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Kitty Genovese
Kitty Genovese, picture from The New York Times article: "Thirty-Eight Who Saw Murder Didn't Call the Police"
Born	Catherine Susan Genovese July 7, 1935(1935-07-07) Brooklyn,[1] New York, USA
Died	March 13, 1964 (aged 28) Kew Gardens, NY,[2] USA
Cause of death	Murder by stabbing
Resting place	Lakeview Cemetery New Canaan, Connecticut 41°08′34″N 73°29′01″W / 41.14278°N 73.48361°W / 41.14278; -73.48361
Nationality	American
Employer	Ev's Eleventh Hour Club Hollis, New York, USA
Known for	Sensational New York Times article about the murder
Title	Manager

Catherine Susan Genovese (July 7, 1935^[1]–March 13, 1964), commonly known as Kitty Genovese, was a New York City woman who was stabbed to death near her home in the Kew Gardens section of Queens, New York.^[3] Genovese was buried in a family grave at Lakeview Cemetery in New Canaan, Connecticut.

The circumstances of her murder and the supposed lack of reaction of numerous neighbors were reported by a newspaper article published two weeks later; the common portrayal of neighbors being fully aware, but completely nonresponsive has later been criticized as inaccurate. Nonetheless, it prompted investigation into the social psychological phenomenon that has become known as the bystander effect (seldom: "Genovese syndrome")^[4] and especially diffusion of responsibility.

Contents 1 Life 1.1 Attack 2 Perpetrator 3 Public reaction 4 Psychological research prompted by the murder 5 Aftermath 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Book 10 External links

[edit] Life

Born in New York City; the daughter of Rachel (née Petrolli), and Vincent Andronelle Genovese, she was the oldest of five children in a middle-class Italian American family and was raised in Brooklyn. After her mother witnessed a murder in the city, the family chose to move to Connecticut in 1954. Genovese, nineteen at the time and a recent graduate of Prospect Heights High School in Brooklyn, chose to remain in the city, where she'd lived for nine years. At the time of her death, she was working as a bar manager at Ev's 11th Hour Sports Bar on Jamaica Avenue in Hollis, Queens. It was revealed on the fortieth anniversary of her death in 2004 that Genovese was a lesbian who shared a Queens apartment with her girlfriend Mary Ann Zielonko.^[5] There is, however, no evidence that her sexual orientation had any bearing on her attack and murder.

[edit] Attack

Genovese had driven home in the late night of March 13, 1964. Arriving home at about 3:15 a.m. and parking about 100 feet (30 m) from her apartment's door, she was approached by Winston Moseley, a business machine operator.^[2] Moseley ran after her and quickly overtook her, stabbing her twice in the back. Genovese screamed, "Oh my God, he stabbed me! Help me!" It was heard by several neighbors, but on a cold night with the windows closed, only a few of them recognized the sound as a cry for help. When one of the neighbors shouted at the attacker, "Let that girl alone!", Moseley ran away and Genovese slowly made her way toward her own apartment around the end of the building. She was seriously injured, but now out of view of those few who may have had reason to believe she was in need of help.

Records of the earliest calls to police are unclear and were certainly not given a high priority by the police. One witness said his father called police after the initial attack and reported that a woman was "beat up, but got up and was staggering around."^[6]

Other witnesses observed Moseley enter his car and drive away, only to return ten minutes later. In his car, he changed his hat to a wide-rimmed one to shadow his face. He systematically searched the parking lot, train station, and small apartment complex, ultimately finding Genovese, who was lying, barely conscious, in a hallway at the back of the building, where a locked doorway had prevented her from entering the building. ^[7] Out of view of the street and of those who may have heard or seen any sign of the original attack, he proceeded to further attack her, stabbing her several more times. Knife wounds in her hands suggested that she attempted to defend herself from him. While she lay dying, he sexually assaulted her. He stole about $49 from her and left her dying in the hallway. The attacks spanned approximately half an hour.

A few minutes after the final attack a witness, Karl Ross, called the police. Police and medical personnel arrived within minutes of Ross' call. Genovese was taken away by ambulance and died en route to the hospital. Later investigation by police and prosecutors revealed that approximately a dozen (but almost certainly not the 38 cited in the Times article) individuals nearby had heard or observed portions of the attack, though none could have seen or been aware of the entire incident.^[8] Only one witness, Joseph Fink, was aware she was stabbed in the first attack, and only Karl Ross was aware of it in the second attack. Many were entirely unaware that an assault or homicide was in progress; some thought that what they saw or heard was a lovers' quarrel or a drunken brawl or a group of friends leaving the bar outside when Moseley first approached Genovese.

