Burj Dubai

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Burj Dubai

Burj Dubai on 20 March 2009
Information
Status Topped-Out
Groundbreaking 21 September 2004
Estimated completion 2009[1]
Opening September 2009 (est.)[2]
Height
Antenna/Spire 818 m (2,684 ft)[1]
Technical details
Floor count 160 habitable floors[3]
Floor area 334,000 m2 (3,595,100 sq ft)
Companies
Architect Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
Structural
Engineer		 Bill Baker at SOM[4]
Contractor Turner
Samsung
Besix
Arabtec
Grocon[5]
Bauer AG[5]
Middle East Foundations[5]
Otis[5]
Lerch Bates[5]
Schmidlin[5]
Al Naboodah[5]
Laing O'Rourke[5]
Developer Emaar

Burj Dubai (Arabic: برج دبي‎ "Dubai Tower") is a supertall skyscraper under construction in the Downtown Burj Dubai district of Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and is the tallest man-made structure ever built, despite being incomplete. Construction began on 21 September 2004, and the tower is expected to be completed and ready for occupancy by September 2009.[1][2]

The building is part of the 2 km2 (0.8 sq mi) development called "Downtown Burj Dubai" at the "First Interchange" along Sheikh Zayed Road at Financial Centre Road (previously known as Doha Street). The tower's architect is Adrian Smith who worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) until 2006.[6][7] The architecture and engineering firm SOM is in charge of the project.[6] The primary builders are Samsung Engineering & Construction and Besix along with Arabtec.[8] Turner Construction Company was chosen as the construction manager.[9]

The total budget for the Burj Dubai project is about US$4.1 billion and for the entire new 'Downtown Dubai', US$20 billion[10] Mohamed Ali Alabbar, the CEO of Emaar Properties, speaking at the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 8th World Congress, said that the price of office space at Burj Dubai had reached $4,000 per sq ft (over $43,000 per sq m) and that the Armani Residences, also in Burj Dubai, were selling for US$3,500 per sq ft (over $37,500 per sq m).[11]

Contents

[edit] Height

[edit] Timeline

  • 21 September 2004: Emaar contractors begin construction.
  • February 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower as the building with the most floors.
  • 13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical concrete pumping on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of Taipei 101.[12]
  • 21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the world’s tallest building. [13]
  • 12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands 527.3 m (1,730 ft).
  • 3 September 2007: Becomes the second-tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the 540 m (1,772 ft) Ostankino Tower in Moscow.
  • 12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing CN Tower in Toronto.[14]
  • 7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the KVLY-TV Mast to become the tallest man-made structure.[15]
  • 17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Dubai's height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.[2]
  • 1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the tallest man-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the Warsaw Radio Mast in Konstantynów, Poland.[16]
  • 17 January 2009: Topped out at 818 m (2,684 ft).[17]

[edit] Current records

  • Tallest structure: 818 m (2,684 ft) (previously KVLY-TV mast - 628.8 m (2,063 ft))
  • Tallest freestanding structure: 818 m (2,684 ft) (previously CN Tower - 553.3 m (1,815 ft))
  • Building with most floors: 160 (previously Sears Tower / World Trade Center - 110)[18][3]
  • Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): 601 m (1,972 ft) (previously Taipei 101 - 449.2 m (1,474 ft))
  • Highest vertical concrete pumping (for any construction): 601 m (1,972 ft) (previously Riva del Garda Hydroelectric Power Plant - 532 m (1,745 ft)[19])

Note: Additional records for tallest skyscraper are considered unofficial. On 20 July 2007, the head of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), Antony Wood, said "We will not classify it as a building until it is complete, clad and at least partially open for business to avoid things like the Ryungyong [sic] project. Taipei 101 is thus officially the world's tallest until that happens."[20]

[edit] History of height increases

Burj Dubai compared to some other well-known tall structures.
A visual comparison of Burj Dubai's (far right) height with that of surrounding buildings at dusk.

Though unconfirmed, Burj Dubai has been rumoured to have undergone several planned height increases since its inception. Originally proposed as a virtual clone of the 560 m (1,837 ft) Grollo Tower proposal for Melbourne, Australia's Docklands waterfront development, the tower was redesigned with an original design by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill discussed below. Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the project until 2006, recently said that Burj Dubai was designed to be 808 m (2,650 ft) tall.[21] However, although contradictory information abounds regarding the official height of the building, the structure will acquire the title of world's tallest structure upon completion in 2009.

