Windows Explorer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- This article is about the Windows file system browser. For the similarly named internet browser, see Internet Explorer
Windows Explorer A component of Microsoft Windows |
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| Screenshot of Windows Explorer in Windows Vista | |
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| Included with | Microsoft Windows 95 onwards |
| Replaces | File Manager in Windows 3.1 |
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Windows Explorer is a file manager application that is included with releases of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows 95 onwards. It provides a graphical user interface for accessing the file systems. It is also the component of the operating system that presents the user interface on the monitor and enables the user to control the computer. It is sometimes referred to as the Windows Shell, or simply “Explorer”.
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[edit] Overview
The Windows Explorer was first included with Windows 95 as a replacement for the Windows 3.x File Manager. It could be accessed by double-clicking the new My Computer desktop icon, or launched from the new Start Menu that replaced the earlier Program Manager. There is also a shortcut key combination – Windows key + E. Successive versions of Windows (and in some cases, Internet Explorer) introduced new features and capabilities, removed other features, and generally progressed from being a simple file system navigation tool into a task-based file management system.
While “Windows Explorer” is a term most commonly used to describe the file management aspect of the operating system, the Explorer process also houses the operating system’s search functionality and File Type associations (based on filename extensions), and is responsible for displaying the desktop icons, the Start Menu, the Taskbar, and the Control Panel. Collectively, these features are known as the Windows Shell.
[edit] History
[edit] Windows 95
Windows Explorer presents a browsing mode where each folder would open a new window showing its contents, in a spatial file manager fashion. Folder sizes and views are automatically set according to the contents of the newly opened folder. For example, a folder with two files opens with a smaller window than that of a folder with ten files. In addition, when there are hundreds of files in a folder, the folder would automatically display in “List” view. This browsing mode is reminiscent of the Program Manager of Windows 3.x.
Windows 95 was the closest Windows Explorer would come to being a spatial file manager in the same vein as the Macintosh Finder. In later versions of Windows Explorer, most of this functionality is disabled by default, favoring instead a “single-window” navigation design, a philosophy that later gained traction in Mac OS X.
Windows Explorer utilized ideas of the object-oriented user interface concept by providing every file object with an extensible context menu. The basic idea behind context menus was to give power users a more efficient and elegant way of executing file-related commands.
[edit] Windows Desktop Update
With the release of the Windows Desktop Update (packaged with Internet Explorer 4.0 as an optional component, and included in Windows 98), Windows Explorer became based on Internet Explorer technology, most notably with the addition of navigation arrows (back and forward) for moving between recently visited directories, as well as Internet Explorer’s Favorites menu. At the time these changes raised antitrust concerns about the incorporation of what was seen as an application feature, but this feature has since been emulated by most other file browsers.
An address bar was also added to Windows Explorer, which a user could type in directory paths directly, and be taken to that folder. It also operated as a URL bar for Internet addresses; web pages would open in the main portion of the window.
Another feature that was based on Internet Explorer technology was customized folders. Such folders contained a hidden web page that controlled the way the Windows Explorer displayed the contents of the folder. This feature proved to have security vulnerabilities due to its reliance on ActiveX objects and scripting, and was removed with the introduction of Windows XP.
Other new features:
- The ability to add other toolbars to the task bar, the most visible of these being Quick Launch.
- “HTML Desktop”, which made it possible to turn the desktop background itself into a web page.
- Single-click activation of icons in Windows Explorer, adhering to a web page paradigm.
- Desktop Channels.
- New virtual folders for Scheduled Tasks and Web Folders
[edit] Windows Me and Windows 2000
The "Web-style" folders view, with the left Explorer pane displaying details for the object currently selected, is turned on by default. For certain file types, such as pictures and media files, a preview is also displayed in the left pane.[1] The Windows 2000 Explorer featured an interactive media player as the previewer for sound and video files. However, such a previewer can be enabled in Windows Me and Windows XP through the use of third-party shell extensions[citation needed], as the updated Windows Explorer allows for custom thumbnail previewers and tooltip handlers. The default file tooltip displays file title, author, subject and comments;[2] this metadata may be read from a special NTFS stream, if the file is on an NTFS volume, or from an OLE structured storage stream, if the file is a structured storage document. All Microsoft Office documents since Office 95[3] make use of structured storage, so their metadata is displayable in the Windows 2000 Explorer default tooltip. File shortcuts can also store comments which are displayed as a tooltip when the mouse hovers over the shortcut.
