La Llorona

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La Llorona is Spanish for "the weeping woman," and is a popular legend in Spanish-speaking cultures in the Americas, with many versions. The basic version is that La Llorona was a beautiful woman who killed her children to be with the man that she loved and was subsequently rejected by him. He might have been the children's father, and left their mother for another woman, or he might have been a man she loved, but who was uninterested in a relationship with a woman with children, and whom she thought she could win if the children were out of the way. She drowned the children then killed herself, and is doomed to wander, searching for her children, always weeping. In some cases, according to the tale, she will kidnap wandering children.

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[edit] Versions of the tale

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Virginia Zurí as "La Malinche" in the 1933 Mexican film La Llorona

Many versions of the La Llorona story exist.

[edit] Chile

Her legend is also important in Chile, where the tale is as significant as those of the La Calchona, La Vuida and La Condena. The legend is well-known throughout Chile.

The different legends about La Llorona vary from being very similar to the Mexican versions to being very particular to Chilean folklore. The Chilean versions define the ghost as the spirit of a woman looking for her son, and she is characterized as being a spirit with a special relationship with the dead. In most Chilean versions, La Llorona is called La Pucullén and is said to cry constantly for the son who died in her arms at an early age. She dresses in white and can only be seen by people about to die, those with special abilities (like the Machis or the kalkus), and animals with sharp senses, such as dogs, who howl pitifully in her presence.

She is the guide for the dead, as they follow her footprints and cries along the path that takes them from their earthly dwelling to the Beyond. She is said to like a hired mourner for the relatives of the deceased so that they can promptly recover from their loss. By doing this she prevents the spirit of the deceased from reappearing to torment them for their lack of visible mourning.

With her abundant tears, which form a crystal-clear pool, she indicates the spot in a cemetery where the grave should be dug, and the coffin deposited. If mourners have put the grave in the right place, they need to completely fill the grave with soil or one of the relatives of the deceased will die.

Other versions say that La Llorona makes the hearts of those who listen to her lamentations shudder and that she hypnotizes men who wander around before dawn to spend the night with her to comfort her for the loss of her child.

In some tales, one could see La Llorona if a dog's tears are rubbed on one's eyes.

A relatively common version is: Maria (La Llorona) thought she was very beautiful, and wanted to marry a handsome man. She succeeds, and once they are married, they have three children: first a son, then a daughter, then another son. Then Maria's husband begins to work out of town. When he comes home, he visits with his children, but ignores his wife. Once, when Maria's husband is visiting with the children, he has another woman with him. He tells his children that he is going to marry the other woman. Maria is so angry that she takes out her anger on her own children— by taking them to the river and drowning them. When she realizes what she has done, she starts to cry for her children and kills herself. The next morning, a man from the village tells everyone the story that he had found Maria dead by the riverbank, so the villagers go there and bury her. In the middle of the night, they hear a woman crying for her children and discover it is Maria's ghost. People then start calling her "La Llorona".

This is another version of the story: Maria was the mistress of a very rich man. After they had two boys and a girl, he left her and married a woman of his own class. In her sorrow, Maria drowned their children and then herself. When she reached the gates of heaven, the Lord asked her, "Where are your children?" Maria answered, "I don't know, my Lord." The Lord then replies, "You shall not enter these gates without your children," From that point on, Maria roamed the earth in search of her children in the rivers and streams of the Americas.

[edit] El Salvador

Stories of La Llorona from El Salvador are quite similar to those of Mexico, except that she is a young indian woman who fell in love with a man. He also loved her, but unfortunately, he did not love her children and refused to marry her unless she got rid of them. Driven mad by her lust for the man, she took her children to a river and drowned them in a fit of selfishness. Upon realizing what she had done, she fled and stumbled, bashing her head against a rock. Hours passed, darkness fell and she regained consciousness. She attempted to make her way back to the town, but she became lost and died in the woods. Some say that she haunts nearby rivers crying out "Donde estan mis hijos?" (Where are my children?). It's a story everyone knows.

[edit] Guatemala

In Guatemala, La Llorona's legend doesn't change much. It adds the scary trait that her wail, when heard as if from far off, announces the proximity of the ghost; when heard as if it's nearby, then the ghost is far away. This bears superficial resemblance to the sounds made by the kikik from Filipino folklore.

