Woodwose

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Woodwoses support coats of arms in the side panels of a portrait by Albrecht Dürer, 1499 (Alte Pinakothek, Munich)
Wild people, in the margins of a 15th century illumination
The Fight in the Forest, drawing by Hans Burgkmair.
Grand arms of Prussia, 1873

The Woodwose (Old English: wuduwasa) or Wildman of the Woods is a mythological figure that appears in the artwork and literature of medieval Europe. Images of woodwoses appear in the carved and painted roof bosses where intersecting ogee vaults meet in the Canterbury Cathedral, in positions where one is also likely to encounter the vegetal Green Man. The woodwose, pilosus or "hairy all over," and often armed with a club, was a link between civilized humans and the dangerous elf-like spirits of natural woodland, such as Puck. The image of the wild man survived to appear as supporter for heraldic coats-of-arms, especially in Germany, well into the 16th century. Early engravers in Germany and Italy were particularly fond of wild men, wild women, and wild families, with examples from Martin Schongauer and Albrecht Dürer among others.

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[edit] Terminology

"Wild man" and its cognates is the common term for the creature in most languages;[1] it appears in German as wilder mann, and in French as homme sauvage and Italian as huomo selvatico.[2] A number of local forms also exist, including the Old English wudewasa and the Middle English wodewose or woodehouse.[1] These English terms suggest a connection to the woods and remain present in Modern English, for instance in the name of the author P. G. Wodehouse. Old High German had schrat, scrato or scrazo, which appear in glosses of Latin works as translations for fauni, silvestres, or pilosi, indicating that the creature named was a hairy woodland being.[1]

Some of the local names suggest connections with beings from ancient mythology, for instance the term salvan or salvang, common in Lombardy and the Italian-speaking parts of the Alps, which derives from the Latin silvanus, the name of the Roman tutelary god of gardens and the countryside.[1] Similarly, folklore in Tyrol and German-speaking Switzerland into the 20th century included a wild woman known as Fange or Fanke, which derives from the Latin fauna, the feminine form of faun.[1] Medieval German sources give as names for the wild woman lamia and holzmoia (or some variation);[3] the former clearly refers to the Greek wilderness demon Lamia while the latter derives ultimately from Maia, a Greco-Roman earth and fertility goddess who is elsewhere identified with Fauna and who exerted a wide influence on medieval wild man lore.[1]

Various languages and traditions include names suggesting affinities with Orcus, a Roman and Italic god of death.[1] For many years people in Tyrol called the wild man Orke, Lorke, or Noerglein, while in parts of Italy he was the orco or huorco.[4] The French ogre has the same derivation,[4] as do modern literary orcs.[5] Importantly, Orcus is associated with Maia in a dance celebrated late enough to be condemned in a 9th- or 10th-century Spanish penitential.[6]

[edit] Origins

Figures similar to the European wild man are ancient and occur worldwide. The earliest known one is the character Enkidu in the Ancient Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh.[7] In Gilgamesh the hairy, feral Enkidu is raised by the creatures of the wilderness, ignorant of civilization and other humans. Once he sleeps with the temple prostitute Shamat he is abandoned by his animal companions and becomes civilized by further contact with humanity. One ancient representation of a wild human that greatly influenced the medieval European concepts was the portrayal of Nebuchadnezzar II in the Book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible.[8] Daniel 4 depicts God humbling the Babylonian king for his boastfulness; he is stricken mad and is ejected from human society, and he grows hair on his body and lives like a beast. This image was popular in medieval depictions of Nebuchadnezzar. Similarly, late medieval legends of John Chrysostom portray the saint's asceticism as making him so isolated and feral that hunters who capture him cannot tell if he is man or beast.[9]

The medieval wild man concept also drew on lore about similar beings from the Classical world such as the Roman faun and Silvanus. On top of the etymological evidence discussed above, there are several folk traditions about the wild man that correspond with ancient practices and beliefs. Notably, peasants in the Grisons tried to capture the wild man by getting him drunk and tying him up in hopes that he would give them his wisdom in exchange for freedom.[10] This suggests a connection to an ancient tradition recorded as early as Xenophon and appearing in the works of Ovid, Pausanias, and Claudius Aelianus in which shepherds caught a forest being, here called Silenus or Faunus, in the same fashion and for the same purpose.[10]

Some of the earliest evidence for the wild man tradition appears in the above-mentioned 9th- or 10th- century Spanish penitential.[6] This book, likely based on an earlier Frankish source, describes a dance in which participants donned the guise of the figures Orcus, Maia, and Pela, and ascribes a minor penance for those who take part in what was clearly a resurgence of an older pagan custom.[6] The identity of Pela is unknown, but the earth goddess Maia appears as the wild woman Holz-maia in the later German glossaries, and names related to Orcus were connected to the wild man through the Middle Ages, indicating that this dance was an early version of the wild man festivities celebrated through the Middle Ages and surviving in pockets of Europe through modern times.[6]