The right-hand pane, which usually just lists files and folders, can also be customized. For example, the contents of the system folders aren't displayed by default, instead showing in the right pane a warning to the user that modifying the contents of the system folders could harm their computer. It's possible to define additional Explorer panes by using DIV elements in folder template files.[4] This feature was abused by computer viruses that employed malicious scripts, Java applets, or ActiveX controls in folder template files as their infection vector. Two such viruses are VBS/Roor-C[5] and VBS.Redlof.a.[6]
Other Explorer UI elements that can be customized include columns in "Details" view, icon overlays, and search providers: the new DHTML-based search pane is integrated into Windows 2000 Explorer, unlike the separate search dialog found in all previous Explorer versions.[7]
Search capabilities were added, offering full-text searches of documents, with options to filter by date (including arbitrary ranges like “modified within the last week”), size, and file type. The Indexing Service has also been integrated into the operating system and the search pane built into Explorer allows searching files indexed by its database.[8] The ability to customize the standard toolbar buttons was also added.
[edit] Windows XP and Windows Server 2003
Windows Explorer has undergone significant changes in Windows XP, both visually and functionally. Microsoft focused especially on making Explorer more discoverable and task-based, as well as adding a number of features to reflect the growing use of a computer as a “digital hub”.
Windows Explorer in Windows Server 2003 contains all the same features as Windows XP, but the task panes and search companion are disabled by default.
[edit] Task Pane
One immediately obvious change is the task pane, which is displayed on the left-hand side of the window instead of the traditional folder tree view. The task pane presents the user with a list of common actions and destinations that are relevant to the current directory or file(s) selected. For instance, when in a directory containing mostly pictures, a set of “Picture tasks” is shown, offering the options to display these pictures as a slide show, to print them out, or to go online to order prints. Conversely, a folder containing music files would offer options to play those files in a media player, or to go online to purchase music. Windows XP had a Media bar but gone after SP1. The Media Bar was only with Windows XP RTM.
Every folder also has “File and Folder Tasks”, offering options to create new folders, share a folder on the local network, publish files or folders to a web site, and other common tasks like copying, renaming, moving, and deleting files or folders. File types that have identified themselves as being printable also have an option listed to print the file.
Underneath “File and Folder Tasks” is “Other Places”, with links to other common locations such as “My Computer”, “Control Panel”, and “My Documents”. These also change depending on what folder the user was in, leading to some criticism of Microsoft for not being consistent in displaying navigation choices.
Underneath “Other Places” is a “Details” pane which gives additional information – typically file size and date, but depending on the file type, a thumbnail preview, author, image dimensions, or other details.
The “Folders” button on the Windows Explorer toolbar toggles between the traditional tree view of folders, and the task pane. Users can get rid of the task pane or restore it using the sequence: Tools – Folder Options – General – Show Common Tasks/Use Windows Classic Folders.
[edit] Search companion
Microsoft introduced animated “Search Companions” in an attempt to make searching more engaging and friendly; the default character is a puppy named Rover, with three other characters (Merlin the magician, Earl the surfer, and Courtney) also available. These search companions bear a great deal of similarity to Microsoft Office’s Office Assistants, even incorporating “tricks” and sound effects.
The search capability itself is fairly similar to Windows Me and Windows 2000, with one major addition: Search can also be instructed to search only files that are categorically “Documents” or “Pictures, music and video"; this feature is noteworthy largely because of how Windows determines what types of files can be classified under these categories. In order to maintain a relevant list of file types, Windows Explorer connects to Microsoft and downloads a set of XML files that define what these file types are. While harmless in itself, this feature caught the attention of a number of privacy advocates, and users with firewall software installed, who felt it was unnecessary for Windows to connect to Microsoft’s servers whenever a local search was performed.