The design architect, Adrian Smith, felt that the uppermost section of the building did not culminate elegantly with the rest of the structure, so he sought and received approval to increase it to the currently planned height. It has been explicitly stated that this change did not include any added floors, which is fitting with Smith's attempts to make the crown more slender.[22] However, the top of the tower has a steel frame structure, unlike the lower portion's reinforced concrete. The developer, Emaar, has stated this steel section may be extended to beat any other tower to the title of tallest.[citation needed]

[edit] Delay

Emaar Properties announced on 9 June 2008 that construction of Burj Dubai was delayed by upgraded finishes and will be completed only in September 2009.[2] An Emaar spokesperson said "The luxury finishes that were decided on in 2004, when the tower was initially conceptualized, is now being replaced by upgraded finishes. The design of the apartments has also been enhanced to make them more aesthetically attractive and functionally superior."[23]

[edit] Architecture and design

The tower is designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, who also designed the Sears Tower in Chicago and the Freedom Tower in New York City, among numerous other famous high-rises. The building resembles the bundled tube form of the Sears Tower, but is not a tube structure. The design of Burj Dubai is reminiscent of the Frank Lloyd Wright vision for The Illinois, a mile high skyscraper designed for Chicago, Illinois.

According to Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the building's design team, Burj Dubai was designed based on the 73-floor "Tower Palace Three", an all-residential building in Seoul, South Korea. In its early planning, Burj Dubai was intended to be entirely residential. [24]

Emaar Properties has also engaged GHD,[25] an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to assist with the design, review and assessment involved in the construction process.

Supertall cross-section comparisons.

The design of Burj Dubai is derived from patterning systems[clarification needed] embodied in Islamic architecture, with the triple-lobed footprint of the building based on an abstracted version of the flower Hymenocallis.[3] The tower is composed of three elements arranged around a central core. As the tower rises from the flat desert base, setbacks occur at each element in an upward spiralling pattern, decreasing the cross section of the tower as it reaches toward the sky. At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. A Y-shaped floor plan maximizes views of the Persian Gulf. Viewed from above or from the base, the form also evokes the onion domes of Islamic architecture. During the design process, engineers rotated the building 120 degrees from its original layout to reduce stress from prevailing winds. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.2 m (3.9 ft).[3]

The exterior cladding of Burj Dubai will consist of 142,000 m2 (1,528,000 sq ft) of reflective glazing, and aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins. The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubai's extreme summer temperatures. Additionally, at its projected height the exterior temperature at the top of the building will be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base.[26]

The interior will be decorated by Giorgio Armani. An Armani Hotel, the first of four by Armani, will occupy the lower 37 floors.[27] Floors 45 through 108 will have 700 private apartments on 64 floors (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor zero-entry swimming pool will be located on the 78th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites will fill most of the remaining floors, except for a 123rd floor lobby and 124th floor (about 440 m (1,444 ft)) indoor/outdoor observation deck. The spire, itself over 200 m (700 ft) tall, will hold communications equipment.[citation needed]

It will also feature the world's fastest elevator, rising and descending at 18 m/s (59 ft/s).[28] The world's current fastest elevator (in the Taipei 101) travels at 16.83 m/s (55.2 ft/s). Engineers had considered installing the world's first triple-decker elevators, but the final design calls for double-deck elevators.[1] A total of 56 elevators will be installed that can each carry 42 people at a time.[6]

[edit] Dubai Fountain

Dubai Fountain under construction

Outside, and at a cost of Dh 800 million (US $ 217 m), a record-setting fountain system is to be designed by WET Design, the California-based company responsible for the fountains at the Bellagio Hotel Lake in Las Vegas. Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 colored projectors, it will be 275 m (900 ft) long and will shoot water 150 m (490 ft) into the air, accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and world music.[29] On 26 October 2008 Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.[30]

[edit] Construction

Concept of the monthly construction
Burj Dubai aerial closeup in March 2008.

The tower is being constructed by a South Korean company, Samsung Engineering & Construction which also built the Petronas Twin Towers and the Taipei 101.[31] Samsung Engineering & Construction is building the tower in a joint venture with Besix from Belgium and Arabtec from UAE. Turner is the Project Manager on the main construction contract.

