago before serving three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. He also taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004.

Obama lost an election for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000. He entered the 2004 Democratic primary for U.S. Senate as an underdog and then won the primary with broad support that surprised campaign watchers and raised his profile in the Democratic party. He was selected to deliver the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004 and gave a nationally televised speech that further raised his profile. In the November general election he won a landslide victory for a Senate seat.

He launched a bid for president in early 2007 and competed in a close contest in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton. He won the nomination and became the first major party African American presidential candidate. In the 2008 general election he defeated Republican candidate John McCain and was inaugurated as President on January 20, 2009.

Contents 1 Early life and career 2 Political career: 1996–2008 2.1 State legislator: 1997–2004 2.2 2004 U.S. Senate campaign 2.3 U.S. Senator: 2005–2008 2.3.1 Legislation 2.3.2 Committees 3 2008 presidential campaign 4 Presidency 5 Political positions 6 Family and personal life 7 Cultural and political image 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links

Early life and career

Barack Obama was born at the Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women & Children in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States,^[6][7] to Stanley Ann Dunham,^[8] an American of mainly English descent from Wichita, Kansas^[9][10][11] and Barack Obama, Sr., a Luo from Nyang’oma Kogelo, Nyanza Province, Kenya. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.^[12][13] The couple married on February 2, 1961^[14] and Barack was born later that year. His parents separated when he was two years old, and they divorced in 1964.^[13] Obama's father returned to Kenya and saw his son only once more before dying in an automobile accident in 1982.^[15]

After her divorce, Dunham married Indonesian student Lolo Soetoro, who was attending college in Hawaii. When Suharto, a military leader in Soetoro's home country, came to power in 1967, all Indonesian students studying abroad were recalled and the family moved to the island nation.^[16] From ages six to ten, Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, including Besuki Public School and St. Francis of Assisi School.

He then returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Armour Dunham, and attended Punahou School, a private college preparatory school, from the fifth grade in 1971 until his graduation from high school in 1979.^[17]

Obama's mother returned to Hawaii in 1972 and remained there until 1977, when she relocated to Indonesia to work as an anthropological field worker. Dunham finally returned to Hawaii in 1994 and lived there for one year before dying of ovarian cancer.^[18]

Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."^[19] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.^[20] He disclosed that he used alcohol, marijuana and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind."^[21] At the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency in 2008, Obama identified his high-school drug use as his "greatest moral failure".^[22]

Some of his fellow students at Punahou School later told the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that Obama was mature for his age, and that he sometimes attended college parties and other events in order to associate with African American students and military service people. Reflecting later on his formative years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."^[23]

Following high school, he moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend Occidental College.^[24] After two years he transferred in 1981 to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations^[25] and graduated with a B.A. in 1983. He worked for a year at the Business International Corporation^[26][27] and then at the New York Public Interest Research Group.^[28][29]

After four years in New York City, Obama moved to Chicago, where he was hired as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Greater Roseland (Roseland, West Pullman and Riverdale) on Chicago's far South Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.^[28][30] During his three years as the DCP's director, its staff grew from one to thirteen and its annual budget grew from $70,000 to $400,000. He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.^[31] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.^[32] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time to Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.^[33] He returned in August 2006 in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya.^[34]

Obama entered Harvard Law School in late 1988. He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,^[35] and president of the journal in his second year.^[36] During his summers, he returned to Chicago where he worked as a summer associate at the law firms of Sidley & Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.^[37] After graduating with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) magna cum laude^[38][39] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.^[35]

Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention^[36] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,^[40] though it evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father.^[40]

From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration drive with a staff of ten and 700 volunteers; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, and led to Crain's Chicago Business naming Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.^[41][42]

For twelve years, Obama served as a professor at the University of Chicago Law School teaching constitutional law. He was first classified as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996 and then as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004.^[43] He also joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a twelve-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002.^[28][44][45]

Obama was a founding member of the board of directors of Public Allies in 1992, resigning before his wife, Michelle, became the founding executive director of Public Allies Chicago in early 1993.^[28][46] He served from 1994 to 2002 on the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project, and also from 1994 to 2002 on the board of directors of the Joyce Foundation.^[28] Obama served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.^[28] He also served on the board of directors of the Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Center for Neighborhood Technology, and the Lugenia Burns Hope Center.^[28]