[edit] Image handling
Windows XP improves image preview in Explorer by offering a Filmstrip view. “Back” and “Previous” buttons facilitate navigation through the pictures, and a pair of “Rotate” buttons offer 90-degree clockwise and counter-clockwise (lossy) rotation of images. Aside from the Filmstrip view mode, there is a 'Thumbnails' mode, which displays thumbnail-sized images in the folder. A Folder containing images will also show thumbnails of four of the images from that folder overlaid on top of a large folder icon.
[edit] Web publishing
Web sites that offer image hosting services can be plugged into Windows Explorer, which the user can use to select images on their computer, and have them uploaded correctly without dealing with comparatively complex solutions involving FTP or web interfaces.
[edit] Other changes
- Explorer gained the ability to understand the metadata of a number of types of files. For example, with images from a digital camera, the Exif information can be viewed, both in the Properties pages for the photo itself, as well as via optional additional Details View columns.
- A Tile view mode was added, which displays the file’s icon in a larger size (48 × 48), and places the file name, descriptive type, and additional information (typically the file size for data files, and the publisher name for applications) to the right.
- The Details view also presented an additional option called "Show in Groups" which allows the Explorer to separate its contents by headings based on the field which is used to sort the items.
- The toolbars can be locked to prevent them from accidentally being moved. This same capability was also added to the taskbar at the bottom of the screen, as well as to Internet Explorer’s toolbars.
- Windows Explorer also gained the ability to burn CDs and DVD-RAM discs in Windows XP.
- If XP SP2 is upgraded to Internet Explorer 7,
explorer.exeno longer hosts Internet Explorer ActiveX controls with a view to render HTML files, it instead spawns off a newiexplore.exeprocess.
[edit] Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008
[edit] Search, organizing & metadata
Windows Explorer includes significant changes from previous versions of Windows such as improved filtering, sorting, grouping and stacking. Combined with integrated desktop search, Windows Explorer allows users to find and organize their files in new ways, such as Stacks. The “Stacks” view groups files according to the criterion specified by the user. Stacks can be clicked to filter the files shown in Windows Explorer. There is also the ability to save searches as virtual folders or Search Folders. A Search Folder is simply an XML file, which stores the query in a form that can be used by the Windows search subsystem. When accessed, the search is executed, and the results are aggregated and presented as a virtual folder.
Windows Explorer also contains modifications in the visualization of files on a computer. A new addition to Windows Explorer in Vista and Server 2008 is the Details pane, which displays metadata and information relating to the currently selected file or folder. The Details pane will also display a thumbnail of the file or an icon of the filetype if the file does not contain visual information. Furthermore, different imagery is overlayed on thumbnails to give more information about the file, such as a picture frame around the thumbnail of an image file, or a filmstrip on a video file. Thumbnails can be zoomed on.
The Details pane also allows for the change of some textual metadata such as 'Author' and 'Title' in files that support them within Windows Explorer. A new type of metadata called tags allows users to add descriptive terms to documents for easier categorization and retrieval. Some files support open metadata, allowing users to define new types of metadata for their files. Out-of-the-box, Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 supports Microsoft Office documents and most audio and video files. Support for other file types can however be added by writing specialized software to retrieve the metadata at the shell’s request. Metadata stored in a file’s alternate (secondary) stream only on NTFS volumes cannot be viewed and edited through the 'Summary' tab of the file’s properties anymore. Instead, all metadata is stored inside the file, so that it will always travel with the file and not be dependent on the file system. [9]
[edit] Layout and icons
Windows Explorer in Windows Vista and Server 2008 also introduces a new layout. The Task Panes from Windows XP are replaced with a toolbar on top and a Favorites pane on the left. The Favorites pane contains commonly accessed folders and prepopulated Search folders. Seven different views are available to view files and folders, namely, List, Details, Small icons, Medium icons, Large icons, Extra large icons or Tiles. Automatic folder type discovery automatically detects the contents of a folder and display the correct detail settings. File and folder actions such as Cut, Copy, Paste, Undo, Redo, Delete, Rename and Properties are built into a dropdown menu which appears when the Organize button is clicked. It is also possible to change the layout of the Explorer window by using the Organize button. Users can select whether to display Classic Menus, a Search Pane, a Preview Pane, a Reading Pane, and/or the Navigation Pane. The Preview pane, allows for previewing files (viewing documents and playing media files) in addition to the Details pane. Also, Explorer can show a preview for any image format if the necessary codec for the format is installed in the Windows Imaging Component.