[edit] Perpetrator

Winston Moseley, a business machine operator was later apprehended in connection with burglary charges. He confessed not only to the murder of Kitty Genovese, but to two other murders, both involving sexual assaults. Subsequent psychiatric examinations suggested that Moseley was a necrophile. He was convicted of murder and sentenced to death.

Moseley gave a confession to the police in which he detailed the attack, corroborating the physical evidence at the scene. His motive for the attack was simply "to kill a woman." Moseley stated that he got up that night around 2:00 a.m., leaving his wife asleep at home, and drove around to find a victim. He spied Genovese and followed her to the parking lot.

Moseley also testified at his own trial where he further described the attack, leaving no question that he was the killer.

The initial death sentence was reduced to an indeterminate sentence/lifetime imprisonment on June 1, 1967. The New York Court of Appeals found that Moseley should have been able to argue that he was "medically insane" at the sentencing hearing when the trial court found that he had been legally sane.

In 1968, during a trip to a Buffalo, New York hospital for surgery (precipitated by a soup can he placed in his own rectum as a pretext to leave prison), Moseley overpowered a guard and beat him up to the point that his eyes were bloody. He then took a bat and swung it at the closest person to him and took five hostages, raping one of them before he was recaptured after a two-day manhunt. He also participated in the later Attica Prison riots.^[9]

Moseley remains in prison after being denied parole a thirteenth time on March 11, 2008. A previous parole hearing included his defense that "For a victim outside, it's a one-time or one-hour or one-minute affair, but for the person who's caught, it's forever."^[10]

[edit] Public reaction

Many saw the story of Genovese's murder as an example of the callousness or apathy supposedly prevalent in New York City, urban America, or humanity in general. Much of this framing of the event came in reaction to an investigative article^[11] in The New York Times written by Martin Gansberg and published on March 27, two weeks after the murder. The article bore the headline "Thirty-Eight Who Saw Murder Didn't Call the Police." The public view of the story crystallized around a quote from the article, from an unidentified neighbor who saw part of the attack but deliberated, before finally getting another neighbor to call the police, saying "I didn't want to get involved."

Harlan Ellison in his book Harlan Ellison's Watching, referred to reports he claimed to have read that one man turned up his radio so that he would not hear Genovese's screams. Ellison says that a report he read attributed the "get involved" quote to nearly all of the thirty-eight who supposedly witnessed the attack. He later repeated the figure of "thirty-eight motherfuckers" when mentioning the case in his book The Other Glass Teat.

While Genovese's neighbors were vilified by the article, "Thirty-Eight onlookers who did nothing" is a misconception. The article begins:

"For more than half an hour thirty-eight respectable, law-abiding citizens in Queens watched a killer stalk and stab a woman in three separate attacks in Kew Gardens."

The lead is dramatic but factually inaccurate. None of the witnesses observed the attacks in their entirety. Because of the layout of the complex and the fact that the attacks took place in different locations, no witness saw the entire sequence of events. Most only heard portions of the incident without realizing its seriousness, a few saw only small portions of the initial assault, and no witnesses directly saw the final attack and attempted rape in an exterior hallway which resulted in Genovese's death.^[1] Additionally, after the initial attack punctured her lungs (leading to her eventual death from asphyxiation), it is unlikely that she was able to scream at any volume.^[12]

Nevertheless, media attention to the Genovese murder led to reform of the NYPD's telephone reporting system; the system in place at the time of the assault was often inefficient and directed individuals to the incorrect department. The melodramatic press coverage also led to serious investigation of the bystander effect by academic psychologists. In addition, some communities organized Neighborhood Watch programs and the equivalent for apartment buildings to aid people in distress.

[edit] Psychological research prompted by the murder

The lack of reaction of numerous neighbors watching the scene prompted research into diffusion of responsibility and the bystander effect. Social psychologists, John Darley and Bibb Latané started this line of research, showing that contrary to common expectations, larger numbers of bystanders decrease the likelihood that someone will step forward and help a victim. The reasons include the fact that onlookers see that others are not helping either, that onlookers believe others will know better how to help, and that onlookers feel uncertain about helping while others are watching. The Kitty Genovese case thus became a classic feature of social psychology textbooks.

In September 2007, the American Psychologist published an examination of the factual basis of coverage of the Kitty Genovese murder in psychology textbooks. The three authors concluded that the story is more parable than fact, largely because of inaccurate newspaper coverage at the time of the incident.^[13] According to the authors, "despite this absence of evidence, the story continues to inhabit our introductory social psychology textbooks (and thus the minds of future social psychologists)." One interpretation of the parable is that the drama and ease of teaching the exaggerated story makes it easier for professors to capture student attention and interest.