Some stories say that La Llorona was a criolla (one of unmixed Spanish descent) who was the wife of a wealthy Spaniard. In one of his trips, she falls in love with a poor mix-raced man and she becomes pregnant. She drowns her baby to hide the affair, and is damned for it.

Among the other attributes in these traditions are that she only materializes near a source of water, which may be a pond, lake, or even pila (laundry tank). It is primarily men who witness or encounter her ghostly figure; some have said that a man who encounters her goes insane or develops a critical mental trauma. Entire towns have supposedly heard her horrendous cry.

Another legend is that she will take the form of your wife, girlfriend, daughter or friend. You may only tell its her because of her long nails. If you find out she is not your wife she screams and she scratches your eyes out. People do not let their children out past dark or she might snatch them and disappear with them.

[edit] Honduras

The Weeping Woman has also been said to roam around the rivers in Honduras. Although usually it's the same story of a woman crying for her drowned children, her reasons and intentions tend to vary. The alternate Honduran version is the story of a beautiful married woman who was abandoned by her husband. Now she roams near rivers, seducing men walking by. When the man gets too close, La Llorona changes into a horrible old lady, who drives them insane.

One of her popular cries is: "Toma mi teta, que soy tu nana" (Drink of my breast, for I am your mother).

[edit] Mexico

La Llorona is told in Mexico. She lives in Zacatecas. A fortune teller told her that she is going to die, and so will her children. That same night, while they are sleeping, a big storm hits their village in Zacatecas, causing the river to overflow its banks. The house is swept away by the flood, and her two children die. La Llorona then goes on a journey to find her children, following the river, but dies without ever seeing them again.

In Baja California, Mexico, they tell another version of the story that has a poor widowed woman who likes to go out to fiestas and party. She has three children whom she always neglects and beats. One day she grows tired of hearing her kids whine so she forces them in a sack which she carries down to a river. Her children beg for their mother to let them out. Instead, the mother throws the sack into the river and her children drown. The woman walks off happily. Later in life she dies. But when she goes to the Almighty God to hear his judgment against her, He said "You have sinned greatly upon your life, but you completed the ultimate sin by murdering your own children. So you will spend the rest of your eternal afterlife looking for the bodies of your children." The woman's spirit now roams the earth's rivers looking for her children's bodies, weeping.

Once there was a widow who wished to marry a rich nobleman. However, the nobleman did not want to raise another man's children and he dismissed her. The widow was determined to have the nobleman for her own, so she drowned her children to be free of them. When she told the nobleman what she had done, he was horrified and would have nothing more to do with her. As she left him, the widow was overcome by the terrible crime she had committed and went to the river, looking for her children. But they were gone. She drowned herself and her spirit was condemned to wander the waterways, weeping and searching for her children until the end of time.

Another version is more bloody. La Llorona is called Bloody Mary or the "Cry Baby." She is said to have lost her mind because of a drug overdose, and she brutally murders all ten of her children, one by one. She kills one, then puts their body parts in a bag and throws them in the river. Shortly after doing this, she regains her sanity and realizes what she has done. She cries, "My children, my children" over and over again, until she again loses her mind. Insane, she kills another of her children. This cycle continues until all of her children are dead. She is said to walk along the rivers where she threw their bodies and wail endlessly through she wonders throughout the night

[edit] Panama

La Llorona is perhaps the most popular folktale in the country. The Panamanian version is called "La Tulivieja". According to the Panamanian legend, La Tulivieja was a beautiful young woman married to an important businessman. The couple had one small child. The husband prohibited his wife from going to parties and ordered her to stay home to care for their son. One weekend in a neighboring village, there was to be a big party. The woman took advantage of the fact that her husband was away on business and decided to go to the party. She took the baby with her, but left him under a tree near a river. She thought that it was a safe place to leave the baby while she was dancing. That night, a terrible storm hit the village. When she returned for her child, the baby was not under the tree. She began crying and looking for him, following the river. God was angry with the woman for her irresponsibility and turned her into an ugly woman with holes in her face, chicken feet and long hair that covered the front of her body. According to the legend, she appears in the towns or cities that are near rivers. In the Panamanian countryside, many people who live near rivers insist they have heard the cry of "La Tulivieja". Also, in the capital there are stories of people who claim to have seen the horrible woman, especially in the west.