The primary structural system of Burj Dubai is reinforced concrete. Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 tonnes (120,000 ST; 110,000 LT) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep.[1] When completed, Burj Dubai's construction will have used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 39,000 tonnes (43,000 ST; 38,000 LT) of steel rebar (enough to extend over a quarter of the way around the world if laid end-to-end); and construction will have taken 22 million man hours.[6]

As construction of the tower progresses, it becomes increasingly difficult to vertically pump the thousands of cubic metres of concrete that are required. The previous record for pumping concrete on any project was set during the extension of the Riva del Garda Hydroelectric Power Plant in Italy in 1994, when concrete was pumped to a height of 532 m (1,745 ft). Burj Dubai now holds this record as of 19 August 2007, as it has a height of 536.1 m (1,759 ft), to hold the record for concrete pumping on any project; and as of 8 November 2007 concrete was pumped to a delivery height of 601 m (1,972 ft).[32]

Special mixes of concrete are made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive weight of the tower; as typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete is tested and checked to see whether it can withstand certain pressures. The concrete pumps, pipelines and booms are provided by Putzmeister, of Aichtal, Germany.

The consistency of the concrete on the project is essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and also withstand Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). To combat this problem, the concrete is not poured during the day. Instead, ice is added to the mixture and it is poured at night when it is cooler and the humidity is higher. A cooler concrete mixture cures evenly throughout and therefore is less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could put the whole project in jeopardy.

The unique design and engineering challenges of building Burj Dubai have been featured in a number of TV documentaries, including the Big, Bigger, Biggest series on the National Geographic and Five channels; and the Mega Builders series on the Discovery Channel.

[edit] Labour controversy

Further information: Human rights in the United Arab Emirates

Burj Dubai is being built primarily by immigrant engineers and workers from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, China and the Philippines.[33] Press reports indicate that skilled carpenters at the site earn USUS$7.60 a day, and laborers earn US$4.00.[33][34]

On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts rioted, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment.[33] A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost US$1m in damage.[33] Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.[33]

As of 17 June 2008 there are 7,500 skilled workers employed in the construction of Burj Dubai.[2]

[edit] Purpose

Burj Dubai has been designed to be the centerpiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development that will include 30,000 homes, nine hotels such as the Burj Dubai Lake Hotel & Serviced Apartments, 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential towers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare (30-acre) man-made Burj Dubai Lake.

The silvery glass-sheathed concrete building will return the title of Earth's tallest free-standing structure to the Middle East—a title not held by the region since 1311 CE when Lincoln Cathedral in England surpassed the height of the Great Pyramid of Giza, which had held the title for almost four millennia.

The decision to build Burj Dubai is reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from a trade-based economy to one that is service- and tourism-oriented. According to officials, it is necessary for projects like Burj Dubai to be built in the city to garner more international recognition, and hence investment. "He [Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum] wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties.[35]

[edit] Progression of the construction of Burj Dubai

1 February 2006
29 August 2006
11 November 2006
21 March 2007
9 August 2007
24 December 2007
20 February 2008
11 March 2008
19 October 2008
26 October 2008
13 January 2009