The address bar has been replaced by a breadcrumbs bar for easier navigation. It shows the full path to the current location. Clicking any location in the path hierarchy takes the user to that level, instead of repeatedly pressing the Back button. This is similar to what is possible in Windows XP by pressing the small down-arrow next to “Back” and selecting any folder from a list of previously accessed folders. It is also possible to navigate to any subfolder of the current folder using the arrow to the right of the last item, or to click in the space to the right of this to copy or edit the path manually. As with many other Microsoft-made Windows Vista applications, the menu bar is hidden by default. Pressing the Alt key makes the menu bar appear.
Check boxes in Windows Explorer allow the selection of multiple files. Free and used space on all drives is shown in horizontal indicator bars. Icons of various sizes are supported – 16 x 16, 24 x 24, 32 x 32, 48 x 48, 64 x 64, 96 x 96, 128 x 128 and 256 x 256. Windows Explorer can zoom the icons in and out using a slider or by holding down the Ctrl key and using the mouse scrollwheel.
[edit] Other changes
Also, with the release of Windows Vista & Server 2008 and Windows Internet Explorer 7 for Windows XP, Internet Explorer is no longer integrated with Windows Explorer. Unlike older versions, Windows Explorer does not host Internet Explorer controls in its own process, rather it launches a new process when necessary. In Windows Vista and Server 2008 (and in Windows XP as well if IE7 is installed), Windows Explorer no longer displays web pages, and IE7 does not support use as a file manager, although one will separately launch the other as necessary.
When moving or copying files from one folder to another, if two files have the same name, an option is now available to rename the file; in previous versions of Windows, the user was prompted to choose either a replacement or cancel moving the file. Also, when renaming a file, Explorer only highlights the filename without selecting the extension.
Support for burning data on DVDs (DVD±R, DVD±R DL, DVD±R RW) in addition to CDs and DVD-RAM using version 2.0 of the Image Mastering API was added.
In case a file is in use by another application, Windows Explorer informs users to close the application and retry the file operation. Also, a new interface 'IFileIsInUse' is introduced into the API which developers can use to let other applications switch to the main window of the application that has the file open or simply close the file from the “File In Use” dialog. [10] If the running application exposes these operations by means of the IFileInUse interface, Windows Explorer, upon encountering a locked file, allows the user to close the file or switch to the application from the dialog box itself.
[edit] Removed and changed features
The ability to customize the layout and buttons on the toolbars has been removed in Windows Vista’s Explorer, as has the ability to add a password to a zip file (compressed folder). The Toolbar button in Explorer to go up one folder from the current folder has been removed (the function still exists however, one can move up a folder by pressing alt+up). Although still fully available from the menus and keyboard shortcuts, toolbar buttons for Cut, Copy, Paste, Undo, Delete, Properties and some others are no longer available. The Menu Bar is also hidden by default, but is still available by pressing the Alt key, or changing its visibility in the layout options. Several other features are removed such as showing the size on the status bar without selecting items, storing metadata in NTFS secondary streams[11], the IColumnProvider interface which allowed addition of custom columns to Explorer [12] and folder background customization using desktop.ini.
The option "Managing pairs of Web pages and folders" is also removed, and the user has no way of telling Vista that a .html file and the folder with the same name that was created when saving a complete web page from IE should be treated separately, that is, you cannot delete the folder without deleting the html file as well. A solution to this is provided on (http://windowsxp.mvps.org/webpairs.htm). After that the webpairs.reg file have been merged into the registry, the "Managing pairs of Web pages and folders" option is available in the Folder Options View tab.
[edit] Extensibility
Windows Explorer can be extended to support non-default functionality by means of Windows Shell Extensions, which are COM objects that plug-in the extended functionality into Windows Explorer.[13] Shell extensions can be in the form of preview handlers, context menu items, toolbars or even namespace extensions that allow certain folders (or even non-filesystem objects such as the images scanned by a scanner) to be presented as a Special Folder. Windows Explorer up to Windows XP also allows metadata for files to be added as NTFS Alternate Data Streams, separate from the data stream for the file.