Political career: 1996–2008

State legislator: 1997–2004

Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer as Senator from Illinois's 13th District, which then spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park-Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.^[47] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation reforming ethics and health care laws.^[48] He sponsored a law increasing tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.^[49] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.^[50]

Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002.^[51] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.^[52][53]

In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.^[54] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.^[49][55] During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.^[56] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.^[57]

2004 U.S. Senate campaign

In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race; he created a campaign committee, began raising funds and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod by August 2002, and formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.^[58] Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun not to contest the race launched wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.^[59] Obama's candidacy was boosted by Axelrod's advertising campaign featuring images of the late Chicago Mayor Harold Washington and an endorsement by the daughter of the late Paul Simon, former U.S. Senator for Illinois.^[60] In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won an unexpected landslide victory with 53% of the vote in a seven-candidate field, 29% ahead of his nearest Democratic rival, which overnight made him a rising star in the national Democratic Party and started speculation about a presidential future.^[61][62]

In July 2004, Obama wrote and delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts.^[63] He spoke about changing the U.S. government's economic and social priorities, while questioning the Bush administration's management of the Iraq War and speaking about obligations to American soldiers. He criticized heavily partisan views of the electorate and asked Americans to find unity, saying, "There is not a liberal America and a conservative America; there's the United States of America."^[64] Though it was not televised by the three major broadcast news networks, a combined 9.1 million viewers saw Obama's speech, which was a highlight of the convention and elevated his status as a star in the Democratic Party.^[65]

Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.^[66] Two months later, Alan Keyes accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination to replace Ryan.^[67] A long-time resident of Maryland, Keyes established legal residency in Illinois with the nomination.^[68] In the November 2004 general election, Obama received 70% of the vote to Keyes' 27%, the largest victory margin for a statewide race in Illinois history.^[69][70]

U.S. Senator: 2005–2008

Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 4, 2005.^[71] Obama was the fifth African American Senator in U.S. history and the third to have been popularly elected.^[72] He was the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus.^[73] CQ Weekly, a nonpartisan publication, characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes in 2005–2007. The National Journal ranked him as the "most liberal" senator based on an assessment of selected votes during 2007; in 2005 he was ranked sixteenth most liberal, and in 2006 he was ranked tenth.^[74][75] In 2008, Congress.org ranked him as the eleventh most powerful Senator,^[76] and the politician was the most popular in the Senate, enjoying 72% approval in Illinois.^[77] Obama announced on November 13, 2008 that he would resign his senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.^[78][79] This enabled him to avoid the conflict of dual roles as President-elect and Senator in the lame duck session of Congress, which no sitting member of Congress had faced since Warren Harding.^[80]

Legislation

Obama voted in favor of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.^[82] In September 2006, Obama supported a related bill, the Secure Fence Act.^[83] Obama introduced two initiatives bearing his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons,^[84] and the Coburn–Obama Transparency Act, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.^[85] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama, along with Senators Thomas R. Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain, introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.^[86]

Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.^[87] Obama is not hostile to tort reform and voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with NSA warrantless wiretapping operations.^[88]

In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.^[89] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007.^[90] Obama also introduced Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections^[91] and the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007,^[92] neither of which has been signed into law.

Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act adding safeguards for personality disorder military discharges.^[94] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.^[95] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee, and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.^[96][97] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.^[98]

Committees

Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006.^[99] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.^[100] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs.^[101] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before he became President of the Palestinian Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi condemning corruption in the Kenyan government.^{[102][103][104][105]}

2008 presidential campaign

On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois.^{[106][107][108]} The choice of the announcement site was symbolic because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858.^[108] Throughout the campaign, Obama emphasized the issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence and providing universal health care.^[109]

A large number of candidates initially entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged delegates due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.^[110][111] On June 3, with all states counted, Obama was named the presumptive nominee^[112][113] and delivered a victory speech in St. Paul, Minnesota. Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed him on June 7.^[114] Obama now began to campaign against Senator John McCain, the presumptive Republican nominee. On August 23, 2008, Obama announced that he had selected Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.^[115]

At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton gave a speech in support of Obama's candidacy and called for him to be nominated by acclamation as the Democratic candidate.^[116][117] Obama delivered his acceptance speech to over 75,000 supporters and presented his policy goals; the speech was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide.^[118][119]

During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.^{[120][121][122]} On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.^[123]

After McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, three presidential debates were held between the contenders spanning September and October 2008.^[124][125] In November, Obama won the presidency with 52.9% of the popular vote to McCain's 45.7%,^[126] and 365 electoral votes to 173,^[127][128] to become the first African American and first Hawaiian-born president.^{[129][130][131][132][133]} In his victory speech, delivered before thousands of supporters in Chicago's Grant Park, Obama proclaimed that "change has come to America".^[134]

Presidency

The inauguration of Barack Obama as the forty-fourth President, and Joe Biden as Vice President, took place on January 20, 2009. The theme of the inauguration was "A New Birth of Freedom", commemorating the 200th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln.^[135]

In his first few days in office Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda reversing President Bush's ban on federal funding to foreign establishments that allow abortions (known as the Mexico City Policy and referred to by critics as the "Global Gag Rule"),^[136] changed procedures to promote disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act,^[137] directed the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq,^[138] and reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.^[139] He also issued orders closing Guantanamo Bay detention camp "as soon as practicable and no later than" January 2010.^[140]

On February 17, 2009, Obama signed into law a $787 billion economic stimulus package, which included increased Federal spending, aid to states, and tax reductions. He stated in his remarks that the intended goal was to ameliorate the effects of the recession.^[141] Although Obama made a high-profile visit to Captiol Hill to engage with Congressional Republicans, the bill ultimately passed largely on a party-line vote.^[142]

Early in his presidency, Obama moved to implement the war strategy he had campaigned on, scaling back combat operations in Iraq and intensifying the effort in Afghanistan.^[143] On February 18, 2009 he announced that the U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan would be boosted by 17,000.^[144] On February 27, 2009, Obama declared that combat operations will end in Iraq within 18 months, telling Marines preparing to deploy to Afghanistan, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: By August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end."^[145]

Political positions

A method that some political scientists use for gauging ideology is to compare the annual ratings by the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) with the ratings by the American Conservative Union (ACU).^[146] Based on his years in Congress, Obama has a lifetime average conservative rating of 7.67% from the ACU^[147] and a lifetime average liberal rating of 90% from the ADA.^[148]

In economic affairs, in April 2005, he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and opposed Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security.^[149] In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Obama spoke out against government indifference to growing economic class divisions, calling on both political parties to take action to restore the social safety net for the poor.^[150] Shortly before announcing his presidential campaign, Obama said he supports universal health care in the United States.^[151] He has proposed rewarding teachers for performance from traditional merit pay systems, assuring unions that changes would be pursued through the collective bargaining process.^[152]

On taxation, his plan would eliminate taxes for senior citizens with incomes of less than $50,000 a year, raise income taxes for those making over $250,000, raise the capital gains and dividends taxes,^[153] close corporate tax loopholes, lift the income cap on Social Security taxes, restrict offshore tax havens, and simplify filing of income tax returns by pre-filling wage and bank information already collected by the IRS.^[154] In September 2007, he blamed special interests for distorting the U.S. tax code.^[155]

For environment, Obama proposed a cap and trade auction system to restrict carbon emissions and a ten year program of investments in new energy sources to reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil.^[156] Obama proposed that all pollution credits must be auctioned, with no grandfathering of credits for oil and gas companies, and the spending of the revenue obtained on energy development and economic transition costs.^[157]

In foreign affairs, Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's policies on Iraq.^[158] On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,^[159] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally,^[160] and spoke out against the war.^[161][162] He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.^[163][164]

Although Obama had previously said he wanted all U.S. troops out of Iraq within 16 months of becoming president, after he won the primary, he said he might change or refine plans as further developments unfold.^[165] In November 2006, he called for a "phased redeployment of U.S. troops from Iraq" and an opening of diplomatic dialogue with Syria and Iran.^[166] In a March 2007 speech to AIPAC, a pro-Israel lobby, he said that the primary way to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons is through talks and diplomacy, although he did not rule out military action.^[167] Obama has indicated that he would engage in "direct presidential diplomacy" with Iran without preconditions.^{[168][169][170]} In August 2007, Obama remarked that "it was a terrible mistake to fail to act" against a 2005 meeting of al-Qaeda leaders that U.S. intelligence had confirmed to be taking place in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. He said that as president, he would not miss a similar opportunity, even without the support of the Pakistani government.^[171]

Obama stated that if elected he would enact budget cuts in the range of tens of billions of dollars, stop investing in "unproven" missile defense systems, not weaponize space, "slow development of Future Combat Systems", and work towards eliminating all nuclear weapons. Obama favors ending development of new nuclear weapons, reducing the current U.S. nuclear stockpile, enacting a global ban on production of fissile material, and seeking negotiations with Russia in order to make it less necessary to have ICBMs on high-alert status.^[172]