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Burj Dubai, Dubai, at Emporis.com". http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=burjdubai-dubai-unitedarabemirates. Retrieved on 1 March 2007. 
  2. ^ a b c d e "Emaar increases height of Burj Dubai; completion in September 2009". Emaar. 17 June 2008. http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=137. Retrieved on 17 October 2008. 
  3. ^ a b c d Baldwin, Derek (1 May 2008). "No more habitable floors to Burj Dubai". Xpress. http://www.xpress4me.com/news/uae/dubai/20007194.html. Retrieved on 1 May 2008. 
  4. ^ Blum, Andrew (27 November 2007). "Engineer Bill Baker Is the King of Superstable 150-Story Structures". http://www.wired.com/culture/design/magazine/15-12/mf_baker. Retrieved on 11 March 2008. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "Burj Dubai (Dubai Tower) and Dubai Mall, United Arab Emirates". designbuild-network.com. http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/burj/. Retrieved on 23 March 2009. 
  6. ^ a b c d "Burj Dubai reaches a record high". Emaar. 21 July 2007. http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=361. Retrieved on 24 November 2008. 
  7. ^ Keegan, Edward (15 October 2006). "Adrian Smith Leaves SOM, Longtime Skidmore partner bucks retirement to start new firm". ArchitectOnline. http://www.architectmagazine.com/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1006&articleID=385534. Retrieved on 23 March 2009. 
  8. ^ "Burj Dubai, Dubai - SkyscraperPage.com". SkyscraperPage. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7787. Retrieved on 23 March 2009. 
  9. ^ "Turner International Projects - Burj Dubai". Turner Construction Company. http://www.turnerconstruction.com/international/content.asp?d=3457&p=2372. Retrieved on 23 March 2009. 
  10. ^ "What to see". Dubai Travel Desk. http://www.dubaitraveldesk.com/what.html. Retrieved on 23 March 2009. 
  11. ^ "Burj Dubai offices to top $4,000 per sq ft". Zawya. 5 March 2008. http://zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20080305042540. Retrieved on 23 March 2009. 
  12. ^ Burj Dubai: Unimix sets record for concrete pumping
  13. ^ "Burj Dubai Official Website". Emaar. http://www.burjdubai.com. Retrieved on 2008-03-08. 
  14. ^ "CN Tower dethroned by Dubai building". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2007-09-12. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/09/12/cntower-surpassed.html. Retrieved on 2007-09-13. 
  15. ^ "Burj Dubai surpasses KVLY-TV mast to become the world’s tallest man-made structure". Emaar. http://www.emaar.com/MediaCenter/PressReleases/2008April07.asp. Retrieved on 2008-04-07. 
  16. ^ "Burj Dubai now a record 688m tall and continues to rise". Emaar. http://burjdubai.com/MediaCenter/PressReleases/2008September01.asp. Retrieved on 2008-09-01. 
  17. ^ "Burj Dubai all set for 09/09/09 soft opening". Emirates Business24/7. http://www.business24-7.ae/articles/2009/1/pages/01182009_63dc3a90c9a848219058be301f3f7ded.aspx. Retrieved on 2009-01-17. 
  18. ^ Burj Dubai
  19. ^ Putzmeister - History - 1994 - World record: 532 m
  20. ^ "Burj Dubai Height Overtakes Taipei 101". skyscrapernews.com. http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php?ref=1018. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. 
  21. ^ "Secret of Burj Dubai height revealed". Arabian Business. 2008-12-03. http://www.arabianbusiness.com/540205-secret-of-burj-dubai-height-revealed. Retrieved on 2008-12-03. 
  22. ^ Cityscape Daily NewsPDF (264 KiB) Cityscape, 18 September 2005, retrieved 5 may 2006
  23. ^ "Burj Dubai completion delayed by another eight to nine months". Gulf News. 2008-06-09. http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/08/06/09/10219878.html. Retrieved on 2008-06-21. 
  24. ^ "Secret of Burj Dubai height revealed". Arabian Business. 2008-12-03. http://www.arabianbusiness.com/540205-secret-of-burj-dubai-height-revealed. Retrieved on 2008-12-03. 
  25. ^ "GHD Projects". http://www.ghd.com.au/aptrixpublishing.nsf/Content/BurjDubaiTower_prj. 
  26. ^ [1]
  27. ^ Armani Hotel At Burj Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  28. ^ Burj Dubai will have world's highest elevator installation, by Moushumi Das Chaudhry, BurjDubaiSkyscraper, 12 March 2006, retrieved 25 March 2006
  29. ^ "Emaar brings world-class water, light and music spectacle to Burj Dubai Lake". Emaar Properties. http://www.emaar.com/MediaCenter/PressReleases/2008June09.asp. Retrieved on 2008-06-13. 
  30. ^ "‘Dubai Fountain’ is winning name of Emaar’s water spectacle in Downtown Burj Dubai". Emaar. 2008-10-26. http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=725. Retrieved on 2008-10-26. 
  31. ^ "Samsung E&C Projects". http://www.secc.co.kr/e_secc/introduction/history.html. Retrieved on 23 March 2009. 
  32. ^ "Putzmeister - Burj Dubai". Putzmeister.de. http://www.putzmeister.de/cps/rde/xchg/SID-3C6E00FC-8269E805/pm_online/hs.xsl/5933_ENU_HTML.htm. Retrieved on 23 March 2009. 
  33. ^ a b c d e "Workers Riot at Site of Dubai Skyscraper", Jim Krane, breitbart.com, 22 March 2006, retrieved 24 March 2006
  34. ^ Riot by migrant workers halts construction of Dubai skyscraper, by Brian Whitaker and agencies, The Guardian, 23 March 2006, retrieved 2006-03-25
  35. ^ "In Dubai, the Sky's No Limit", by Megan K. Stack, Los Angeles Times, 13 October 2005, retrieved 26 March 2006