Preview handlers are used to extract thumbnails of files; the thumbnails are displayed when either a file is selected or the thumbnail view is activated. They must be implemented for each file type. Context menu items can be added on a per-file type basis - where they will show up only when a file of that type is selected - or on a global basis - which are always available. Windows Vista onwards, Windows Explorer also supports property-handlers on a per-filetype basis to extract file metadata from the file data, for display in the details pane.[14]
Namespace extensions are used by Explorer to either display some data - which are not persisted as files - in a folder-like view or to present data in a way that is different from their organization on the file system. Special Folders, such as My Computer and Network Places in Windows Explorer are implemented this way, as are Explorer views that let items in a mobile phone or digital camera be explored. Source-control systems that use Explorer to browse source repositories also use Namespace extensions to allow Explorer to browse the revisions. To implement a namespace extension, the IPersistFolder, IShellView, IShellFolder, IShellBrowser and IOleWindow interfaces needs to be implemented and registered. The implementation needs to provide the logic for navigating the data store as well as describing the presentation. Windows Explorer will instantiate the COM objects as required.[14]
While Windows Explorer natively exposes the extensibility points as COM interfaces, .NET Framework can also be used to write extensions, using the COM Interop functionality of .NET Framework.[14] While Microsoft itself makes available extensions - such as the Photo Info tool[15] - which are authored using .NET Framework, they currently recommend against writing managed shell extensions, as only one instance of the CLR can be loaded per-process. This behavior would cause conflicts if multiple managed add-ins, targeting different versions of the CLR, are attempted to be run simultaneously.[16][17]
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes and references
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007) |
- ^ Managing Files, Folders, and Search Methods: Microsoft TechNet
- ^ Windows 2000 Registry: Latest Features and APIs Provide the Power to Customize and Extend Your Apps, MSDN Magazine, November 2000, http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/1100/Registry/, retrieved on 2007-08-26
- ^ Kindel, Charlie (27 August 1993), OLE Property Sets Exposed, MSDN Magazine, http://msdn.microsoft.com/archive/en-us/dnarolegen/html/msdn_propset.asp?frame=true, retrieved on 2007-08-26
- ^ Esposito, Dino (June 2000), More Windows 2000 UI Goodies: Extending Explorer Views by Customizing Hypertext Template Files, MSDN Magazine, http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/0600/w2kui2/, retrieved on 2007-08-26
- ^ Sophos, VBS/Roor-C threat analysis. Accessed 2007-08-26.
- ^ "Virus.VBS.Redlof.a". Virus Encyclopedia. Viruslist.com. 15 January 2004. http://www.viruslist.com/viruses/encyclopedia?virusid=25409. Retrieved on 2007-08-26.
- ^ "Figure 1 Windows Shell Extensions", MSDN Magazine, June 2000, http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/0300/w2kui/w2kuifigs.asp, retrieved on 2007-08-26
- ^ What is Indexing Service?: MSDN
- ^ Windows Vista Help: Add tags or other properties to files
- ^ 'File in Use' Demystified
- ^ MSDN: Property System
- ^ IColumnProvider Interface on MSDN
- ^ "ShellExView v1.19 - Shell Extensions Manager for Windows". http://www.nirsoft.net/utils/shexview.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
- ^ a b c "Create Namespace Extensions for Windows Explorer with the .NET Framework". http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc188741.aspx. Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
- ^ .NET Shell extension from Microsoft – Photo Info tool
- ^ MSDN Mag
- ^ Don't do Shell Extension Handlers in .NET
[edit] External links
- Sullivan, Kent. “The Windows 95 User Interface: A Case Study in Usability Engineering”. © 1996 for Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. An article written by Kent Sullivan, a developer on the Windows 95 UI team, detailing the usability studies and development processes that led to the creation of the Windows 95 Explorer interface.
- How To Customize the Windows Explorer Views in Windows XP
- MSDN: Creating Shell Extension Handlers
- The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Writing Shell Extensions
- InfoTip shell extension in Delphi
- Shell Extension City: A large collection of Windows shell extensions and related resources
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