On top of these mythological influences, medieval wild man lore also drew on the learned writings of ancient historians, though likely to a lesser degree.[11] These ancient wild men are naked and sometimes covered in hair, though importantly they are generally localized in some faraway land,[11] distinguishing them from the medieval wild man who was thought to exist just at the boundaries of civilization. The first historian to describe such beings is Herodotus, who places them in western Libya alongside the men with no heads and eyes in their chests and dog-faced creatures.[12] After the appearance of the former Persian court physician Ctesias's writings on India, which recorded Persian beliefs about the subcontinent, and the conquests of Alexander the Great, India became the primary home of fantastic creatures in the Western imagination, and wild men were frequently described as living there.[12] Megasthenes, Seleucus I Nicator's ambassador to Chandragupta Maurya, wrote of two kinds of men to be found in India who he explicitly describes as wild: first was a creature brought to court whose toes faced backwards; second was a tribe of forest people who had no mouths and who sustained themselves with smells.[13] Both Quintus Curtius Rufus and Arrian refer to Alexander himself meeting with a tribe of fish-eating savages while on his Indian campaign.[14]

Distorted accounts of apes may have contributed to both the ancient and medieval conception of the wild man. In his Natural History Pliny the Elder describes a race of silvestres (wild) creatures in India who had humanoid bodies but a coat of fur, fangs, and no capacity to speak, a description that fits gibbons indigenous to the area.[13] The ancient Carthaginian explorer Hanno the Navigator reported an encounter a tribe of savage men and hairy women in what may have been Sierra Leone; their interpreters called them "Gorillae", a story which much later gave rise to the name of the gorilla species and could indeed have been a great ape.[13] [15] Similarly, the Greek historian Agatharchides describes what may have been chimpanzees as tribes of agile, promiscuous "seed-eaters" and "wood-eaters" living in Ethiopia.[16]

A classicized Woodwose: Wild Man, design for a stained glass window, studio of Hans Holbein the Younger, ca 1525-28 (British Museum)

[edit] Development

The earliest medieval concepts of the wild man focus on him as a normal human gone wild by madness, as in the Biblical story of Nebuchadnezzar; this first occurs in Celtic societies in the High Middle Ages.[17] These Celtic stories attribute to the wild man poetic or prophetic powers. The 9th-century Irish tale Buile Shuibhne[18] (The Madness of Sweeney) describes how Sweeney, the pagan king of the Dál nAraidi in Ulster, assaults the Christian bishop Ronan Finn and is cursed with madness as a result. He spends many years traveling naked through the woods, where he composes verse. The Welsh told a similar story about Myrddin Wyllt, the origin of the Merlin of later romance. In these stories Myrddin is a warrior in the service of King Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio at the time of the Battle of Arfderydd. When his lord is killed at the battle, Myrddin takes to the Caledonian Forest in a fit of madness which bestows him with the ability to compose prophetic poetry; a number of later prophetic poems are attributed to him.[19] The Life of Saint Kentigern includes almost the same story, though here the madman of Arfderydd is instead called Lailoken, which may be the original name.[18] The fragmentary 16th-century Breton text An Dialog Etre Arzur Roe D'an Bretounet Ha Guynglaff (Dialog Between Arthur and Guynglaff) tells of a meeting between King Arthur and the wild man Guynglaff, who predicts events which will occur down to the 16th century.[20]

Geoffrey of Monmouth recounts the Myrddin Wyllt legend in his Latin Vita Merlini of around 1150, though here the figure has been renamed "Merlin." According to Geoffrey, after Merlin witnessed the horrors of the battle:

a strange madness came upon him. He crept away and fled to the woods, unwilling that any should see his going. Into the forest he went, glad to lie hidden beneath the ash trees. He watched the wild creatures grazing on the pasture of the glades. Sometimes he would follow them, sometimes pass them in his course. He made use of the roots of plants and of grasses, of fruit from trees and of the blackberries in the thicket. He became a Man of the Woods, as if dedicated to the woods. So for a whole summer he stayed hidden in the woods, discovered by none, forgetful of himself and of his own, lurking like a wild thing.