[edit] External links

Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Burj Dubai
Preceded by
Warsaw Radio Mast
646.38 m (2,120.67 ft)		 World's tallest structure ever built
2008 – present		 Succeeded by
Incumbent
Preceded by
KVLY-TV mast
628.8 m (2,063 ft)		 World's tallest structure
2008 – present		 Succeeded by
Incumbent
Preceded by
CN Tower
553.33 m (1,815.39 ft)		 World's tallest free-standing structure
2007 – present		 Succeeded by
Incumbent
Preceded by
Taipei 101
509.2 m (1,670.6 ft)		 World's tallest building architectural element
2007 – present		 Succeeded by
Incumbent
v • d • e
Future Dubai skyscrapers
Under construction
Burj Dubai · Pentominium · Burj Al Alam · DAMAC Heights · Princess Tower · Marina 101 · 23 Marina · Emirates Park Towers Hotel & Spa · Elite Residence · Lam Tara Towers · D1 · The Marina Torch · Infinity Tower · Al Yaquob Tower · The Index · HHHR Tower · Ocean Heights · Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower · Central Park Towers · I&M Tower · Dubai Pearl · Sulafa Tower · G-Tower · Mag 218 Tower · Acico Twin Towers · Marina Pinnacle · Khalid Al Attar Tower 2 · Vision Tower · Ubora Commercial Tower · Conrad Dubai · Metro Tower · Al Tayer Tower · Churchill Towers · Sama Tower · The Buildings by Daman · Rolex Tower · Anantara Towers · Tiara United Towers · Al Bateen Tower · Trident Grand Residence · Latifa Tower · Executive Towers · Grosvenor House The Residence · Concorde Tower · Platinum Tower · Dubai Jewel Tower · Jumeirah Bay · Sidra Tower · Dubai Tower · Tiffany Towers · Silver Star · The Bay Gate · Dubai Islamic Bank Tower · Jumeirah Al Khor Residence · Pier 8 · Iris Bay · Liberty House · Goldcrest Executive · Dubai Gate 1 · The Prism · AG Tower · AU Tower · Lake Point Tower · Swiss Tower · Goldcrest Views 2 · The Residences · Silverene · Dubai Arch Tower · Laguna Tower · Verde Residences and Offices
Approved
Proposed
See also
v • d • e
Landmarks and attractions in Dubai
v • d • e
Supertall skyscrapers
Current
Aon Center · AT&T Corporate Center · Baiyoke Tower II · Bank of America Plaza · Bank of China Tower · Burj Al Arab · The Center · Central Plaza · Chrysler Building · CITIC Plaza · Columbia Center · Emirates Office Tower · Emirates Towers Hotel · Empire State Building · Empire Tower · Eureka Tower · First Canadian Place  · International Finance Centre · JPMorgan Chase Tower · Jin Mao Tower · John Hancock Center · Kingdom Centre · Menara Telekom · Minsheng Bank Building · New York Times Building · Nina Tower · One Island East · Petronas Twin Towers · Q1 · Rose Tower · Sears Tower · Shanghai World Financial Center · Shimao International Plaza · Shun Hing Square · Taipei 101 · The Address Downtown Burj Dubai · Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago) · Tuntex Sky Tower · Two Prudential Plaza · U.S. Bank Tower · Wells Fargo Bank Plaza · Yokohama Landmark Tower
Under
construction
1 World Trade Center · 23 Marina · 175 Greenwich Street · Abraj Al Bait Towers · Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower · Al Hamra Tower · Al Yaquob Tower · Almas Tower · Arraya 2 · Bank of America Tower · Burj Dubai · Central Market Project · China 117 Tower · China World Trade Center Tower 3 · City Hall and City Duma · DAMAC Heights · Dubai Towers Doha · East Pacific Business Center · Elite Residence · Emirates Park Towers · Eurasia · Faros del Panamá · Federation Tower · Gate of the Orient · Gezhouba International Plaza · Global Financial Building · The Gramercy Residences · Grand International Mansion · Guangzhou Twin Towers West Tower · HHHR Tower · The Index · India Tower · Infinity Tower · International Commerce Centre · Kingkey Finance Tower  · Lam Tara Towers  · The Landmark · Leatop Plaza · Marina 101 · The Marina Torch · Mercury City Tower · Nanjing Greenland Financial Center · Northeast Asia Trade Tower · Ocean Heights · Parc1 Tower A · Pearl River Tower · Pentominium · Princess Tower · Ryugyong Hotel · Shanghai Tower · Shenyang International Finance Center · Sino-Steel Tower · Sky Tower · Square Capital Tower · Tianjin International Trade Centre · The Tianjin Tower · Torre Gran Costanera · Wenzhou World Trade Center  · The Wharf Times Square · White Magnolia Plaza
Former:
Construction
suspended:
See also:
v • d • e
Tallest buildings and structures in the world
Buildings and structures
Buildings
Structures
Relevant architecture

Coordinates: 25°11′49.7″N 55°16′26.8″E / 25.197139°N 55.274111°E / 25.197139; 55.274111

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