Obama has called for more assertive action to oppose genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan.^[173] He has divested $180,000 in personal holdings of Sudan-related stock, and has urged divestment from companies doing business in Iran.^[174] In the July–August 2007 issue of Foreign Affairs, Obama called for an outward looking post-Iraq War foreign policy and, in his view, the renewal of American military, diplomatic, and moral leadership in the world. Saying that "we can neither retreat from the world nor try to bully it into submission", he called on Americans to "lead the world, by deed and by example."^[175]

Family and personal life

In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "It's like a little mini-United Nations", he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher."^[176] Obama has seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living, and a half-sister with whom he was raised, Maya Soetoro-Ng, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband.^[177] Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham^[178] until her death on November 2, 2008^[179] just two days before his election to the Presidency. In Dreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, president of the southern Confederacy during the American Civil War.^[180] Obama's great-uncle served in the 89th Division that overran Ohrdruf,^[181] the first Nazi camp liberated by U.S. troops during World War II.^[182]

Obama was known as "Barry" in his youth, but asked to be addressed with his given name during his college years.^[183] Besides his native English, Obama speaks Indonesian at the conversational level, which he learned during his four childhood years in Jakarta.^[184][185] He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.^[186]

In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.^[188] Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.^[189] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.^[190] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,^[191] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.^[192] The Obama daughters attended the private University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the private Sidwell Friends School.^[193]

Applying the proceeds of a book deal, the family moved in 2005 from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to a $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood, Chicago.^[194] The purchase of an adjacent lot and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend Tony Rezko attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.^[195][196]

In December 2007, Money magazine estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3 million.^[197] Their 2007 tax return showed a household income of $4.2 million—up from about $1 million in 2006 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.^[198]

Obama is a Christian whose religious views have evolved in his adult life. In The Audacity of Hope, Obama writes that he "was not raised in a religious household." He describes his mother, raised by non-religious parents (whom Obama has specified elsewhere as "non-practicing Methodists and Baptists") to be detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known." He describes his father as "raised a Muslim", but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."^[199][200] He was baptized at the Trinity United Church of Christ in 1988 and was an active member there for two decades.^[201][202] Obama resigned from Trinity during the Presidential campaign after controversial statements made by Rev. Jeremiah Wright became public.^[203]

Obama has tried to quit smoking several times,^[204] and said he will not smoke in the White House.^[204]

Cultural and political image

Obama's family history, early life and upbringing, and Ivy League education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.^[205] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."^[206] Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."^[207]

Obama's skills as an orator have been compared with those of other respected speakers such as Martin Luther King, Jr.^[208] and Ronald Reagan.^[209][210] Obama delivered a series of weekly internet video addresses during his pre-inauguration transition period^[211] and said he will make a series of addresses similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt's famous fireside chats throughout his term as president to explain his policies and actions.^[212]

Obama's international appeal has been described as a defining factor for his public image.^[213] Polls show strong support for him in other countries,^[214] and Obama met with prominent foreign figures before his presidential candidacy, including with then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair,^[215] with Italy's Democratic Party leader and then Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni,^[216] and with French President Nicolas Sarkozy.^[217]

Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008.^[218] His "Yes We Can" speech, which artists independently set to music, was viewed by 10 million people on YouTube in the first month,^[219] and received an Emmy Award.^[220] In December 2008, Time magazine named Barack Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".^[221]

Notes

References

• Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. New York: Amistad/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085820-6. 
• Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-8277-3. 
• Obama, Barack (2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 0-307-23769-9. 

Further reading

Listen to this article (info/dl) This audio file was created from a revision dated September 3, 2008, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help) More spoken articles

• Graff, Garrett. "The Legend of Barack Obama", Washingtonian, November 1, 2006. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
• Curry, Jessica. "Barack Obama: Under the Lights", Chicago Life, Fall 2004. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
• Lizza, Ryan. "Above the Fray", GQ, September 2007. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
• Koltun, Dave (2005) "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political “Star”" in "The Road to Congress 2004" Editors: Sunil Ahuja (Youngstown State University) and Robert Dewhirst (Northeast Missouri State University), Nova Science Publishers, Haupauge, New York, Binding: Hardcover Pub. Date: 2005, ISBN 1-59454-360-7
• MacFarquhar, Larissa. "The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?", New Yorker, May 7, 2007. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
• Mundy, Liza. "A Series of Fortunate Events", The Washington Post Magazine, August 12, 2007. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
• Wallace-Wells, Ben. "Destiny's Child", Rolling Stone, February 7, 2007. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
• Zutter, Hank De. "What Makes Obama Run?", Chicago Reader, December 8, 1995. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.