In Panama there is also a believe that when you hear her screams/wailings sounding like far away, the entity is nearby and viceversa, if you hear it like near, it is far

[edit] United States

A version of the story in Jacksonville,TX is that of a beautiful young woman who attracts the attention of a wealthy man's son even though she is very poor. The lovers secretly marry and set up a household; they have several children. Unfortunately, a day comes when the young man's father announces that he has arranged a marriage for his son to a young woman within their social class. The young man tells his secret wife that he must leave her and that he will never see her again. She is driven mad by anger and a broken heart, and takes their children to the city lake, where she drowns them to spite her husband. When her husband finds out, he and several townspeople go to find her, but she kills herself before they can apprehend her. She goes to Heaven and faces the judgment of God. God asks her, "Where are your children?" to which she replies, "I do not know." God asks her three times and she replies with the same answer. God then damns her to walk the earth in search of her children. According to this tale, it is wise to avoid La Llorona, as she is known for drowning passers-by in an attempt to replace her dead children. Alternately, right after she drowns her children, La Llorona realizes what she has done and, consumed by grief, she wanders in the Jacksonville,TX lakeside area dressed in black rags, taking children who disobey their parents or stay out too late to be her own. The same story is told near the US-Mexico border in Texas, but in that version, God gives her a horse's head in addition to her damnation.

Another popular version of the legend takes place sometime in the 19th century. A beautiful young woman with two small children was living in the poorest section of Jacksonville,TX, the town across the border from Texas. She was madly in love with a very rich man. He felt the same way about her, but he, having no interest in children, refused to marry her. So late one night, the woman took her children to the lake in Jacksonville.In the dead of night, she stabbed her children and threw them in the lake to drown. Still wearing her bloody nightgown, she went to her lover's home to show him the great lengths she had gone to to be with him. The man, seeing her blood-stained nightgown, was horrified and rejected her. Then, finally realizing the horrible mistake she had made, she ran back to the river screaming, crying, and tearing at her hair, desperately trying to save her children. But it was too late. The woman stabbed and drowned herself in the same lake. The legend has it that as punishment for her unspeakable sins she was given the head of a horse, and was to wander the banks of the lake for all of eternity looking for her lost children

In yet another version of the story, La Llorona was a woman who had several children from a first marriage. Her husband died and she was left lonely. Soon she met a suitor who swept her off her feet. He promised her a wonderful life together, but only if she agreed to get rid of her children. After much soul-searching, the woman decided to follow the man in a new life together and drowned her children in the Jacksonville lake. After a few months, the suitor grew tired of La Llorona and left her for another woman. Realizing that her selfish actions brought about the end of those who truly loved her, she died in grief with her soul eternally looking for her long-dead children.

In another variant, La Llorona is a naive but innocent woman forced into a shotgun wedding with the father of her child; in this case, it is La Llorona's father or her husband who kills the children. La Llorona attempts to stop the murders, and dies in the attempt.

In another variation from New Mexico, La Llorona is a middle-class woman. After having several children, she is widowed. She slowly loses her mind and one night takes a walk but leaves the stove on. The house catches on fire and all her children die. She tries to save them but couldn't and was severely burned. Consumed by grief, she wanders New Mexico dressed in black rags, taking children who disobey their parents or stay out too late to be her own.

[edit] Venezuela

The story also exists in Venezuela, and has circulated through prose and song. In Venezuela, there is La Llorona and La Soyona, who has a different story. In Venezuela, La Llorona is seen as more cruel than sad.

The story goes that La Llorona is the spirit of a young woman who was in love with a soldier. She became pregnant and gave birth to a daughter. Then the soldier abandoned her, leaving her to raise the child. Not having any idea how to take care of her child, she killed it with her own hands out of distress. When she saw the horror she had committed, she began crying and screaming hysterically, drawing the attention of her family and neighbors. When they saw what she had done, they spoke to her angrily. She ran away towards the llanos and became a ghost. She is always crying, and when she comes across towns and/or populated areas, her screams call out her dead daughter's name. She steals children that are alone, whether they are in their homes or near a river. She is thought to be heard especially around holy week.

Another version of the story is that she was a young woman living in a small village in the llanos in Venezuela. Every time she would bear a child, she'd kill it without pity. She confessed this to a priest in the village, but did not feel any remorse for her actions. The priest noticed she was pregnant again, and he told her to breast feed the child before she killed it. She gave the child her milk and then killed it, but when she did, her maternal instinct was activated, creating an enormous sense of guilt and sorrow within her. Since then she has been a vagabond wandering the llanos screaming and crying out in pain for her children. She searches for them and scares anyone who crosses her path.