[edit] Aftermath

According to The New York Times, in an article dated December 28, 1974, ten years after the murder, 25-year-old Sandra Zahler was beaten to death early Christmas morning in an apartment of the building which overlooked the site of the Genovese attack. Neighbors again said they heard screams and "fierce struggles" but did nothing.^[14]

Moseley returned for another parole hearing Thursday, March 13, 2008, the 44th anniversary of Ms. Genovese's murder. It was denied. He will be eligible to go up for parole again in 2010. ^[15] The previous week, Moseley had turned 72 years old, and has still shown little remorse for murdering Genovese.^[15] Genovese's brother, Vincent, was unaware of the March 13 hearing until he was contacted by Daily News reporters.^[15] Vincent Genovese has reportedly never "recovered from the horror" of his sister's murder.^[15] "This brings back what happened to her", Vincent had said; "the whole family remembers".

[edit] In popular culture

• In 1975, ABC broadcast the TV-Movie, Death Scream, based on the Kitty Genovese case.
• In the 1986-1987 graphic novel Watchmen, Kitty Genovese is portrayed as having ordered a dress of a high tech fabric that contains black and white shifting shapes. A vigilante named Rorschach takes home the dress after she rejects the final product. After learning of her tragic death, Rorshach uses the fabric to make a mask as part of a costume and commences to fight crime. These events were not portrayed in the 2009 film adaptation, though other aspects of Rorschach's origin were.
• In the 1987 book Twilight Eyes by Dean R. Koontz, the Kitty Genovese murder is referenced as being the work of Goblins, the antagonists of the story.
• Will Todd's The Screams of Kitty Genovese - 12 actor-singers and pit ensemble (1999)
• In the opening of the film The Boondock Saints, the case is used as a thesis for the movie in the Catholic priest's sermon, in which he states, "And I am reminded on this Holy Day of the sad story of Kitty Genovese. As you all may remember, A long time ago, almost 30 years ago, this poor soul cried out for help, time and time a gain, but no person answered her calls. Though many saw, no one so much as called the police. They all just watched as Kitty was being stabbed to death in broad daylight. They watched as her assailant walked away. Now we must all fear evil men. But there is another kind of evil which we must fear most, and that is the indifference of good men."
• Harlan Ellison has stated that his short story "The Whimper of Whipped Dogs" was inspired by the Genovese murder.
• The murder is referenced with irony in a Phil Ochs' song about apathy, "Outside of a Small Circle of Friends".
• Genovese is the inspiration for the album "Death Of Annie Malone" by British band Beneath The King.
• Genovese's story is cited in the Latter-day Saint book The Miracle of Forgiveness as an example of committing a sin by failing to do something right, rather than actively doing something wrong. The bystanders who did nothing are compared to the Levite and priest who passed the injured Jew in Jesus' Parable of the Good Samaritan.^[16]
• "The Scream on Fifty-seventh Street," a short story by Hortense Calisher, is an eerie, psychological study based on this tragic event.
• The 1996 episode of Law & Order entitled "Remand" is based on the case.
• In the Spike Lee movie Summer of Sam, the main characters briefly mention the Kitty Genovese murder after talking about the S.O.S. murders sweeping the city.
• In the first part of the BBC radio series, Case Studies, broadcast 7 May, 2008, psychologist Claudia Hammond re-investigated the case with regard to studies into the bystander effect.
• In Nip/Tuck Season 2 episode 7 titled "Naomi Gaines" a fake appointment is made under the name Kitty Genovese referencing the fact she was a victim.

[edit] See also

• Civil courage
• Volunteer's dilemma

[edit] References

[edit] Book

• Rosenthal, A.M. (1964). Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21527-3. 

[edit] External links

• Court TV's Crime Library story on Kitty Genovese
• Joseph De May Jr., "Kitty Genovese: What you think you know about the case might not be true." A reinvestigation by a member of the Richmond Hill Historical Society, this comes in two versions:
  • Single page that analyzes and argues with Gansberg's article, with links to other material.
  • This and thirteen subsequent pages constitute a version that is more visually attractive. (Although billed as shorter, it too is comprehensive.)
• "Sound Portrait" interview with Mary Ann Zielonko, Kitty Genovese's girlfriend audio and transcript
• Crime Library
• Phil Ochs' "Outside of a Small Circle of Friends" lyrics
• Kitty Genovese: Reclaiming Herstory (about the disclosure that she was a lesbian)
• Jim Rasenberger, "Kitty 40 Years Later," The New York Times (8 February 2004) (On the Middlesex County College Web Site)
• "Kitty Genovese, Revised" The Wilson Quarterly (Winter 2007)
• Find a Grave Kitty Genovese on Find a Grave