External links

Official sites

• President Barack Obama official White House website
• Full transcript and video of President Obama's inaugural address (from whitehouse.gov)
• 2008 U.S. presidential campaign site

Site directory

• Barack Obama at the Open Directory Project
• Works by or about Barack Obama in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

News media

• Ongoing news coverage from the BBC News, Chicago Sun-Times, Chicago Tribune, The Guardian, Washington Post
• "US election results map". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/us_elections_2008/7697829.stm. 
• "In pictures: Election result reaction". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7709830.stm. 
• "In quotes: US election reaction". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/us_elections_2008/7710020.stm. 
• FACTBOX: Barack Obama, Democratic President-elect (Reuters, November 5, 2008)

Congressional links

• Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
• Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
• Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org
• Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
• Issue positions and quotes at On The Issues
• Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
• Current Bills Sponsored at StateSurge.com
• Congressional profile at GovTrack.us

v • d • e Barack Obama Presidency Transition · Inauguration · Timeline · Judiciary · Foreign policy · First 100 days Early life and political career Public image · Illinois Senate career · 2004 Democratic National Convention · U.S. Senate election in Illinois · U.S. Senate career · Presidential primary campaign · Obama–Biden 2008 · Electoral history · Political positions Books Dreams from My Father · The Audacity of Hope Speeches The Audacity of Hope · A More Perfect Union · Change Has Come to America · 2009 speech to joint session of Congress Family Michelle Obama · Barack Obama, Sr. · Ann Dunham · Lolo Soetoro (stepfather) · Maya Soetoro-Ng (half-sister) · Marian Robinson (mother-in-law) · Stanley Armour Dunham (grandfather) · Madelyn Dunham (grandmother) · Extended family · Family tree

Barack Obama succession and navigation boxes Political offices Preceded by George W. Bush President of the United States January 20, 2009  – present Incumbent United States Senate Preceded by Peter Fitzgerald United States Senator (Class 3) from Illinois 2005 – 2008 Served alongside: Dick Durbin Succeeded by Roland Burris Preceded by George F. Allen R-Virginia Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs 2007 – 2008 Succeeded by Jeanne Shaheen D-New Hampshire Illinois Senate Preceded by Alice Palmer Illinois State Senator from 13th district 1997 – 2004 Succeeded by Kwame Raoul Party political offices Preceded by Harold Ford, Jr. Keynote Speaker of the Democratic National Convention 2004 Succeeded by Mark Warner Preceded by Carol Moseley Braun Democratic Party nominee for Senator from Illinois (Class 3) 2004 Most recent Preceded by John Kerry Democratic Party presidential nominee 2008 Order of precedence in the United States of America First United States order of precedence President of the United States 2009 – present Succeeded by Joe Biden Vice President of the United States

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v • d • e G8 Leaders Harper · Sarkozy · Merkel · Berlusconi · Aso · Medvedev · Brown · Obama

v • d • e Current members of the United States Cabinet Bidenc · Chu · Clinton · Donovan · Duncan · Emanuelc · Gates · Geithner · Holder · Jacksonc · Johnsona · Kirkc · LaHood · Locke · Napolitano · Obamac · Orszagc · Ricec · Romerc · Salazar · Solis · Shinseki · Vilsack a - acting; c - cabinet-level

v • d • e Cabinet of President Barack Obama (2009 – present)   Cabinet Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton (2009 – present) Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner (2009 – present) Secretary of Defense Robert Gates (2009 – present) Attorney General Eric Holder (2009 – present) Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar (2009 – present) Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack (2009 – present) Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke (2009 – present) Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis (2009 – present) Secretary of Health and Human Services Vacant Secretary of Education Arne Duncan (2009 – present) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Shaun Donovan (2009 – present) Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood (2009 – present) Secretary of Energy Steven Chu (2009 – present) Secretary of Veterans Affairs Eric Shinseki (2009 – present) Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano (2009 – present)   Cabinet-level Vice President Joe Biden (2009 – present) White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel (2009 – present) Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency Lisa Jackson (2009 – present) Director of the Office of Management and Budget Peter Orszag (2009 – present) Trade Representative Ron Kirk (2009 – present) Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice (2009 – present) Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers Christina Romer (2009 – present)