She is represented as a beautiful woman, with long black hair and white skin, wearing a white gown and a black coat with a hood, holding a child in her arms. She screams, "My son, my son!"

At times, mothers chastise their children by telling them that if they misbehave, La Llorona will come and find them and scare them at night.

There is another version. Basically, her husband was upset with her and as a punishment, he killed their children. The young lady couldn't accept what happened, and started searching everywhere for them until she died. And when she died, she still kept looking for them, but being a spirit, she looks for their spirits. She does that by killing unbaptized children. Hence, this version is more of a lesson to adults to baptize their children.

[edit] Function of the story in society

Typically, the legend serves as a cautionary tale on several levels. Parents will warn their children that bad behavior will cause her to steal them[1] and being outside after dark will result in a visit from the spirit. The tale also warns teenage girls not to be enticed by status, wealth, material goods, or by men making declarations of love or any promises too good to be true. It also cautions them to suppress their sexual longings or they would have her agony.[1] Some also believe that those who hear the screams of La Llorona are marked for death. Additionally, the tale is a Mexican and Central American cultural symbol that models negative and despised femininity, where La Llorona is the archetypal evil woman condemned to eternally suffer and weep for violating her role as a wife and a mother. She is a failed woman because she has failed at motherhood. The tale serves to shape Mexican and Chicana women's conduct by prescribing an idealized version of motherhood.[2]

[edit] Comparisons to other folktales

Similar to the La Llorona story is that of the Greek Medea, who likewise murdered her children after being abandoned by Jason, although Medea showed little remorse. Local Aztec folklore possibly influenced the legend; the goddess Cihuacoatl or Coatlicue was said to have appeared shortly prior to the invasion of Mexico by Hernán Cortés, weeping for her lost children, an omen of the fall of the Aztec empire.

La Llorona is also sometimes identified with La Malinche, the Native American woman who served as Cortés' interpreter and who some say betrayed Mexico to the Spanish conquistadors. In one folk story of La Malinche, she becomes Cortés' mistress and bears him a child, only to be abandoned so that he can marry a Spanish lady (though no evidence exists that La Malinche killed her children). Aztec pride drove La Malinche to acts of vengeance. In this context, the tale compares the Spanish invasion of Mexico and the demise of indigenous culture after the conquest with La Llorona's loss.

Folklore from wider Europe has also added to the legend.[original research?] Tales of banshees and other female spirits whose wails presage death have influenced the story, and La Llorona's association with pools and rivers links her with water-nymphs like the Nix, Lorelei, the Sirens and Melusine. European ghost lore is full of hauntings by women clad in white; they may be restless spirits seeking help for some wrong they have suffered or who are damned to a twilight existence reliving the tragedy of their lives. The European lore may have originated from ancient Teutonic myths of white-clad female elves and wise women ancestors (weisse frauen in Germany, witte wieven in Holland, and dames blanches in France). There are also similarities with the Biblical Massacre of the Innocents, which the Gospel of Matthew likens to "Rachel weeping for her children, and would not be comforted."

[edit] Comparisons to modern figures

Recently, convicted murderer Susan Smith, who drowned her two young sons after being rejected by a male suitor, was compared to La Llorona in a cartoon that appeared in Time magazine.[3] In the essay "The Woman Who Loved Water," in the Spring 2004 issue of Creative Nonfiction, Kathleen Alcalá compared murderer Andrea Yates to the La Llorona story and tradition.[4]

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b de Jesús Hernández-Gutiérrez, Manuel; David William Foster (1997). Literatura Chicana, 1965-1995: An Anthology in Spanish, English, and Caló. Taylor and Francis. pp. 93. ISBN 0815320779. 
  2. ^ Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo and Ernestine Avila, "I'm Here, but I'm There: The Meanings of Latina Transnational Motherhood"
  3. ^ Harden, Paul (2007). "The Legend of La Llorona" (PDF). El Camino Real International Heritage Center. http://www.caminorealheritage.org/PH/1207_llorona.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-01-08. 
  4. ^ Creative Nonfiction Issue #23 Mexican Voices: Chrónica de Chrónicas
  • Perez, Domino Renee, There Was a Woman: La Llorona from Folklore to Popular Culture

[edit] See also

Folklore portal

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Llorona"
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