[edit] Woodwoses and Christianity

The woodwose was unsettling to Christian writers. Augustine reports the Gaulish name of "Dusii" in City of God XV, ch. 23: Et quosdam daemones, quos Dusios Galli nuncupant, adsidue hanc immunditiam et efficere, plures talesque adseuerant, ut hoc negare impudentiae uideatur — "Certain demons, whom the Gauls call Dusii, consistently and successfully attempt this indecency [intercourse with women]. This is asserted by many witnesses of such character that it would be an impertinence to deny it," and perhaps the early 7th century encyclopedist Isidore of Seville has picked up Augustine's reference for his Etymologies book viii:

Pilosi, qui Graece 'panitae', Latine 'incubi' appellantur - hos daemones Galli 'Dusios' nuncupant. Quem autem vulgo 'Incu-bonem' vocant, hunc Romani 'Faunum' dicunt — "Satyrs" are they who are called "Pans" in Greek, Incubi in Latin, these daemons the Galls call Dusi. What vulgarly are called "Incu-bonem," these the Romans name "Fauns."

[edit] Other early references

A woodwose is described in Konungs skuggsjá (Speculum Regale or "the King's Mirror"), written in Norway around 1250:

It once happened in that country (and this seems indeed strange) that a living creature was caught in the forest as to which no one could say definitely whether it was a man or some other animal; for no one could get a word from it or be sure that it understood human speech. It had the human shape, however, in every detail, both as to hands and face and feet; but the entire body was covered with hair as the beasts are, and down the back it had a long coarse mane like that of a horse, which fell to both sides and trailed along the ground when the creature stooped in walking.

King Charles VI of France and five of his courtiers were dressed as woodwoses and chained together for a masquerade at the tragic Bal des Sauvages (later known as the Bal des Ardents) at the Queen Mother's Paris hôtel, January 28, 1393. They were "in costumes of linen cloth sewn onto their bodies and soaked in resinous wax or pitch to hold a covering of frazzled hemp, "so that they appeared shaggy & hairy from head to foot."[21] In the midst of the festivities, a stray spark from a torch set their highly flammable costumes ablaze, burning several courtiers alive; the king's own life was saved through quick action by his aunt, Joann, Duchesse de Berry, who covered him with her dress.

[edit] Other uses

17th Century Thaler coin from Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel with the traditional woodwose design on coins from the mints in the Harz Mountains

The term wood-woses or simply Woses is used by J. R. R. Tolkien to describe a fictional race of wild men, which are called also Drúedain, in his books on Middle-earth. According to Tolkien's legendarium, other men, including the Rohirrim, mistook the Drúedain for goblins or other wood-creatures and referred to them as Púkel-men (Goblin-men). He allows the fictional possibility that his Drúedain were the "actual" origin of the Woodwoses of later traditional folklore.

Both folklorists and cryptozoologists apply the term "wild men" to European woodwoses. "Wild men" has a wider definition than "woodwoses"; it is also used for worldwide reports of hair-covered bipeds resembling Bigfoot, but tends to be most often applied to beings that seem more human than ape, or that have strong mythological or supernatural overtones.

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Bernheimer, p. 42.
  2. ^ Bernheimer, p. 20.
  3. ^ Bernheimer, p. 35.
  4. ^ a b Berheimer, pp. 42–43.
  5. ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1994), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The War of the Jewels, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 391, ISBN 0-395-71041-3 
  6. ^ a b c d Bernheimer, p. 43.
  7. ^ Bernheimer, p. 3.
  8. ^ Bernheimer, p. 12.
  9. ^ Bernheimer, p. 17.
  10. ^ a b Bernheimer, p. 25.
  11. ^ a b Bernheimer, p. 85.
  12. ^ a b Bernheimer, p. 86.
  13. ^ a b c Bernheimer, p. 87.
  14. ^ Bernheimer, p. 88.
  15. ^ http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Hanno.html Periplus of Hanno, final paragraph
  16. ^ Bernheimer, pp. 87–88.
  17. ^ Bernheimer, p. 13.
  18. ^ a b Bromwich, p. 459.
  19. ^ Bromwich, p. 458.
  20. ^ Lacy, Norris J. (1991). "An Dialog Etre Arzur Roe D'an Bretounet Ha Guynglaff". In Norris J. Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 114–155. (New York: Garland, 1991). ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
  21. ^ Barbara Tuchman;A Distant Mirror, 1978, Alfred A Knopf Ltd, p504

[edit] References

  • Richard Bernheimer, Wild men in the Middle Ages, Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1952; New York : Octagon books, 1979, ISBN 0-374-90616-5
  • Rachel Bromwich (2006). Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain. University Of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1386-8.
  • Timothy Husband, The wild man : medieval myth and symbolism, Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Cloisters, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980, ISBN 0-87099-254-6, ISBN 0-87099-255-4
  • Rebecca Martin, Wild Men and Moors in the Castle of Love: The Castle-Siege Tapestries in Nuremberg, Vienna, and Boston, Thesis (Ph.D.), Chapel Hill/N. C., 1983
  • Norris J. Lacy (1991). The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
  • Michael Newton. Encyclopedia of Cryptozoology: A Global Guide to Hidden Animals and Their Pursuers. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2005. ISBN 0-7864-2036-7

[edit] External links

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