v • d • e Obama Administration personnel v • d • e Cabinet and cabinet-level Office Name Term Office Name Term Secretary of State Hillary Clinton 2009 – present Secretary of Treasury Timothy Geithner 2009 – present Secretary of Defense Robert Gates† 2006 – present Attorney General Eric Holder 2009 – present Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar 2009 – present Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack 2009 – present Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke 2009 – present Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis 2009 – present Secretary of Health and   Human Services Kathleen Sebelius* 2009 – present Secretary of Education Arne Duncan 2009 – present Secretary of Housing and Urban   Development Shaun Donovan 2009 – present Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood 2009 – present Secretary of Energy Steven Chu 2009 – present Secretary of Veterans Affairs Eric Shinseki 2009 – present Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano 2009 – present       Vice President Joe Biden 2009 – present White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel 2009 – present Director of the Office of Management and   Budget Peter Orszag 2009 – present Administrator of the Environmental   Protection Agency Lisa Jackson 2009 – present Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice 2009 – present Chair of the Council of Economic   Advisers Christina Romer 2009 – present Trade Representative Ron Kirk 2009 – present *Senate-confirmation pending.   †Remained from previous administration.   •Below line: Granted Cabinet rank although not automatically part of the Cabinet. v • d • e Executive Office of the President Office Name Senior Adviser to the President   Assistant to the President for Intergovernmental Affairs   Public Liaison Valerie Jarrett Senior Adviser to the President Pete Rouse Deputy White House Chief of Staff Jim Messina Staff Secretary Lisa Brown Personal Secretary Katie Johnson Personal Aide to the President Reggie Love Cabinet Secretary Chris Lu Chief of Staff to the First Lady Jackie Norris White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs White House Social Secretary   Special Assistant to the President Desirée Rogers Assistant to the President for Economic Policy   (Director of the White House National Economic Council) Lawrence Summers Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy   (Director of the White House Domestic Policy Council) Melody Barnes Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change Carol Browner Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget Rob Nabors Chair of the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board Paul Volcker Director of Speechwriting Jon Favreau Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs   (National Security Adviser) Jim Jones Director of Public Liaison Christina Tchen Director of White House Office of Health Reform Nancy DeParle Deputy Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change Heather Zichal Co-Chair of the President's Council of Advisers on Science and Technology Eric Lander Deputy White House Counsel with a Focus on Domestic Policy and Ethics Cassandra Butts Deputy Director of Legislative Affairs for the Senate Shawn Maher Special Assistant to the President   Director of Communications for the First Lady Camille Johnston Deputy Press Secretary for the First Lady Semonti Mustaphi White House Director of Presidential Personnel Don Gips Associate Counsel to the President Susan Sher Office Name Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs Phil Schiliro Deputy White House Chief of Staff Mona Sutphen Senior Adviser to the President David Axelrod White House Counsel Greg Craig Director of the White House Office of Political Affairs Patrick Gaspard Assistant to the President for Communications   (White House Director of Communications) Ellen Moran Deputy Assistant to the President for Communications   (Deputy White House Director of Communications) Dan Pfeiffer Deputy Chief of Staff to the First Lady Melissa Winter Deputy Chief of Staff to the First Lady David Medina Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy Gil Kerlikowske* Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy   (Deputy Director of the White House Domestic Policy Council) Heather Higginbottom White House Director of Scheduling and Advance Alyssa Mastromonaco Staff Director and Chief Economist of the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board   Member of the White House Council of Economic Advisers Austan Goolsbee Director of Intergovernmental Affairs Cecilia Muñoz Director of the White House Military Office Louis Caldera Chief of Staff to the Assistant to the President for Intergovernmental Relations   Public Liaison Michael Strautmanis Deputy Director of White House Office of Health Reform Jeanne Lambrew Chair of the White House Council on Environmental Quality Nancy Sutley Assistant to the President for Science and Technology   (Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy)   Co-Chair of the President's Council of Advisers on Science and Technology John Holdren Co-Chair of the President's Council of Advisers on Science and Technology Harold Varmus Deputy Cabinet Secretary Liz Sears Smith Deputy Director of Legislative Affairs for the House of Representatives Dan Turton Press Secretary for the First Lady Katie McCormick Lelyveld Director of the Office of Management and Administration Bradley Kiley Chief Performance Officer/   Deputy Director for Management at the Office of Management and Budget TBA Director of White House Office of Urban Policy Adolfo Carrion Other Office Name Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission Mary Schapiro Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Daniel Tarullo Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere   (Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Jane Lubchenco Solicitor General Elena Kagan Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel Dawn Johnsen Director of National Intelligence Dennis Blair Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Leon Panetta Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn Office Name Chair of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission Gary Gensler Administrator of the Small Business Administration Karen Mills Deputy Attorney General David Ogden Associate Attorney General Tom Perrelli Surgeon General Deputy Secretary of State James Steinberg Jacob Lew Special Assistant to the President Eugene Kang Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services William Corr * Although identified by sources to the press, selection awaits official announcement by the White House. v • d • e Office of the Vice President Position Appointee Chief of Staff to the Vice President Ron Klain Counsel to the Vice President Cynthia Hogan Counselor to the Vice President Mike Donilon Assistant to the Vice President for Intergovernmental Affairs   Public Liaison Evan Ryan Assistant to the Vice President   Director of Communications Jay Carney Deputy Chief of Staff to the Vice President Alan Hoffman Deputy National Security Adviser to the Vice President Brian McKeon Director of Communications for the Second Lady Courtney O’Donnell Position Appointee Chief of Staff to the Second Lady Catherine Russell Director of Administration for the Office of the Vice President Moe Vela Domestic Policy Adviser to the Vice President Terrell McSweeny Chief Economist and Economic Policy Adviser to the Vice President Jared Bernstein Press Secretary to the Vice President Elizabeth Alexander Deputy Press Secretary to the Vice President Annie Tomasini Director of Legislative Affairs Sudafi Henry Residence Manager and Social Secretary for the Vice President and the Second Lady Carlos Elizondo

v • d • e United States presidential election, 2008 United States elections, 2008 · Candidates (Comparison) · Debates · Congressional support · Fundraising · Ballot access · Timeline · Super Tuesday · Potomac primary · Super Tuesday II · General polls · Statewide general polls · International polls · International reaction Democratic Party Convention · Primary polls General polls · Debates · Primaries Primary results · Superdelegates Nominee: Barack Obama (campaign · positions · transition) VP nominee: Joe Biden (positions) Former candidates: Evan Bayh · Joe Biden (campaign) · Hillary Rodham Clinton (campaign) · Chris Dodd (campaign) · John Edwards (campaign) · Mike Gravel (campaign) · Dennis Kucinich (campaign) · Dal LaMagna · Bill Richardson (campaign) · Tom Vilsack (campaign) Republican Party Convention · Primary polls General polls · Debates · Primaries Primary results Nominee: John McCain (campaign · positions) VP nominee: Sarah Palin (positions) Former candidates: Sam Brownback · Hugh Cort · John Cox · Dan Gilbert · Jim Gilmore (campaign) · Rudy Giuliani (campaign) · Mike Huckabee (campaign) · Duncan Hunter (campaign) · Alan Keyes (campaign) · Ray McKinney · Ron Paul (campaign) · Mitt Romney (campaign) · Tom Tancredo (campaign) · Fred Thompson (campaign) · Tommy Thompson (campaign) Constitution Party Convention Nominee: Chuck Baldwin (campaign)/Darrell Castle Former candidates: Daniel Imperato · Alan Keyes (campaign) Green Party Convention Nominee: Cynthia McKinney (campaign · positions)/Rosa Clemente Former candidates: Elaine Brown · Jesse Johnson · Kent Mesplay · Kat Swift Libertarian Party Convention Nominee: Bob Barr (campaign · positions)/Wayne Allyn Root Former candidates: Mike Gravel (campaign) · Daniel Imperato · Steve Kubby · George Phillies · Wayne Allyn Root · Mary Ruwart · Doug Stanhope Minor parties America's Independent Party: Alan Keyes (campaign)/Brian Rohrbough · Boston Tea Party: Charles Jay/Thomas L. Knapp · New American Independent Party: Frank McEnulty · Objectivist Party · Prohibition Party: Gene Amondson/Leroy Pletten · Party for Socialism and Liberation: Gloria La Riva/Eugene Puryear · Reform Party: Ted Weill/Frank McEnulty · Socialist Party: Brian Moore/Stewart Alexander · Socialist Workers Party: Róger Calero/Alyson Kennedy Independent Ralph Nader (campaign)/Matt Gonzalez Draft movements Democratic Party: Al Gore · Mark Warner (movement) · Republican Party: Newt Gingrich · Condoleezza Rice (movement) · Independent: Michael Bloomberg (movement) Those listed following the "/" are the party's vice-presidential nominee Other 2008 elections: House · Senate · Gubernatorial

v • d • e United States Democratic Party Presidential Nominees Andrew Jackson · Martin Van Buren · James K. Polk · Lewis Cass · Franklin Pierce · James Buchanan · Stephen A. Douglas/John C. Breckinridge (SD) · George B. McClellan · Horatio Seymour · Horace Greeley · Samuel J. Tilden · Winfield Scott Hancock · Grover Cleveland · William Jennings Bryan · Alton B. Parker · William Jennings Bryan · Woodrow Wilson · James M. Cox · John W. Davis · Al Smith · Franklin D. Roosevelt · Harry S. Truman · Adlai Stevenson · John F. Kennedy · Lyndon B. Johnson · Hubert Humphrey · George McGovern · Jimmy Carter · Walter Mondale · Michael Dukakis · Bill Clinton · Al Gore · John Kerry · Barack Obama

v • d • e United States Senators from Illinois Class 2: Thomas • McLean • Baker • Robinson • McRoberts • Semple • S. Douglas • Browning • Richardson • Yates • Logan • Davis • Cullom • Lewis • McCormick • Deneen • Lewis • Slattery • Brooks • P. Douglas • Percy • Simon • Durbin Class 3: Edwards • McLean • Kane • Ewing • Young • Breese • Shields • Trumbull • Oglesby • Logan • Farwell • Palmer • Mason • Hopkins • Lorimer • Sherman • McKinley • Glenn • Dieterich • Lucas • Dirksen • Smith • Stevenson III • Dixon • Moseley Braun • Fitzgerald • Obama • Burris

v • d • e Public image of Barack Obama News and political events Speeches · Oprah Winfrey's endorsement · Citizenship conspiracy theories · Bill Ayers controversy · Jeremiah Wright controversy · Republican and conservative support (2008) · 2008 assassination scare in Denver · 2008 assassination scare in Tennessee · Inauguration invitations · Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial · Citizen's Briefing Book · Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act · New Energy For America · American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Books about Self-authored (Dreams from My Father · The Audacity of Hope) · Barack Obama - Der schwarze Kennedy · The Case Against Barack Obama · The Obama Nation Music Obama Girl ("I Got a Crush... on Obama") · "Barack the Magic Negro" · will.i.am ("Yes We Can" · "We Are the Ones") · "There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama" · "Sí Se Puede Cambiar" · "Make It to the Sun" · "My President" · "Deadheads for Obama" · "Air and Simple Gifts" Other media Artists for Obama · "Hope" poster · Super Obama World · Obama logo Miscellaneous Places named after Obama · Obama Day (Kenya)

v • d • e Family of Barack Obama Stanley Dunham 1918–1992 Madelyn Payne 1922–2008 Akumu Nyanjoga Onyango Obama c. 1895–1979 Sarah Ogwel 1922– Lolo Soetoro 1936–1987 Ann Dunham 1942–1995 Barack Obama, Sr. * 1936–1982 Kezia Grace c. 1940– Omar Obama 1944– Zeituni Onyango 1952– Yusuf Obama c. 1950s– Said Obama c. 1950s– Konrad Ng c. 1974– Maya Soetoro 1970– Barack Obama 1961– Michelle Robinson 1964– M. Abongo Obama 1958– Auma Obama c. 1960– Abo Obama 1968– Bernard Obama 1970– Suhaila Ng c. 2005– Malia Ann Obama 1998– Sasha Obama 2001– * Barack Obama, Sr.'s additional Ruth Nidesandjo c. 1940s– Jael Otieno relationships: Mark Ndesandjo David Ndesandjo died c. 1987 George Obama c. 1982–

v • d • e Time Persons of the Year Rudolph Giuliani (2001) · The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) · The American Soldier (2003) · George W. Bush (2004) · The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) · You (2006) · Vladimir Putin (2007) · Barack Obama (2008) Complete roster · 1927–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–present

Persondata
NAME	Obama, Barack, Jr.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Obama, Barack Hussein
SHORT DESCRIPTION	44th President of the United States of America
DATE OF BIRTH	August 4, 1961
PLACE OF BIRTH	Honolulu, Hawaii
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH